Continental Western Europe Research Articles

Petroleum Exploration and Production in Europe in 1973

During 1973 the general decline in oil production from older onshore fields in Europe continued and was not yet offset by output from the giant oil fields being developed in the North Sea. The North Sea fields were projected for large-scale production to start in 1975. The Amposta Marino oil field off the Spanish coast went on production. European gas production increased, but less than in recent prior years. Large gas fields already had reached their peak rates. In 1973 new giant oil fields producing from Jurassic sandstone reservoirs were discovered in the British sector of the northern North Sea, and major extensions were made to fields found in 1971 and 1972. In the Norwegian area important extensions were made to the Paleocene oil reservoirs of the Ekofisk group of f elds, and gas was discovered east of the Frigg field. A major extension to the Kinsale Head gas field off the south coast of Ireland indicated that the field was commercially significant. Oil discoveries were made in France, Germany, and offshore Spain; in addition, new gas fields were found in northwest Germany and both on- and offshore in the Po basin of Italy. Exploration activity, chiefly geophysical surveys, increased in the various basins of the continental shelf off western Europe, from the Barents Sea to Portugal. In the Soviet Union production of oil was 8,420,000 b/d and of gas 22.8 Bcf/d. Most of the increased oil production was from the West Siberian basin, which became the foremost producing region of the USSR. Production from the giant gas reserves of the northern West Siberian basin reached a significant level for the first time. Exploration in the Caspian Sea was intensified. New oil discoveries were made in the central West Siberian basin in the Caspian Sea, in the Pechora basin west of the northern Urals, and near the Baltic coast. Gas was found in the Karakum Desert of Middle Asia, on the Siberian platform, and on the shores of the Sea of Azov.

Labour Costs and International Competitiveness

Figures published recently in Sweden illustrate the implications of Britain's failure to improve productivity in the 1960s as quickly as continental Western Europe. Though wage costs per unit of output in manufacturing industry have risen faster in Britain than in other major industrial countries, the statistics show that employers' total payments per hour of work are now lower here than in almost any industrial country except Japan.

Chapter II. The World Economy

The last twelve months have been a period of economic stagnation in the United States and exceptionally rapid expansion in continental Western Europe. In the second quarter industrial production was 2 per cent lower in the United States and about 6 per cent higher in continental Western Europe than it had been a year earlier.

Atomic Energy in Continental Western Europe

Atomic Energy in Continental Western Europe

The applicability of the common law in an industrial relations context (with special reference to industrial action): a comment

This paper reflects on the uneasy relationship that exists in New Zealand between common law and industrial law. A parallel is drawn with the move of labour law away from the general principles of the civil law in Continental Western Europe. It is argued that, especially in the context of industrial action the Labour Relations Act 1987 missed out on a unique chance to assert fully the social autonorny of New Zealand labour law.

Anomalies in the Dentition of the Fox, Vulpes Vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758), from Continental Western Europe

While studying skulls of Foxes from western Europe for taxonomical purposes, the authors were struck by the high percentage of skulls not showing the normal tooth-formula. However, after a literature survey, it became clear this phenomenon is not rare in Canidae (Colyer, 1936; Hall, 1940; Reinwaldt, 1963, and Fleischer, 1967). But the occurrence of anomalies in the dentition may vary geographically and as such may have taxonomical significance (e.g., in Talpa europaea; see Stein, 1963). Thus it was thought useful to publish our data. Our notes concern samples from three different populations, viz., from the Netherlands, from western France (roughly the area between Rennes and Bordeaux) and from southern France (southeastern slopes of the Cevennes). For the loan and/or the acquisition of Fox skulls from the mentioned regions we are grateful to Prof. J. A. Rioux (Montpellier), Monsieur F. Chanudet (La Rochelle), Madame J. Baudouin-Bodin (Nantes), Dr. A. M. Husson (Leiden) and to the staff, in particular to Dr. J. L. van Haaften, of the Institute of Biological Field Research (ITBON) at Arnhem.

Chapter 2. The World Economy

Fuller information confirms the estimates which we made six months ago and repeated in February that the total real national output of the industrial countries increased in 1967 by about 3 per cent and the value of world trade by 5 per cent. But, though the errors were not big in relation to the aggregate for the year, it has now become clear that our assessment of trends in the later months was not entirely accurate. The resumption of fairly rapid economic growth in North America of which we were already aware was in fact accompanied to a significantly greater extent than we previously realised by a parallel acceleration in continental Western Europe.

L'inflazione in Europa Occidentale e le monete riserva. (Western European inflation and the reserve currencies)

The article is a text read and discussed at Chatham House, London, in February 1968. The author establishes to what extent and in what ways British monetary policies, and those of the other main reserve currency countries, have interacted with the European Economic Community’s. The analysis is confined to the years following the return to convertibility, starting with 1959 and ending with 1966. Two extreme lines of thought are distinguished, which are so far removed the one from the other as to leave a very wide field of opinion in between. At one extreme, there is the school of thought that maintains that the reserve currency countries have been exporting inflation. At the other extreme, it is claimed that they have been importing, if not actual deflation, at least certain deflationary impulses from the non-reserve currency countries, mainly those in continental Western Europe. The evidence might show that the same kind of impulses emanated from both sets of countries, and that the difference between them was only one of degree. JEL: E31, E52, E42

A NOTE ON THE GIRO TRANSFER SYSTEM

PAYMENT BY CHECK, THE usual means of transferring funds in the Anglo-Saxon world, plays a much smaller role in the countries of Continental western Europe. These countries (as well as some nonEuropean ones) have developed a form of payment known as the transfer, which has virtually no counterpart in Anglo-Saxon banking operations. American and British banking literature contains only a few scattered discussions of this particular topic, and these generally relate only to individual countries or to individual giro institutions.1 The present note is an attempt partially to fill this gap.

BOOK REVIEWS

The Journal of FinanceVolume 12, Issue 3 p. 400-417 Book Reviews BOOK REVIEWS First published: September 1957 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1957.tb04155.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract Book reviewed in this article: Business Finance: SEC Accounting Practice and Procedure. By Louis H. Rappaport. Financial Policies of Business Enterprise. By W. Bayard Taylor with the collaboration of Frank M. Graner. Consumer Finance: Personal Finance. By Elvin F. Donaldson. Insurance: Insurance and Economic Theory. By Irving Pfeffer. International Finance: Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy: Anglo-American Collaboration in the Reconstruction of Multilateral Trade. By Richard N. Gardner. Latin America: Development Programming and United States Investments. By Clement G. Motten, Virgil Salera, Richard L. Davies, and H. W. Balgooyen. Monetary Policy in Continental Western Europe, 1944–1952. By Stephen F. Sherwin. Investments: The Pattern of Financial Asset Ownership: Wisconsin Individuals, 1949. By Thomas R. Atkinson. The History of Savings and Loan Associations of Wisconsin. By Robert C. Earnest. Money and Banking: The Bank and Its Publics: Philosophy and Technique of Bank Public Relations. By Robert Lindquist. Management Policies in American Banks: A Study Based on a Survey of the Federal and State Supervisory Agencies. By Homer J. Livingston. Public Finance: Treasury Control: The Co-ordination of Financial and Economic Policy in Great Britain. By Samuel H. Beer. Discharging Business Tax Liabilities. By Horace J. DePodwin. Real Estate Finance: Mortgage Lending: Fundamentals and Practices. By Willis R. Bryant. The Mutual Mortgage Insurance Fund. By Ernest M. Fisher and Chester Rapkin. Institutional Residential Mortgage Lending in Los Angeles County, 1946–51. By James Gillies and Clayton Curtis. Volume12, Issue3September 1957Pages 400-417 RelatedInformation

Monetary Policy in Continental Western Europe, 1944-52

Monetary Policy in Continental Western Europe, 1944-52

MONETARY POLICY IN CONTINENTAL WESTERN EUROPE, 1944–52*

IN 1944-45 the monetary situations in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands were strikingly similar. Each country had financed the war by printing notes, and the rigorous enforcement of price controls had kept price rises to relatively small proportions. Hence, these countries were faced with excess liquidity and repressed inflation. A reduction of the money supply was called for to prevent open inflation and to permit an orderly process of reconstruction. Belgium and Holland reduced excess liquidity through currency reforms, which consisted of the outright cancellation and temporary blocking of the money supply. They were thus spared from open inflation. France and Italy failed to reduce liquidity, and were consequently beset by a price-wage spiral. In Germany inflation was repressed to such an extent that money lost its normal functions and the economy lapsed into a state of barter. Three years elapsed before a currency reform eliminated excess liquidity and restored a credit economy. Only Denmark was able to avoid inflation without reducing the money supply, primarily because its excess liquidity was relatively small. The postwar reconstruction brought new inflationary pressures to all countries. Qualitative credit controls were generally a failure, unless accompanied by price and wage controls, and these were successful in curbing inflation only when supplemented by restrictive monetary or fiscal policies. By the end of 1948 production had reached prewar levels, and inflation had been arrested in all countries. A majority, however, still had deficits in their balance of payments. In countries such as Belgium, France, Germany, and Italy, which had relied primarily on monetary policy during the reconstruction, inflation was followed by a recession. No attempts were made to overcome the recession by expansionary monetary policy, because of the fear of renewed inflation and the persistent deficits in the balance of payments; the mere low-

WESTERN CONTINENTAL EUROPE KLIMOV, GREGORY. The Terror Machine: The Inside Story of the Soviet Adminis tration in Germany. Translated from the German by H. C. Stevens. Pp. 400. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1953. $4.00

WESTERN CONTINENTAL EUROPE KLIMOV, GREGORY. The Terror Machine: The Inside Story of the Soviet Adminis tration in Germany. Translated from the German by H. C. Stevens. Pp. 400. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1953. $4.00