Contextual Frame Research Articles

2020 American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Consensus Conference on Professionalism and Ethics: A Consensus Conference Report

2020 American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Consensus Conference on Professionalism and Ethics: A Consensus Conference Report

Spanish vs. English disagreement: An analysis of cultural and situational variation

This paper highlights the results of an intercultural study within the theoretical frame of (im)politeness about the way in which Spanish and English speakers manage situations of disagreement. However, in order not to ignore the internal variation that in each culture exists, cultural contrasts are analysed while simultaneously taking into account situational variation. This study is based upon a questionnaire carried out among 240 informants. Using open questions, both qualitative and quantitative methodology is employed. As regards (im)politeness, the rapport management theory by Spencer-Oatey (2002, 2008) is the model employed for reference. The replies of the informants are analysed regarding their possible reaction to a situation of disagreement in different contextual frames. It is observed whether the speaker does or does not express disagreement, as well as the way it is expressed (mitigated, open or boosted) and the kind of strategies that are employed.

“People need them or else they're going to take fentanyl and die”: A qualitative study examining the ‘problem’ of prescription opioid diversion during an overdose epidemic

The practice of prescription opioid (PO) diversion remains highly controversial and has been characterized as a source of significant drug-related harm by physicians and public health officials. We critically analyze the “problem” of diversion through an examination of the perspectives of people who divert POs during an overdose epidemic to better understand the practice, including benefits and challenges, as well as how diversion is shaped by structural contexts. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 participants recruited from ongoing cohort studies involving people who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada. Prohibitive prescribing policies made accessing POs difficult, leading some to smuggle drugs out of clinics. Others would buy POs in bulk or do trades to acquire them. Participants risked having their prescriptions terminated, but rationalized this risk as a protective measure that allows them to provide safer drugs to others (e.g., to prevent overdose or treat withdrawal). Poverty also framed diversion, with some participants diverting their POs to generate income to pay for expenses including food and sometimes illicit fentanyl (perceived as a stronger alternative). However, diversion was shaped by other constraints, including criminalization, negative health impacts from not consistently consuming POs, and supplies running out, which led some participants to rely on other illegal means to generate income. This study highlights the intricate means by which POs are acquired and diverted and how environmental contexts frame how participants negotiated risk and rationalized diversion. Our study provides an alternative perspective on the “problem” of diversion and demonstrate a positive effect in providing a safer drug supply to others during an overdose crisis. Given that drug policy, criminalization, and poverty created challenges, our findings demonstrate the need for strategies that engender greater safety, reduce harm, and alleviate the effects of these constraints, including through policies promoting safer drug supplies, decriminalization, and employment.

Actionable strategy framework for digital transformation in AECO industry

PurposeThe Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) holds the potential to improve capabilities- and technology-based innovation, which will enable breakout for architectural, engineering, construction and operation and maintenance (AECO) companies, for international competitiveness. Though the top management of such companies is convinced on the utility of the applications, they are unsure on the strategy of implementing the same. The objective of this research is to suggest a strategy framework for digital transformation of the AECO value chain.Design/methodology/approachThe nascent level of research on 4IR in construction necessitated the adoption of the integrative review methodology for the study. Extensive literature review of research on strategy and 4IR has been utilized to establish the validity of the first two pillars, namely “a strategy of simple rules in a complex environment; and deployment of dynamic capabilities.” The validation of a construct for the third pillar of “confluence of change and continuity forces” has been achieved via hypothesis testing of data obtained through a questionnaire survey.FindingsThe present study has integrated three diverse ideas of strategy, named as the pillars, to facilitate sustainable digital transformation. Within the third pillar, top three continuity forces which offer resistance to change are organization culture, existing delivery processes and networks, and existing standard operating procedures. On the other hand, the leading drivers of change are needs of competitiveness; global industry trends and the advent of new technologies/innovations.Research limitations/implicationsThis provides a practical approach to operationalize digital transformation of the AECO at an organization level. The validation relied on opinion and perspectives of a sample frame in the Indian context, which was its limitation.Originality/valueThis paper suggests a strategy framework of three pillars to help address specific strategy dilemmas during implementation of digital transformation of particular organizations in AECO. The study contributes to both theory and practice by helping leaders of AECO companies, associations, policymakers and the academia to strategize transformations successfully.

Fish Disease Outreach Messages: Testing of Gain and Loss Frames

Gain and loss framing has been used in risk communication across many fields as a technique for shaping individuals’ behaviors. Via community-engaged research conducted with the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, we tested five message frames to determine efficacy for outreach programs. We made the following determinations: (a) for increasing risk perceptions regarding fish disease, a loss frame in a fish disease management context should be used; (b) for decreasing risk perceptions regarding fish disease management, a gain frame in a fish disease context should be used; (c) for motivating behavioral intention regarding prevention and risk reduction, a gain frame in a fish disease context should be used. Our findings are of interest to Extension professionals and others working in natural resources.

Safe Space, Dangerous Territory: Young People’s Views on Preventing Radicalization through Education—Perspectives for Pre-Service Teacher Education

Initiatives for preventing radicalization and violent extremism through education (PVE-E) have become a feature of global educational policy and educational institutions across all phases, from early childhood to universities, also in Finland. If schools may be regarded as safe spaces here for identity and worldview construction and experiences of belonging, the specific subject matter of PVE-E is also dangerous territory. Not least because of PVE-E’s focus on radicalization, but above all because of perceptions of schools being used as an adjunct of governmental counter-terrorism policy. We argue that understanding young people’s views on issues related to radicalization and violent extremism is critical in order to develop ethical, sustainable, contextualized, and pedagogical approaches to prevent hostilities and foster peaceful co-existence. After providing some critical framing of the Finnish educational context in a broader international setting, we thus examine young people’s views (n = 3617) in relation to the safe spaces through online survey data gathered as a part of our larger 4-year research project Growing up radical? The role of educational institutions in guiding young people’s worldview construction. Specifically focused on Finland but with potentially wider international implications, more understanding about the topic of PVE-E is needed to inform teacher education and training, to which our empirical data makes some innovative contribution.

Social and environmental accounting in developing countries: contextual challenges and insights

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review most recent developments of social and environmental accounting (SEA) in the context of developing countries and to offer insights for the latest research in this field. It also provides an introduction to the AAAJ special issue.Design/methodology/approachThe authors have undertaken a conceptual overview of the field developed in the past two decades (2001–2020) with a view to identify major themes, trends and future research directions.FindingsThe overview reveals that only 43 SEA papers addressing contextual challenges of developing countries have been published in leading accounting journals in the last 20 years. The coverage of these publications is concentrated in a small number of countries and regions. Interdisciplinary accounting journals, especially AAAJ, are the main publishing outlets in this field. The topic areas are dominated by social accounting challenges, with much less focus on environmental accounting, although developing countries are particularly exposed to the threats of climate change, water pollution and biodiversity loss. The literature reviewed uses elaborating, problematising and theorising contexts as three main contextualisation approaches to analyse contextual themes framed around regulatory, political, cultural and religious, and social-economic systems. Although various conceptual lenses have been adopted in the developing country SEA literature, the use of institutional theory and its various extensions to address political and cultural complexities seems to become more prominent, as shown in most of the contributions included in this special issue.Research limitations/implicationsThis review is limited to leading accounting journals. SEA research increasingly published in other disciplines such as in management, social and environmental areas might provide a more comprehensive view in this research field.Originality/valueIn this paper, inter alia, the authors review and synthesise the previous literature in a conceptual framework, illustrating and highlighting the importance of contextual framing of SEA in developing countries. Based on this review, the authors propose some ideas for a future research agenda aiming to advance the field. The authors expect this paper and the special issue to act as a reference point for emerging SEA researchers from developing countries to raise more scholarly impactful enquiries in this area.

Anticipating trajectories of exponential growth.

Humans grossly underestimate exponential growth, but are at the same time overconfident in their (poor) judgement. The so-called ‘exponential growth bias' is of new relevance in the context of COVID-19, because it explains why humans have fundamental difficulties to grasp the magnitude of a spreading epidemic. Here, we addressed the question, whether logarithmic scaling and contextual framing of epidemiological data affect the anticipation of exponential growth. Our findings show that underestimations were most pronounced when growth curves were linearly scaled and framed in the context of a more advanced epidemic progression. For logarithmic scaling, estimates were much more accurate, on target for growth rates around 31%, and not affected by contextual framing. We conclude that the logarithmic depiction is conducive for detecting exponential growth during an early phase as well as resurgences of exponential growth.

Aspects of Translating Musical Instruments in Foreign Travellers Through the Romanian Principalities, I-X Series of Volumes

Abstract Whether we are talking about those written directly in Romanian, or whether we are referring to those translated into the same language, the narrative sources are the main source of documentation in the process of reconstructing any aspect related to our past. Regarding music and all the elements related to it, the category of sources we refer to is the most important source of information, even if, in relation to other aspects, music is relatively little “present” within these writings. Therefore, trying to correctly and accurately determine the described musical instruments, as well as the related terminology, is important, but also difficult. On the occasion of a more extensive work (i.e. doctoral thesis) I noticed, especially in the category of sources referred to here, a series of mistranslated musical instruments which makes it difficult or even far from understanding and creating a more accurate picture of the musical atmosphere of past centuries. All these aspects draw our attention first of all by resorting to comparing the translations with the original version after which they were made, but also by comparing the descriptions regarding music related to Romania with those referring to Romaniansʼ neighbors or those with which we have come into consistent contact with throughout history. Therefore, in the following, we propose to analyze the main cases of mistranslations identified by us, a comparison with the original alternatives of the texts after which they were made, but also a framing of the historical context, without which the proper understanding risks would not be fully achieved.

Careers in the Greek public sector: calibrating the kaleidoscope

PurposeThe authors draw upon the kaleidoscope career model (KCM) to explore the career perceptions of public service employees in Greece.Design/methodology/approachQualitative semistructured interviews were conducted with 33 civil servants.FindingsThe authors’ demonstrate how context frames career perceptions and propose an additional KCM parameter (security).Research limitations/implicationsThis context-based study proposes an extension of the KCM theory beyond the original three parameters that were dominant at its inception.Practical implicationsThe authors provide recommendations for human resource practices, such as empowerment through training, fair promotions and providing meaning. Despite the common perception, the need for challenge exists even within the public sector, such that satisfying it can help organizations to gain strategic advantage.Originality/valueThis study expands a prominent career theory by exploring it in a unique context. By doing that, the authors are able to better understand how the parameters of the model are readjusted in different settings and to uncover a previously unidentified theme.

The Interplay between Message Framing and Message Recipients’ Regulatory Focus in Promoting HPV Prevention Strategies

ABSTRACT Limited awareness and low uptake rate of Human papillomavirus (HPV) prevention strategies among females require the development of more effective educational interventions. Regulatory focus theory posits the matching of framing valence with the recipients’ regulatory focus increases persuasiveness. Following regulatory focus theory, we examined how individual regulatory focus changed the effects of gain- and loss-framed messages on promoting consistent condom use and HPV DNA testing for HPV prevention. We also explored whether this interaction effect impacts the influences of target individuals’ initial attitudes about condom use and HPV DNA testing on post attitudes and intentions. Results of Study 1 showed that, in general, the gain-framed message fit with regulatory focus (i.e., promotion focus) promoted more positive attitudes about consistent condom use than the gain-framed message nonfit with their regulatory focus (i.e., prevention focus). Nevertheless, the gain-framed message nonfit with regulatory focus (i.e., prevention focus) strengthened the negative relationship between initial attitudes and intentions, which promoted the intentions to use condom consistently among people who initially held negative attitudes toward consistent condom use. In Study 2, we did not observe a significant interaction effect of message framing and regulatory focus in the HPV DNA testing context. However, we observed that the gain-framed message nonfit with regulatory focus (i.e., prevention focus) led to the changes in the significance of the initial attitudes – post attitudes relationship from significant to non-significant. Thus, the reliance on initial negative attitudes about HPV DNA testing in decision-making decreased. Theoretical and practical implications of our research were discussed.

The foreign language effect in bilingualism: Examining prosocial sentiment after offense taking

AbstractThis study examines whether theforeign language effectmitigates reactions to value-inconsistent sociopolitical content. We examined 69 English–Spanish bilinguals and 31 Spanish–English heritage bilinguals, half of whom did the experiment in their native language and half in their second language. Participants were administered a survey in which trial emotiveness was manipulated by using the quantifiers some and all (e.g.,Some Trump supporters are racistsvs.All Trump supporters are racists). The some-types (n= 30) served as a baseline for the all-types (n= 30). After each target, participants rated their willingness to be prosocial (e.g., holding the door for a stranger) on a scale of 1–7, 1 beingtotally agreeand 7 beingtotally disagree. Our results suggest that processing emotional information in a second language is less emotional than in a first language and that such a decrease in emotionality results in the neutralization of offense taken. However, individual differences in linguistic profiles across participants, as well as contextual framing, lead to discrete value judgments. Proficiency, learner type, political affiliation, and context type affect willingness to engage in prosocial behavior. As a group, the bilinguals showed no decrease in their willingness to engage in such behaviors, regardless of context type; speakers of higher proficiency and stronger political values increase prosocial sentiment; and lower proficiency and weaker views lead to neutral prosocial sentiment.

الأطر المرئية للأحداث الإرهابية فى الصحف الإلکترونية المصرية

يهدف هذا البحث إلى تحليل و رصد التغطية المصورة للإرهاب وأحداثه بالصحف الإلکترونية المصرية من خلال تحليل مجموعة الصور الرقمية الثابتة التى نشرتها الصحف خلال فترة البحث ، و التعرف على الأطر التي استخدمتها تلک الصحف فى نشر الصور، وأسلوب عرضها و معالجتها لتلک الصور The study aims to analyze and monitor the photo coverage of terrorism and its events in the Egyptian electronic newspapers by analyzing the set of digital fixed photos published by newspapers during the research period, and to identify the visual frames that these newspapers used with photos. The study also analyzes the presentation and treatment of these photos. The study reached a set of results, the most important of which are: There is a disparity between the newspapers with regard to the interest in publishing photos, so, the Seventh Day newspaper was ranked first with 85.6%, followed by Akhbar Al-Youm newspaper with 21.4%, then Al-wafd newspaper in the last place a newspaper with 19.8%. With regard to photos locations accompanying the text, the locations varied with respect to the text in the newspapers. Photos placed below the text were ranked first with 43.3%, followed by pictures on the top of the text by 42.4%, then the photos in the middle of the text were ranked by 14.2%. There are many types of photos in newspapers sample; news photos came first, followed by photos of topics, then humanized photos then personal photos, finally, infograph photos come in a small percentage. The frames included in the photos varied in the electronic newspapers sample, and that a single photo may included more than one frame. We found that the security/legal frame was ranked first, followed by the technical frame, then the support frame in the third rank, followed by the loss frame in the fourth rank, then the frame of human interest, then came in the sixth rank the conspiracy frame, and finally the historical context frame in the seventh rank.

The Digital Disease in Academic Libraries

This article uses organizational design and management literature to shed critical light on a peculiar quirk of academic library organizational structures: the existence of job titles and departments that exist to highlight “digital” functions and workflows. An exploration of the literature along four interrelated themes provides insight into the origin of the problem: organizational design theory and the arrangement of work in academic libraries; the reliance on strategic alignment through buzzwords as a means of coping with uncertainty; the tendency of academic library structures to resemble one another; and challenges associated with knowledge sharing and professional development in hierarchical organizations. These contexts frame the symptoms of The Digital Disease, all of which are derived from the convergence of the article’s four thematic preconditions. Though the disease is the lens through which contemporary academic library organization is analyzed, its existence serves to highlight pre-existing patterns in academic library management that warrant further scrutiny.

Mechanisms Underlying Unconscious Processing and Their Alterations in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Neuroimaging of Zero Monetary Outcomes Contextually Framed as "No Losses" vs. "No Gains".

Although unconscious processing is a key element of mental operation, its neural correlates have not been established. Also, clinical observations suggest that unconscious processing may be involved in the pathophysiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the neurobiological mechanisms underlying such impairments remain unknown. The purpose of the present study was to examine putative mechanisms underlying unconscious processing by healthy participants and to determine whether these mechanisms may be altered in PTSD patients. Twenty patients with PTSD and 27 healthy individuals were administered a validated wheel of fortune-type gambling task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Unconscious processing was elicited using unconscious contextual framing of the zero monetary outcomes as “no loss,” “no gain” or as “neutral.” Brief passive visual processing of the “no loss” vs. “no gain” contrast by healthy participants yielded bilateral frontal-, temporal- and insular cortices and striatal activations. Between-group comparison revealed smaller activity in the left anterior prefrontal-, left dorsolateral prefrontal-, right temporal- and right insular cortices and in bilateral striatum in PTSD patients with the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity been more pronounced in those with greater PTSD severity. These observations implicate frontal-, temporal-, and insular cortices along with the striatum in the putative mechanisms underlying unconscious processing of the monetary outcomes. Additionally, our results support the hypothesis that PTSD is associated with primary cortical and subcortical alterations involved in the above processes and that these alterations may be related to some aspects of PTSD symptomatology.

Unraveling the Effects of Social Class and Systemic Racism on Advance Care Planning

While advance care planning (ACP) is recognized as a key facilitator of high-quality, goal-concordant end-of-life care, black Americans are less likely to participate in ACP than non-Hispanic whites (Carr 2011; Detering et al. 2010). There are divided explanations for why these disparities persist. Some scholars attribute racial disparities in end-of-life care to socioeconomic (SES) differences between black and white Americans citing blacks’ and whites’ differentiated access to, control over, and use of material resources (Wilson 1978; Yearby 2011). Others assert that health care preferences do not solely reflect lack of resources or health literacy, but that the larger social context frames care preferences differently across racial and ethnic groups in American society (Alegria et al. 2011; Sewell and Pingel forthcoming). By turning the analytical lens to class-privileged black Americans, I investigate whether racism overflows the margins of class disadvantage. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, I ran logistic regression and moderation models. I found that class-privileged blacks are less likely to engage in ACP than both high-SES and low-SES whites. The interaction of race and SES was negatively and significantly associated with ACP (OR=0.91; P<0.05), indicating that SES has a stronger effect on the probability of ACP among whites than among blacks. Predicted probabilities show that 51% of low-SES whites are likely to engage in ACP compared to 32% of high-SES blacks. These findings indicate that racialized disparities in ACP exist independent of SES, and that the effects of SES and race are intersectional rather than simply additive.

CrowdGAN: Identity-Free Interactive Crowd Video Generation and Beyond.

In this paper, we introduce a novel yet challenging research problem, interactive crowd video generation, committed to producing diverse and continuous crowd video, and relieving the difficulty of insufficient annotated real-world datasets in crowd analysis. Our goal is to recursively generate realistic future crowd video frames given few context frames, under the user-specified guidance, namely individual positions of the crowd. To this end, we propose a deep network architecture specifically designed for crowd video generation that is composed of two complementary modules, each of which combats the problems of crowd dynamic synthesis and appearance preservation respectively. Particularly, a spatio-temporal transfer module is proposed to infer the crowd position and structure from guidance and temporal information, and a point-aware flow prediction module is presented to preserve appearance consistency by flow-based warping. Then, the outputs of the two modules are integrated by a self-selective fusion unit to produce an identity-preserved and continuous video. Unlike previous works, we generate continuous crowd behaviors beyond identity annotations or matching. Extensive experiments show that our method is effective for crowd video generation. More importantly, we demonstrate the generated video can produce diverse crowd behaviors and be used for augmenting different crowd analysis tasks, i.e., crowd counting, anomaly detection, crowd video prediction. Code is available at https://github.com/Icep2020/CrowdGAN.

Entrepreneurship in an Increasingly Digital and Global World. Evaluating the Role of Digital Capabilities on International Entrepreneurial Intention

Given the growing role of entrepreneurial companies in international markets, recent research endeavors direct their attention towards understanding the role of digital technologies for the internationalization efforts of new ventures. Thereby, existing research is mostly focused on explaining the enabling role of digital technologies as a contextual frame, but widely neglects the role of the individual and his/her capabilities to make use of those technologies. This paper aims at closing the above research gap by focusing on digital capabilities and investigating their effect on the intention to engage in international entrepreneurship. With the help of structural equation modeling, we integrate the concept of digital capabilities into the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and empirically analyze the complex relationship between digital capabilities, the three TPB dimensions, and international entrepreneurial intention (IEI). Using a student sample from a major German university (n = 198), we find evidence for the significant role of digital capabilities for IEI through its positive effects on an individual’s attitude towards international entrepreneurship and perceived behavioral control.

Are mindful people more risk-averse? Effects of trait and state mindfulness on risk preference in decision-making.

The current research investigated whether various aspects of mindfulness were differentially associated with risk preference in decision-making. In Studies 1 and 2, attention and present-focus aspects of trait mindfulness were associated with lower risk preference in making monetary gains. In Study 3, participants completed either a mindfulness training or listened to a comparable control recording. Compared to the control condition, subjects in the mindfulness condition were more risk-averse in making choices for monetary gains. The attention and present-focus aspects of state mindfulness mediated this connection. Study 4 introduced a loss framing, where attention and present-focus no longer associated with lower risk preference, but awareness and acceptance aspects of trait mindfulness associated with higher risk preference in avoiding monetary losses. The results suggest that different aspects of mindfulness have potential for mitigating risk preference, but such potential is limited depending on the framing of a decision context.

Muslims in post-apartheid South Africa: race, community, and identity

ABSTRACT Archbishop Desmond Tutu evocatively called South Africa the ‘Rainbow Nation of God’ to show how, despite the doomsayers who predicted racial civil war, under the guiding hand of Nelson Mandela in 1994, South Africa had adopted a path of reconciliation and non-racialism. A quarter-century on, this optimism is on the wane as ‘racial’ incidents make national headlines virtually daily. This broader context frames this article, which examines the historical and contemporary relationship amongst Muslim South Africans who constitute around two percent of the country’s population. They are mostly composed of Indians, Coloureds, and Black Africans, as defined in the South African census. This article examines the histories of race (and their logics) among Muslims in South Africa, especially between Africans and Indians, including social intimacies and boundary-making. It does so against the background of changing social, political, economic, and cultural conditions, which include an influx of Muslim migrants from Africa and South Asia, rising racial nationalism, widespread poverty and unemployment, and the dissemination of new ideas. While focusing on intra-Muslim relations, the article makes a critical contribution to a broader discussion about race in post-apartheid South Africa.