Context Of Implementation Research Articles

Introduction to the special issue: Transforming school systems

As scholars studying school districts, we became increasingly concerned with how research from the Global North dominates global understandings of school governance, organization, and reform—what we term coloniality in global education reform. This special issue seeks to broaden these perspectives by examining how schools might be governed and organized with a focus on power, history, local and regional contexts, multiple ways of knowing, and sociopolitical dynamics. Through six articles, this issue interrogates how power operates and shifts across school organizing, governance, and community engagement. Featured studies span topics such as anti-racist leadership practices, the sociopolitical contexts of reform implementation, the reproduction of inequalities through “shadow education,” and the racialized dynamics of state takeovers. Insights from the Global South, particularly from Mexico and Brazil, challenge dominant narratives rooted in the Global North, highlighting the need to decenter Eurocentric perspectives. Extending this analysis, we reflect on how coloniality shaped the editorial process itself, revealing tensions around language, power, and representation in academic publishing. By questioning both global education reform practices and traditional approaches to academic scholarship, this special issue invites readers to critically examine with us the dominant paradigms and imagine more just, inclusive, and contextually-grounded possibilities for school governance and organization.

The influence of religious institutional logic in frontline work

AbstractThis research analyses the influence of religion—as an institutional logic—on the work of frontline workers (FLWs) in hybrid public policy implementation contexts. We conducted semi‐structured interviews and used vignettes with 37 therapeutic communities (TCs) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, which provide care for individuals with problematic drug use. Through our analysis, we discovered variations in how FLWs from faith‐based and secular organisations categorise their clients and provide them with alternative services. These differences were evident in their perceptions of problematic drug use, desired outcomes for clients, and the methods they utilise to achieve these goals. In practice, faith‐based TCs prioritise behavioural categories and emphasise support from family and work as treatment alternatives, whereas secular TCs employ professional language and offer alternatives based on psychological and medical support. This study enhances the understanding of religion as an institutional logic and underscores the significance of analysing institutional logics to comprehend the actions of FLWs in cases of hybridity, particularly the role of faith‐based organisations in service delivery.Points for practitioners The religion of organisations can have an impact on the work of frontline workers (FLWs). This impact becomes especially clear in the categorisation process, as it shapes FLWs’ understanding of their work and the referrals they make based on that understanding.

Sustainable Transport and Development Partnership: Enhancing Urban Growth in Hobart, Australia Through TOD, PPP and Green Building Practices

This paper introduces the concept of sustainable transport and development partnership (STDP), a holistic approach integrating transit-oriented development (TOD), public–private partnership (PPP) and green building practices to address high carbon emissions from the building sector. Focusing on Hobart, Australia, the study explores the city’s urban context and potential for STDP implementation, proposing a comprehensive framework that incorporates green building practices across six key dimensions. Through in-depth interviews with PPP experts and on-site observations, the research identifies key transport challenges in Hobart, analyzes their interrelationship with potential STDP initiatives and proposes a set of STDP metrics to evaluate their efficacy. The findings contribute to the discourse on sustainable urban development, offering practical insights for policymakers, developers and researchers and providing a valuable reference for regional cities globally seeking to implement effective and sustainable STDP strategies, ultimately enhancing urban growth and reducing carbon emissions.

A critical approach to SDGs through Collaborative Online International Learning: experiences from Canada and Spain

IntroductionThe Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) is described as a pedagogical experience linking the classrooms of two or more higher education institutions across culturally and linguistically differentiated regions. COIL intends to provide academics and students with the ability to communicate and collaborate with peers internationally through online interactions. During the Fall of 2021, this collaboration involved the Universitat Jaume I (UJI), located in the city of Castelló de la Plana in Spain and Algoma University, located on the traditional territory of the Anishinaabek Nation, as well as the homelands of the Métis Nation. The student profiles, each institutions’ geographical locations, as well as the linguistic, cultural and critical approaches to teaching and learning provided ample opportunities and challenges for the development and implementation of this experience.MethodsThe purpose of this paper is to provide a pedagogical reflection on the development of a 5-week module taught together during three academic years. The authors provide an account and reflection of their collaboration centered on the institutional challenges and opportunities that currently exist for courses that aim to engage Indigenous and critical/ecological thinking.Results and discussionThe background of the collaboration leads to a detailed analysis of the context of COIL implementation and the reflections on the modules’ development and improvement. Our recommendations are based on lessons learned from the substantive and technical challenges and opportunities on the complexity of teaching about contemporary ecological/social issues, as well as the tools required to inspire future activists.

Bridging policy and development: Implementing merit-based civil service management for dynamic governance in West Java

This study aims to identify and the implementation of ASN Management policies on career development aspects based on the merit system in the West Java Provincial Government and 6 Regency/City Governments in West Java Province. The failure of the institutionalization of the meritocratic system in ASN career development is partly triggered by the symptoms of the appointment or selection of officials in the central and regional levels not based on their professionalism or competence except for subjective considerations, political ties, close relationships and even bribery. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The operationalization concept in this study uses Merilee S. Grindle’s Policy Implementation theory which consists of dimensions of policy content and its implementation context. The factors that cause the implementation of the policy to be less than optimal include: 1. Uneven understanding of meritocracy; 2. Slowness/unpreparedness in synchronizing central and regional rules/policies; 3. The information integration system between the center and regions has not yet been implemented; 4. Limited supporting infrastructure; 5. Limited permits for related officials; 6. Transparency; 7. Collaboration across units/agencies; 8. External intervention; 9. Use of information systems/technology. To optimize these factors, an Accelerator of Governmental Unit’s Success (AGUS) model was created, which is a development of the Grindle policy implementation model with the novelty of adding things that influence implementation, including top leader’s commitment and wisdom, effectiveness of talent placement, on-point human development, technology savvy, cross-unit/agency collaboration, and monitoring and evaluation processes.

Intervention Programmes for First-Episode Psychosis: A Scoping Review.

The aim of this scoping review was to map intervention programmes for first-episode psychosis by identifying their characteristics, participants, and specific contexts of implementation. It seems reasonable to suggest that early intervention may be beneficial in improving recovery outcomes and reducing the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP). Despite the expansion of these programmes, there are still some significant variations and barriers to access that need to be addressed. In line with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology and the Participants, Concept, and Context (PCC) framework, this review encompasses studies focusing on individuals grappling with early-stage psychosis and their caregivers across a range of settings, including hospital and community environments. The review identified 47 studies from 2002 to 2023, which revealed a great deal of diversity in programme characteristics and implementation contexts. This reflects a global perspective. The results showed that there is a great deal of variety in the characteristics of the programmes, with interventions ranging from single-component strategies, such as cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and cognitive remediation therapy (CRT), to multicomponent programmes that integrate a number of different approaches, including psychosocial, pharmacological, and family-focused strategies. The objectives included attempts to improve cognitive functioning; enhance coping skills; reduce caregiver burden; and address symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and hallucinations. It is notable that there was considerable variation in the frequency, duration, and follow-up periods of the interventions, with some lasting just three sessions over one month and others spanning five years and 48 sessions. The majority of the programmes were delivered in community or outpatient settings, although there were also examples of hospital- and home-based interventions. These findings highlight the value of early interventions and provide a useful resource for adapting programmes to different social and cultural contexts. It would be beneficial for future research to explore how these interventions can be tailored to diverse settings.

Community Connections: Understanding Local Dynamics in Italian Asylum Policy Implementation

Italy hosts significant numbers of forced migrants throughout its territory. The implementation of asylum policy thus occurs in diverse and sometimes fraught contexts, presenting different resources and obstacles. This paper examines how local context shapes the experiences and practices of street-level bureaucrats (SLBs) implementing policy in the Italian statutory asylum system. Semi-structured interviews with workers in two projects, one in a conservative rural area and one in a progressive urban area, show that the urban/rural divide alone is not an appropriate predictor of similarities and differences in policy implementation and outcomes, which are largely shaped by context-specific sociocultural and relational elements. Workers’ off-duty mediation in interpersonal contact between migrants and community members fosters positive encounters that could partially offset traditionally conservative political cultures and hostile attitudes; however, the same cultures and attitudes cause workers to feel isolated and alienated from their community. Furthermore, SLBs’ decision-making practices in both projects are always collegial and constrained by exhaustive rules, largely eliminating the need for individual discretion typical of SLBs and creating instead “group discretionary” bureaucrats. In light of these findings, I argue for increased attention to locality beyond the simple urban versus rural lens, and increased focus on asylum SLBs as a distinct category of “doubly embedded” SLBs participating in both policy implementation and local context.

What enabled the successful implementation of a quality certification initiative in Bhavnagar, Gujarat? A policy analysis case study.

High-quality health systems are key to improving population health outcomes globally. In India, the National Quality Assurance Standards (NQAS) is a certification policy adopted by the government to improve the quality of care in public health facilities. This policy aims to assess public health facilities through a set of comprehensive, pre-defined standards derived from global best practices. However, only a small number of districts in the country have been able to effectively complete certifications as mandated. Bhavnagar, a district in the state of Gujarat in western India, is a positive deviant that has certified the majority of its primary health facilities. This study attempts to delineate factors that have led to successful quality certifications in Bhavnagar. Qualitative data was collected between December 2023-February 2024, and includes in-depth interviews of staff from state, district, and facility levels (n = 20), and group discussions with facility staff (n = 2). Data has been analysed from the lens of the 'policy triangle', comprising actors (policymakers, managers, implementers), context (political support), content (the policy and interpretation), and processes (plans, implementation, and evaluation). We found that Bhavnagar's political context is supportive of quality certifications, with the district's top managers directing the certification process. The district's mid-level operational team on quality has engaged with innovative solutions to solve checklist-related hurdles in infrastructure like establishing a temporary fire-escape or installing screens between rooms for additional space. A peer-mentoring system, wherein staff from already certified primary health facilities act as mentors to prospective ones, has been instituted. This study consolidates empirical lessons for boosting quality certifications in similar contexts. Further, it engages with quality as not just a technical issue, but a political one that is dependent on actors, their relationships, and the implementation context. In doing so, it deepens current understandings of quality improvement strategies in health systems globally.

Improving Antibiotic Use in Argentine Pediatric Hospitals: A Process Evaluation Using Normalization Process Theory.

In the pediatric setting, overprescribing of antibiotics contributes to the rise of multidrug-resistant organisms. Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are recommended to optimize antibiotic use and combat resistance. However, the implementation of ASPs in low- and middle-income countries faces several challenges. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation process of a multifaceted ASP in 2 pediatric hospitals in Argentina. A qualitative study was conducted in two large public children's hospitals in Argentina, using semistructured interviews with 32 healthcare providers at the beginning and end of the ASP implementation. The study was guided by the normalization process theory. The intervention faced challenges, including limited understanding of its objectives, confusion with existing practices, and insufficient commitment from senior staff. Although junior staff were more receptive, communication barriers with external staff and workload concerns hindered broader adoption. Infectious disease specialists primarily led implementation, with limited involvement of other staff, particularly in training activities. Despite these challenges, participants reported improvements, such as the development of standardized antibiotic guidelines, better interdisciplinary collaboration, and improved communication. However, organizational support and resistance to new practices remained barriers. This study highlights the importance of organizational context and staff commitment in ASP implementation. Tailored strategies that address the specific challenges of low- and middle-income countries are needed to effectively implement ASPs.

Defining and responding to the contextual drivers for implementation of antimicrobial stewardship in 14 neonatal units in South Africa.

Research on the contextual drivers of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programme interventions in neonatal units is limited. As part of a prospective mixed-methods multidisciplinary neonatal AMS (NeoAMS) interventional study in 14 South African hospitals, we applied a three-phased process to assess implementation barriers and contextual drivers experienced by participating health professionals. The study included: (Phase one; P1) a survey of pre-intervention barriers and enablers; (P2) written feedback during the study intervention phase; and (P3) semi-structured exit interviews. Respondents to the P1 survey (n = 100) identified 15 barriers, 9 in the domain of personnel resources, including staffing, time and workload constraints. Other barriers related to limited access to antimicrobial use and surveillance trends, complexity of neonatal care, absence of multidisciplinary team (MDT) AMS and change resistance. For P2, written feedback during implementation (n = 42) confirmed that the MDT approach facilitated systems changes, including policy adaptations, process improvements, strengthened infection control practices, and expansion of AMS MDT roles. MDT benefits were described as aligned team purpose, improved communication, and knowledge sharing. Reported challenges included time to meet and building trust. In P3 interviews (n = 42), improved interpersonal communication, trust, personal growth and confidence building were cited as highlights of working in multidisciplinary AMS teams. Extending the MDT approach to other hospitals, training more health professionals in AMS and increasing management involvement were identified as priorities going forward. Understanding the organizational and interprofessional context for NeoAMS implementation enabled an MDT approach to develop and optimize neonatal AMS with potential for adoption in similar resource-constrained settings.

Implementation and impact of NHS-funded tobacco dependence services in England: a mixed-method evaluation protocol

IntroductionTobacco smoking remains a leading cause of ill-health, premature mortality and a driver of health inequalities. To support smokers in England, a comprehensive approach to treating tobacco dependence is being...

Analysis of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Program in Preventing HIV/AIDS Based on the Health Policy Triangle

Background: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an action to prevent HIV transmission using antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. During 2022, the PrEP program was implemented in 21 districts/cities as a trial limited to MSM and sex worker populations. This study aims to analyze the PrEP program in preventing HIV/AIDS using a health policy triangle approach that assesses the aspects of actor, context, content, and process. Methods: The study was performed using qualitative methods from electronic document searches. Results: The results of the analysis show that the actors in the PrEP program as HIV/AIDS prevention are the President, Legislative, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Internal Affairs, health office, community health centers, hospitals, non-governmental organization (NGOs)/HIV and AIDS care groups, HIV/AIDS key populations, correctional institutions, the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), and the Food and Drug Monitoring Agency (BPOM). The context of PrEP implementation in the form of situational factors is high HIV transmission within at-risk populations, structural factors are legal bases, cultural factors are patriarchal culture and MSM and sex workers which are still taboo, as well as international factors in the form of WHO policy. The policy process consists of problem identification, policy analysis, policy formulation, implementation, and program monitoring and evaluation. Conclusion: PrEP content regarding the aim of PrEP, targets, types of drugs used, how to get PrEP services, how to use the drugs, and how to monitor has been explained in the Technical Guidelines for PrEP Services made by WHO and adapted by the Indonesian Ministry of Health.

Health economic studies of antimicrobial stewardship programmes: A scoping review

Aims To conduct a scoping review of health economic evaluations of antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASP). Our purpose was to summarise findings and to review different approaches taken. Methods We reviewed economic evaluation studies retrieved from a number of sources, assessing the costs and effects of ASP. We described and synthesised data from studies published between 2002 and 2023 that included measures of both costs and effects/benefit of interventions. Results Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Six studies estimated cost-effectiveness, and two studies assessed cost utility. We found no cost-benefit studies. One of the studies was based on a randomised controlled trial. None of the studies took a broad perspective to include societal benefits that might arise from less resistant organisms on the environment contingent on reductions of prescriptions of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Conclusion Limited evidence on the cost-effectiveness of Antimicrobial Stewardship Interventions studies suggests that the implementation of strategies to reduce antimicrobial resistance is worth the investment. However, producing a summary measure of ASP interventions is limited not just by the paucity of studies, but also heterogeneity of intervention types, variation in the implementation contexts and different methodological approaches.

A study protocol for the policy intervention design and development of the implementation strategies for direct access to physiotherapists in primary care: a sequential mixed-method study using implementation mapping and a Delphi survey

BackgroundIn many Asian jurisdictions, patients are required to obtain referrals from registered doctors before consulting physiotherapists. In contrast, countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia have a direct access model for physiotherapists designed across different healthcare settings and under prescribed conditions. While research has demonstrated the benefits of direct access, issues remain on the appropriate policy design for direct access in the context of patient safety and organizational challenges in the implementation. Recently the policy to allow direct access in primary care context is being considered in Hong Kong. This study aims to examine the intervention design options for the policy of direct access to physiotherapists and identify corresponding implementation strategies, to inform the appropriate intervention design for direct access to physiotherapists and the implementation strategies.MethodsWe adopt a systematic process for developing the design of the policy and the implementation strategies using an Implementation Mapping approach informed by Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). We will conduct literature reviews to understand the different aspects of policy intervention design and employ qualitative in-depth interviews and focus group discussions to understand key stakeholders’ perspectives related to the direct access model. The identified barriers and facilitators associated with policy implementation of an acceptable intervention design will inform the development of an effective implementation strategy tailored to the implementation context. Our approach will involve mapping the research evidence and the subsequent findings from the stakeholders’ deliberations into the CFIR domains and referencing the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) to develop the acceptable intervention characteristics and the corresponding implementation strategies. These insights will be further validated in a Delphi Expert Survey, for a consensus-based approach.DiscussionThis study employs a sequential mixed-method approach to explore the intervention characteristics for an acceptable intervention design in the policy formulation and the corresponding implementation strategy for direct access to physiotherapists. Integrating research insights into actionable policy recommendations and refining these recommendations in a Delphi Survey will inform the appropriate policy intervention design and implementation strategy for direct access to physiotherapy services.

Policy implementation of law no. 33 of 2014 concerning halal product guarantees (UU JPH) for micro-small businesses in the food and beverage sector in Surabaya city

Micro and small enterprises (MSEs) are a sector that is important to the country's economy. Despite the limited resources, MSEs have resilience to economic crises. This research focuses on a policy implementation study of Law No. 33 of 2014 concerning Halal Product Guarantee (JPH Law) on micro and small scale businesses in the food and beverage in Surabaya City. This research raises two problem formulations, the role played by stakeholders in this law to increase halal certificates of micro small businesses in the food and beverage in Surabaya City and the obstacles faced by stakeholders in increasing halal certificates of micro small businesses in the food and beverage in Surabaya City. Researchers used the theory of policy implementation initiated by Merilee S. Grindle. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods and uses direct observation and interviews with various sources to obtain primary data. Secondary data are obtained through searches from various sources. The result of this research is that are three kinds of stakeholder actors in the implementation of the JPH Law, government, non- government institutions, and micro and small business actors in Surabaya City. Government and non-government institutions in Surabaya City organize various kinds of collaboration programmes in order to implement the JPH Law in Surabaya City. However, the implementation of the JPH Law in Surabaya City has encountered many obstacles due to weaknesses in the content of policy and context of implementation of the JPH Law that is not in accordance with the needs of the society. Keywords: Policy Implementation, Halal Certification, Socialization, Halal Product Guarantee

Service quality in decentralized community-based Covid-19 antigen rapid diagnostic testing programmes in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.

Decentralized COVID-19 testing with antigen rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDT) is recommended by the Nigerian Centre for Disease Control for community-level services. These services have been provided in Primary Healthcare Centers, Community Pharmacies, and licensed "Patent Medicine Stores" that serve the least affluent communities. To support quality assurance, we applied an adapted version of SPI-RT (Stepwise Process for Improving the Quality of HIV Rapid and Recency Testing) to sites providing COVID-19-RDTs in Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria. Between September 2022 and February 2023 community healthcare facilities (48 Community Pharmacies, 21 Patent Medicine Stores, 79 Primary Health Centers) were evaluated using Stepwise Process for Improving the Quality of SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Rapid Diagnostic Testing (SPI-RT) Checklist, tailored to the local implementation context. Evaluated domains included service quality, documents and records, personnel training and certification, safety, physical infrastructure, pre-testing phase, testing phase, and post-testing phase. Each facility received an overall score, expressed as a percentage indicating their performance level. 41/79 (52%) of Primary Health Centers scored at least 90% for service quality, as did 19/48 (40%) of pharmacies, with only 1/21 (4.8%) Patent Medicine Store. Apart from personnel training and certification, Primary Health Centers scored highest across most domains of service quality, followed by Community Pharmacies. The lowest median score in any domain was in the Patent Medicine Stores on testing and safety at 60% for both post-testing phase and safety. Primary Healthcare Centers and Community Pharmacies can provide quality decentralized testing for COVID-19. Patent Medicine Stores may need additional support including monitoring and quality improvement initiatives to ensure the provision of high-quality decentralized COVID-19 rapid testing services.

A Systematic Review of Trauma Informed Care in Substance Use Settings.

Trauma-informed care as an organisational intervention has gained increasing attention in recent years. Substance use settings may be overrepresented with service users who have experienced trauma and adversity. This systematic review will examine the effectiveness of trauma -informed care as an organisational intervention from an implementation perspective. The preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Three databases were searched; Academic Search Complete, Embase, and Scopus, supplemented with a Google Scholar search. Articles were included if they were peer reviewed in the English language from inception to February 2024 and reported on trauma- informed care in substance use settings with an implementation context. Quality appraisal was conducted with the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool. This systematic review of trauma-informed care with implementation domains in substance use settings included (N = 15) studies of varying quality; studies were classified as low quality in (n = 5), moderate in (n = 1) and high in (n = 6). Studies reported positive findings on reductions in substance use, and reductions on mental health and trauma symptoms, and treatment retention across community and residential settings. While satisfaction with services provided was also highlighted as an outcome for service users and employees. The results further highlight the importance of the role of leadership across implementation domains, and the possibility of using the 10 trauma informed implementation domains in different treatment contexts as a framework to support implementation. Findings in this review are mapped onto these 10-trauma- informed care implementation domains and reported as a narrative synthesis. Trauma- informed care is a promising organisational wide intervention with the potential to improve outcomes for service users and employees. Implementation can be supported by using the 10 trauma- informed care implementation domains described in this review. However, most of the studies were qualitative and quantitative descriptive meaning drawing causal inferences is difficult. As such, further research should be undertaken.

Technological applications to enhance independence in daily activities for older adults: a systematic review.

Monitoring daily activities in older adults using sensor technologies has grown significantly over the past two decades, evolving from simple tools to advanced systems that integrate Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) for predictive monitoring. Despite these advances, there is still a need for a comprehensive review that addresses both technological progress and its impact on autonomous aging. To conduct a systematic review of sensor technologies used to monitor the daily activities of independent older adults, focusing on sensor types, applications, usage contexts, and their evolution over time. A search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and Google Scholar databases, covering studies published between 2000 and 2024. The 37 selected studies were assessed in terms of methodological quality and organized into four chronological stages, allowing for an examination of the progressive development of these technologies. Each stage represents an advance in sensor type, technological application, and implementation context, ranging from basic sensors to intelligent systems in multi-resident homes. Findings indicate a clear progression in the accuracy and applicability of sensors, which evolved from fall detection to predictive interventions tailored to each user's needs. Furthermore, the taxonomic classification of studies shows how sensors have been adapted to monitor physical, cognitive, and social dimensions, laying the groundwork for personalized care. Sensors represent a promising tool for promoting the independence and well-being of older adults, enabling proactive and personalized interventions in everyday settings. However, the lack of standardization in key parameters limits comparability between studies and highlights the need for consensus to facilitate the design of effective interventions that promote autonomous and healthy aging.

New Technology and Primary Energy Consumption in the Transportation Sector: A Critical Discourse Analysis

Global economic growth is closely tied to energy consumption, with fossil fuels still dominating the global energy mix. The transportation sector, a major energy consumer, significantly impacts global primary energy demand and CO₂ emissions. This paper critically examines the Discourse surrounding technological innovations in transportation and their potential to reduce energy consumption. Using a critical Discourse analysis (CDA) framework, we explore the promotion of technologies such as intelligent automation, self-driving vehicles, and digitalization in transportation. The study highlights a techno-optimistic narrative that often overlooks broader structural challenges, unintended consequences, and the need for systemic changes, including policy innovation and behavior modification. Although technological advancements offer potential efficiency gains, their impact on energy consumption depends on implementation, governance, and socio-economic context. This paper argues for a holistic approach, combining technological innovation with non-technological strategies to achieve sustainability in the transportation sector. Through case studies such as high-speed rail, ride-sharing, and automated vehicles, it examines how policies, user behavior, and structural barriers influence energy use. Findings stress the importance of adaptive governance and inclusive public engagement to foster sustainable, equitable mobility transitions in the evolving transport landscape.

Using implementation science to evaluate longitudinal assessment of entrustable professional activities in dental education.

To evaluate the implementation of a longitudinal assessment framework utilizing entrustable professional activities (EPAs) in dental education during the initial 2-year implementation. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research was utilized to evaluate contextual factors influencing implementation across the following domains: innovation, outer setting, inner setting, individuals, and process. Purposive sampling was used to ascertain a diverse pool of participants and various perspectives. Inclusion criteria required engagement for>12 months at the time of the study. A semi-structured interview guide was developed. Two focus groups of faculty and staff and four individual leadership interviews were conducted via Microsoft Teams, transcribed, and thematic analyses were performed using MAXQDA. Fifteen participants described innovation design details, adaptability, complexity, and relative advantage. The contextual fabric of the setting was evaluated, highlighting the influence of the pandemic, institutional culture, structural shifts, and the pivotal role played by champions. The implementation process was investigated with a focus on training, engagement, access to information, faculty capability, motivation, learner experience, and continual assessment of implementation processes. Data suggests the framework was multi-dimensional, evolving, and learner-centered. It facilitated early identification of learners requiring support, provided comprehensive information guiding entrustment and practice readiness decisions and demonstrated preliminary evidence of effectiveness of the innovation. Engaging in longitudinal assessment using EPAs is multifaceted and influenced by implementation context and intrinsic motivation prevalent among faculty members. The study identifies areas for refinement in support of continuous quality improvement and implementation of this innovative assessment framework in dental education, including technological support, training, and ongoing alignment.