Lithosphere Research Articles

IDENTIFIKASI TELUR SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINT (STH) PADA TANAH PERSAWAHAN DI DESA SUKODONO MENGGUNAKAN METODE NATIF

Soil is a mineral material that has several unconsolidated forms which are located on the surface of the earth and have undergone several treatments. Soil-Transmitted Helminth (STH) is an intestinal nematode that in its life cycle requires a soil medium for the infective form to mature. worms are moist soil, shady, and protected from sunlight. This study aims to determine whether there is contamination of "Soil-Transmitted Helminth" eggs and what species are present in the rice fields using the Native method. This examination uses a 2% eosin solution. The sample uses paddy fields in Sukodono Village. Sampling at 3 sampling points with 3 types of samples, the total sample is 9 samples of paddy soil. The research was conducted on April 26-28 2021 at the Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Maarif Hasyim Latif University, Sidoarjo, on 9 samples of paddy soil, the results obtained were 3 types of samples, or 33% of the soil contaminated with worm eggs and 6 types of samples or 66% not contaminated with worm eggs. Keywords: Paddy fields, Soil Transmitted Helminth, Native Method

Formation of the Xigaze Metamorphic Sole under Tibetan continental lithosphere reveals generic characteristics of subduction initiation

Metamorphic soles found under allochthonous oceanic lithosphere, or ophiolites, are interpreted as derived from lower plate oceanic crust material accreted to upper plate mantle during intraoceanic subduction initiation. Their metamorphic evolution is inferred to reflect the thermal structure at the site of subduction nucleation, with granulite-bearing soles linked to initiation at hot spreading centers. Here we present garnet Lu-Hf geochronology for the granulite-bearing sole of the Xigaze ophiolite in South Tibet, whose oceanic crust formed ∼130 Ma through continental forearc extension. Our study shows that sole metamorphism was ongoing by 144 Ma, implying that north-directed subduction began at least 14 million years before oceanic forearc spreading. The upper plate at the time of subduction initiation was thus continental, not oceanic. Our results demonstrate that metamorphic characteristics of soles are independent of the specific tectonic setting at the subduction nucleation site and rather provide generic constraints on the subduction initiation process.

SOME LEGAL ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY MALFUNCTIONING OF SATELLITE NAVIGATION SYSTEMS

International liability is one of the most difficult legal issues related to satellite navigation applications. The 1972 Liability Convention provides that a launching State shall be absolutely liable to pay compensation for damage caused by its space objects on the surface of the Earth or to aircraft flight, and liable for damage due to its fault in space. The legal situation of artificial satellites, including navigation satellites, is determined by their assignment to space objects. Unfortunately, the term “space object” is also not specifically defined in international space law. The main purpose of this article is to determine whether damage caused by satellite navigation systems can be covered by the Liability Convention, whether the Convention refers only to direct physical damage resulting from the fall or collision of space objects or whether it also encompasses damage resulting from the malfunctioning of a navigation space object and intangible electromagnetic waves. It seems that the present regulations of the Outer Space Treaty and the Liability Convention do not apply to satellite navigation and do not cover the damage caused by navigation’s intangible signals. Unfortunately, it is rather clear that the international community is unlikely to adopt uniform rules on liability for satellite navigation signals in the near future. However, the United Nations and its Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space remain to be the best platform to work on establishing the principles governing the issue of liability for damage caused by malfunctioning of satellite navigation systems and their signals.

Climate and Biodiversity Credentials for Australian Grass-Fed Beef: A Review of Standards, Certification and Assurance Schemes

Extensive livestock production occupies 25% of the ice-free terrestrial surface of the Earth, and Australian beef production contributes about 10% of this total land footprint. Therefore, the management of cattle has major implications for natural vegetation, soils, biodiversity, and atmospheric greenhouse gases in Australia and globally. To meet global sustainability targets and consumer expectations, a variety of environmental Standards, Certification and Assurance (SCA) schemes are being developed and implemented to enable producers to verify claims relating to their products. Improved standardization and coordination are now needed to address the rapid proliferation of credentialing systems that use different frameworks, methods and levels of scientific verification. Using the Australian grass-fed beef industry as a case study, we identified the measures, metrics and methods that are currently used by SCA schemes for climate and biodiversity credentialing. From here, a co-design process with industry representatives was applied to develop recommendations for credentialing in extensive beef production, feedlots and meat processing. It was clear that the successful adoption of credentialing by beef producers will require flexible and user-friendly support tools that use scalable data sources such as existing producer records, agtech databases and remote sensing information. Substantive rewards and incentives will be required to support producer engagement with the SCA schemes. Overall, ’more needs to be done to ensure the transparency of schemes and to meet benchmarks for integrity such as determining uncertainty and support though peer-reviewed science.

Uncovering the fractal nature of water vapor distribution above the surface of the earth

Fractals have been at the heart of geophysical and geospatial studies in the recent past. We explore the fractal character of water vapor distributions above the surface of the Earth as a function of both image resolution (number of pixels) and moisture content percentile and study the emergent scaling properties. The percolation phenomena associated with the vapor distribution clusters has been studied for both the cases. For our analysis, computational methods and algorithms have been used to derive the physically relevant quantities such as fractal dimension, number of clusters, and size of the largest cluster. The box counting method, used to calculate the fractal dimension, unravels a potential multi-fractal character of the data. We also test the applicability of Korcak’s law on our system and determine the quality of the fit using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic. We show that the fractal character of the distribution is exact as a function of image resolution and approximate in some regimes as a function of the vapor percentile.

MULTI-SATELLITE IMAGE ALIGNMENT OVER LARGE AREAS WITH FEATURELESS REGIONS

Abstract. There is a great deal of interest in fusing together the information provided by different satellites for real-time change detection on the surface of the earth. For detecting important types of changes on the ground, it is necessary to inject geometry into the data provided by low-res satellites using multi-view imaging satellites that record each point on the ground from multiple perspectives. Combining these perspectives and generating a DSM (Digital Surface Model) gives us the geometry needed for a more meaningful analysis of satellite data. Before such an analysis can be carried out, it is necessary to align the images from all available satellites. Automatic image alignment, however, requires features on the ground that can be identified and correctly matched across different images using computer vision algorithms. While such features are common in urban areas, that is not always the case in predominantly rural areas that present a more-or-less uniform texture to the sensors. In this paper we present methods for automatic identification and alignment of featureless regions. Featureless regions are identified using point spread maps, which are a byproduct of DSM generation. The subsequent strategy for aligning featureless regions depends on the proportion of featureless regions to feature-rich regions. If most of the AOI (Area of Interest) is feature-rich, we ignore featureless regions when estimating inter-satellite image alignment parameters and apply those parameters to the entire AOI. Finally, we present a technique to propagate and fuse parameters from feature-rich regions to featureless regions.

Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes of fluids in diamond record two-stage modification of the continental lithosphere

Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes of fluids in diamond record two-stage modification of the continental lithosphere

COMPOSITION OF PHENOCRYSTS OF LAMPROITE LAVA, GAUSSBERG VOLCANO, EAST ANTARCTICA

This paper presents numerous new data on the geochemical composition of olivine, clinopyroxene, and leucite phenocrysts, as well as spinel inclusions in olivine and quench glass from lamproites of the Gaussberg Volcano (East Antarctica). Most of the olivine phenocrysts in the Gaussberg lamproites are high Mg varieties (Fo 89–91) with elevated Ni contents (up to 4900 ppm) and high Ni/Co ratios. According to the data of about 320 analyzes of clinopyroxenes, two groups of phenocrysts belonging to the diopside group have been established. Group I consists mainly of high-Mg varieties (Mg#80), while group II clinopyroxenes are less magnesian (Mg# 52–80). The main difference between the clinopyroxenes of the two groups is manifested in the increased contents of Al2O3, FeO and reduced TiO2, Cr2O3, and NiO in the compositions of group II compared to group I, as well as different contents of trace elements, which may reflect their crystallization from different types of primary melts. According to the study of about 550 grains of leucite phenocrysts in Gaussberg lamproites, it was shown that they correspond to the ideal stoichiometry of leucite K[AlSi2O6] and are enriched in Na2O (0.05–0.35 wt %), but depleted in K2O (19.9–20.9 wt %) compared to with leucites from lamproites of other provinces. The BaO content reaches 0.3 wt %. %, SrO –0.04 wt. %. The iron content in most leucite phenocrysts varies within 0.7–1.2 wt % Fe2O3, with individual grains with low Fe2O3 contents (0.5 wt %). In microlites of leucite in the groundmass and rims of phenocrysts, the iron content can reach 2.4 wt % Fe2O3, which may indicate more oxidized conditions at the time of lava eruption.Based on the study of natural samples, existing experimental data and computational models, the order and conditions of crystallization of Gaussberg lamproites were restored. Crystallization proceeded in the following order: chrome spinel - chrome spinel + olivine - olivine + leucite (± chrome spinel) - olivine + leucite + clinopyroxene (± chrome spinel). The near-liquidus association, represented by high-Mg olivine phenocrysts with inclusions of Cr-spinel, was formed in the temperature range from 1180 to 1250°C. Further crystallization of the melt with the formation of an association of olivine+leucite+clinopyroxene phenocrysts could occur at pressures below 2 GPa and temperatures of 1070–1180°C, corresponding to the presence of water in the magmatic system. Estimates of the redox conditions of crystallization of lamproites, obtained using different oxybarometers, vary in a wide range from QFM-0.5 to QFM+2.3.Elevated Ni contents in liquidus olivines of Gaussberg indicate high nickel contents in the source. It is shown that the possible formation of ultraalkaline magmas in the region of Gaussberg Volcano occurred during the melting of the continental lithosphere, which was heterogeneous and included both the peridotite mantle and hydrous pyroxenite fragments.

The early Late Triassic Yumen mafic rocks in the eastern Tethyan Himalaya: A record of the progressive opening of the Yarlung Zangbo Neo-Tethyan Ocean

The timing of the opening of the Yarlung Zangbo Neo–Tethyan Ocean (YZNTO) is debated. In this contribution, geochemical and geochronological analyses of diabase, pillow basalt and layered basalt from the Upper Triassic Yumen tectonic mélange (T3Y) of the eastern Tethyan Himalaya in South Tibet are used to elucidate the timing and the magmatic evolution preceding the development of the YZNTO. Zircon U-Pb geochronology indicates that the Yumen mafic rocks crystallized in the Late Triassic (diabase, c. 225 Ma). These rocks display alkaline basalt affinities and have variable enrichment in Ba, U, Pb, Sr and Ti and depletion in Rb, Th and Nb. The diabase and pillow basalt samples have compositions transitional between enriched mid–ocean ridge basalt and ocean island basalt (OIB); layered basalt is more compatible with an OIB affinity. Whole–rock εNd (t) ratios of the mafic rocks range from +5.5 to +11.5 and zircons from a diabase have εHf(t) values varying from – 1.1 to +10.0. Whole–rock trace element concentrations indicate that the parental magmas of the Yumen mafic rocks were derived from the mantle at variable depths extending from the garnet to spinel stability fields. The Yumen mafic rocks originated from partial melting of a heterogeneous magma source composed of dominant depleted asthenospheric magmas and the addition of some components of an ancient and enriched lithospheric mantle; negligible crustal contamination occurred. Combined with previous studies, we conclude that the Yumen mafic rocks were probably produced in an intercontinental rift setting with extremely thin continental lithosphere in the early Late Triassic prior to the opening of the eastern YZNTO. The YZNTO progressively opened along the northern edge of the Indian plate from west to east in the Phanerozoic.

Composition of Phenocrysts in Lamproites of Gaussberg Volcano, East Antarctica

—This paper presents numerous new data on the geochemical composition of olivine, clinopyroxene, and leucite phenocrysts, as well as spinel inclusions in olivine and quench glass from lamproites of Gaussberg volcano (East Antarctica). Most of the olivine phenocrysts in the Gaussberg lamproites are high Mg varieties (Fo89–91) with elevated Ni contents (up to 4900 ppm) and high Ni/Co ratios. According to data of about 320 clinopyroxene analyses, two groups of diopsidic phenocrysts have been established. Group I consists mainly of high-Mg varieties (Mg#>80), while group II clinopyroxenes are less magnesian (Mg# 52–80). The main difference between the clinopyroxenes of the two groups is the elevated contents of Al2O3, FeO and reduced TiO2, Cr2O3, and NiO in the compositions of group II compared to group I, as well as different contents of trace elements, which may reflect their crystallization from different types of primary melts. According to the study of ~550 grains of leucite phenocrysts in the Gaussberg lamproites, it was shown that they correspond to the ideal stoichiometry of leucite K[AlSi2O6] and are enriched in Na2O (0.05–0.35 wt %), but depleted in K2O (19.9–20.9 wt %) compared to leucites from lamproites of other provinces. The BaO content reaches 0.3 wt %, SrO –0.04 wt %. The iron content in most leucite phenocrysts varies within 0.7–1.2 wt % Fe2O3, but some grains have the low Fe2O3 contents (<0.5 wt %). In leucite microlites of the groundmass and rims of phenocrysts, the Fe2O3 content can reach 2.4 wt %, which may indicate more oxidized conditions at lava eruption. Based on the study of natural samples, existing experimental data and numerical models, the order and conditions of crystallization of the Gaussberg lamproites were obtained. Crystallization proceeded in the following order: chromian spinel → chromian spinel + olivine → olivine + leucite (± chromian spinel) → olivine + leucite + clinopyroxene (± chromian spinel). The near-liquidus assemblage represented by high-Mg olivine phenocrysts with inclusions of Cr-spinel was formed in the temperature range from 1180 to 1250°C. Further crystallization of the melt with the formation of an association of olivine+leucite+clinopyroxene phenocrysts could occur at pressures below 2 GPa and temperatures of 1070–1180°C, corresponding to the presence of water in the magmatic system. Estimates of the redox conditions of crystallization of lamproites obtained using different oxybarometers vary in a wide range from QFM-0.5 to QFM+2.3. The elevated Ni contents in liquidus olivines of Gaussberg indicate the high nickel contents in the source. It is shown that the formation of ultra-alkaline magmas in the Gaussberg volcano area is likely related to melting of the continental lithosphere, which was heterogeneous and included both the peridotite mantle and hydrous pyroxenite fragments.

Variations in the Composition of MORB Chilled Glasses from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 12°–31° N: Reflection of Composition Evolution of Parent Melts and the Influence of the Hydrothermal Component

The geochemical peculiarities of sample collection of MORB chilled glasses obtained in six areas of the axial zone of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), 12°–31° N have been studied. The results of this study provided information on the composition of the parent melts for these glasses and made it possible to assess probable geochemical effects reflecting the interaction of magmatic melts with hydrothermal systems of the MAR axial zone or with altered oceanic crust (AOC). It is shown that basalts of the E-MORB family which includes most of samples are localized mainly in the “cold” segments of the MAR in the crustal section of which serpentinites predominate. On the other hand, samples with depleted signature (N-MORB) belong to segments of the MAR in which serpentinite outcrops are either absent or play a subordinate role. The E-MORB chilled glasses from “cold” segments of the MAR show signs of contamination of basaltic melts with components borrowed either from the host serpentinites or from aqueous-saline fluids circulating in hydrothermal systems located in serpentinites (“serpentinite hosted”). Judging by the data obtained on the nature of variations in the content of Cl, U, and Sr in the studied chilled glasses belonging to the N-MORB family, there are no signs of intracrustal contamination. It is assumed that relics of the ancient continental lithosphere preserved under axial zone of the MAR and involved in the process of partial melting of the shallow mantle took part in the formation of E-MORB parental melts in some segments of the MAR.

Oceanic Crust Formation in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Segment between Azores and Icelandic Plumes: Results of Geological and Petrogeochemical Studies

The structure of the ocean floor and the composition of basalts and dolerites of the MAR segment between the Maxwell and Charlie Gibbs FZs (North Atlantic) were studied based on the data of the 53rd cruise of the R/V “Akademik Nikolaj Strakhov”. It was found that in this segment, along the spreading axis, areas of greater and lesser magmatic productivity alternate, which correspond to higher and lower bottom relief. In areas of high relief, spreading cells form in the axial zone, and rises of various nature dominate in the ridge zone: from tectonic to volcanic. In areas of low relief, the rift valley consists of deep rift basins, and low ridges are developed on the flanks, separated by wide depressions. Oceanic tholeites N, T and E-MORB are distinguished among the studied volcanites. The first of them are ubiquitous and were melted from mainly depleted mantle (source DM). Basalts and dolerites of E-MORB are found in areas of high relief. Their mantle substrate is formed by a mixture of DM and EM-2 material with the subordinate role of HIMU. T-MORB volcanites are mainly localized on large volcanic rises in the southern part of the studied MAR segment and were melted from a substrate formed by a mixture of DM and HIMU material with the subordinate role of EM-2. Two types of mantle inhomogeneities involved in melting are reconstructed: passive and active. The former are represented by blocks of the transformed continental lithosphere that are similar in composition to the EM-2 mantle source. Active inhomogeneities associate with the uplift near Maxwell FZ of the microplume of the enriched mantle with a composition close to HIMU and with its subaxial flow in the north direction up to the Charlie Gibbs FZ.

The Influence of Lithospheric Thickness Variations Beneath Australia on Seismic Anisotropy and Mantle Flow

AbstractRapid plate motion, alongside pronounced variations in age and thickness of the Australian continental lithosphere, makes it an excellent location to assess the relationship between seismic anisotropy and lithosphere‐asthenosphere dynamics. In this study, SKS and PKS shear‐wave splitting is conducted for 176 stations covering the transition from the South Australian Craton to eastern Phanerozoic Australia. Comparisons are made with models of lithospheric thickness as well as numerical simulations of mantle flow. Splitting results show uniform ENE‐WSW aligned fast directions over the Gawler Craton and broader South Australian Craton, similar to the orientation of crustal structures generated during an episode of NW‐SE directed compression and volcanism ∼1.6 billion years ago. We propose that heat from volcanism weakened the lithosphere, aiding widespread lithospheric deformation, which has since been preserved in the form of frozen‐in anisotropy. Conversely, over eastern Phanerozoic Australia, fast directions show strong alignment with the NNE absolute plate motion. Overall, our results suggest that when the lithosphere is thin (&lt;125 km), lithospheric contributions are minimal and contributions from asthenospheric anisotropy dominate, reflecting shear of the underlying mantle by Australia's rapid plate motion above. Further insights from geodynamical simulations of the regional mantle flow field, which incorporate Australian and adjacent upper mantle structure, predict that asthenospheric material would be drawn in from the south and east toward the fast‐moving continental keel. Such a mechanism, alongside interactions between the flow field and lithospheric structure, provides a plausible explanation for smaller‐scale anomalous splitting patterns beneath eastern Australia that do not align with plate motion.

Gauging the Assessment of Some Anthropogenic Factors Driving Climate- Change

Climate-change (CC) is associated with any shifts in weather patterns, whether in space or time, and is largely attributed to enduring human activities. Climate-change is also caused by natural phenomena including dust storms, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions besides meteorites crashing onto the surface of the earth. Rising global temperatures are a significant consequence of climate-change, causing an increase in freak weather phenomena as well as causing damage to biodiversity, ecosystems, plant-pollinator connections, seed distribution and recruitment, food security, public-health and water. Presence and detection of oxides of nitrogen &amp; sulphur, methane, water-vapour and carbon-di-oxide (mainly greenhouse gases) constitute the key determinants of the ill-effects on climate caused by human interference and exploitation. Aerosols, too, contribute significantly to global warming, as do chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs). By the conclusion of the century, a distressing increase of 1.5°C in average surface temperature is projected. This review examines the current condition of climate-change while investigating its causes, compiling results of its negative effects on plant pollination, seed dispersal, ecosystems and biodiversity, in addition to public health. Furthermore, this study also includes a comprehensive overview of sustainable mitigating measures to overcome the disaster of climate-change.

Application of the Digital Aerial Photography Method in the Construction of a Multifunctional Cargo Area

Recently, digital aerial photography has been increasingly used to obtain data on the surface of the earth and those real estate objects that are located on it. So, using the example of engineering and geodetic surveys conducted on the territory of the Makarovsky district of the Sakhalin region, we will consider what methods and what equipment are currently used to obtain information that will be necessary for construction in the future.

Pangaea's breakup: the roles of mantle plumes, orogens and subduction retreat

Abstract What drives the breakup of a supercontinent remains contentious. Previously proposed mechanisms include mantle plumes, subduction retreat and basal traction from mantle convection. Here we review the geological record of plumes, orogens and subduction zones during the breakup of Pangaea and investigate the potential roles played by these factors through 4D spherical geodynamic modelling. We found that mantle plumes provided the dominant force that drove the breakup of Pangaea, particularly in triggering the initial breakup. Young orogens as continental lithospheric weak zones generally guided the development of continental rifts, consistent with the geological record that rifting within Pangaea commonly developed along pre-existing orogens. However, the marginal drag force produced by subduction retreat, and basal traction associated with subduction-related mantle flow, likely also played a role in the breakup of Pangaea. In addition, the weakening effect of plume-induced melts can sometimes help to break the continental lithosphere away from orogens, as exemplified by the breakup between Antarctica and Australia. Furthermore, geodynamic modelling suggests that subduction is responsible for generating mantle plumes. A particular such example is the formation of the Kerguelen plume, triggered by subduction along the northern margin of Australia, which facilitated the breakup between East Antarctica and Australia.

Ultra-slow transverse waves during continental breakup

Continental rifting is one of the four fundamental geological processes of the Wilson cycle. Rifting results from the continuous stretching of continental lithosphere and involves mechanical, thermodynamic, and rheological processes. It may be followed by a catastrophic breakup stage, which determines cessation of extensional deformation and the final separation of a continent into two distinct tectonic plates that grow by accretion of oceanic lithosphere. To date, the transition to sea−floor spreading and the conditions for the development of a new ocean have not been fully understood. We propose that a consistent description of this process must consider the existence of long−term retarded elasticity in the mantle lithosphere, the superadiabatic conditions of this layer, and the combined action of such elastic forces with the localized buoyancy arising from thermal anomalies. We present a solution of the rheological equation for a nonlinear viscoelastic model of the lithosphere mantle and numerical experiments showing that transient thermal anomalies are generated during the extension, which lead to the formation of transverse waves having wavelengths of the order of hundreds to thousands km and periods of several tens kyrs. These waves induce oscillating topography and influence the relief. Therefore, they could be responsible for eustatic cycles both in the axial rift lacustrine system and in off−axis (dendritic) lakes placed in areas of reversed drainage. At sufficiently high extension rates, deformation localizes and these ultra-slow waves determine cyclic shear failure, with formation of X−shaped cross structures through the lithosphere that prelude to the final rupture.

Continuation of Events Detection with Global Long-Period Seismic Data: An Analysis from 2010 to 2022

Abstract We develop an algorithm to detect and locate sources of long-period (25–100 s) seismic signals. Our method is based on the analysis of seismological data recorded at global networks, plus all available stations at latitude larger (smaller) than 60° (−60°). We use a delay and stack method to identify coherent Rayleigh waves generated at the free surface of the Earth. The application of our approach to 13 yr of continuous data permitted us to detect more than 36,000 events. After a precise analysis to classify known events and to remove spurious detections, we report more than 1700 previously unidentified source of long-period seismic signals. Each source is characterized by its location (with associated uncertainty) and moment magnitude. This new catalog mainly reveals sources in the polar regions likely associated with glaciers dynamics but also volcanic activity, landslides, and regular earthquakes located in remote areas of the planet. Our study reveals the importance of maintaining global seismic networks and exploring the recorded data, beyond providing new observations that can be the basis to future studies to better characterize physical processes occurring at the free surface of our planet.

The Truths of Space-time Contractions of Special Relativity

This paper points out that there is no any experimental evidence for the length contraction of a moving object in special relativity. It is just a theoretical prediction based on the Lorentz transformation formula. Einstein put forward the concept of simultaneous relativity in order to explain the length contraction. In this paper, an example called Ji Hao's bridge-breaking paradox is provided to prove that this kind of paradoxes cannot be explained by simultaneous relativity. A completely symmetric method is introduced to prove that the famous twin paradox is unsolvable. The time delay experiments of special relativity, such as the life time of μ meson and the atomic clocks moving around the Earth are discussed. It is proved that time slows down of a moving clock does not exist too. It is a misunderstanding to use the lifetime of μ mesons to prove the time delay of special relativity because μ mesons decay prematurely due to strong collisions with other nuclei in the Earth's surface atmosphere. What calculated in theory is the time difference between two atomic clocks flying east and west observed in the stationary reference frame of the Earth's mass center. But the measurement of time difference is on the surface of the Earth. Because of the symmetry of motion speed, there is no time difference caused by the motion speed between the two atomic clocks observed on the Earth’s surface, so the experiment of atomic clocks moving around the Earth is invalid. The experiment is also suspected of fabricating experimental data. The conclusion of this paper is that the space-time contraction of special relativity and its relativity cannot happen in real nature, time and space are absolute concepts, and the Lorentz transformation cannot be correct.

A lab-based test of the gravitational redshift with a miniature clock network

Einstein’s theory of general relativity predicts that a clock at a higher gravitational potential will tick faster than an otherwise identical clock at a lower potential, an effect known as the gravitational redshift. Here we perform a laboratory-based, blinded test of the gravitational redshift using differential clock comparisons within an evenly spaced array of 5 atomic ensembles spanning a height difference of 1 cm. We measure a fractional frequency gradient of [ − 12.4 ± 0. 7(stat) ± 2. 5(sys)] × 10−19/cm, consistent with the expected redshift gradient of − 10.9 × 10−19/cm. Our results can also be viewed as relativistic gravitational potential difference measurements with sensitivity to mm scale changes in height on the surface of the Earth. These results highlight the potential of local-oscillator-independent differential clock comparisons for emerging applications of optical atomic clocks including geodesy, searches for new physics, gravitational wave detection, and explorations of the interplay between quantum mechanics and gravity.