Context Of Relationships Research Articles

Toward an Integrative Approach to the Study of Positive-Affect-Related Aggression.

Research on aggression usually aims at gaining a better understanding of its more negative aspects, such as the role and effects of aversive social interactions, hostile cognitions, or negative affect. However, there are conditions under which an act of aggression can elicit a positive affective response, even among the most nonviolent of individuals. One might experience the "sweetness of revenge" on reacting aggressively to a betrayal or social rejection. A soldier may feel elated after "shooting to kill" in the name of the flag. There are many factors that contribute to the appeal of aggression, but despite growing interest in researching these phenomena, there is still no unitary framework that organizes existing theories and empirical findings and can be applied to a model to generate testable hypotheses. This article presents a narrative review of the literature on positive-affect-related forms of aggression and explores the role of aggression in eliciting positive affect across diverse social situations and relational contexts. An integrative model that unifies existing theories and findings is proposed, with the objective to inspire and inform future research.

“Too weak to fight, too scared to scream”: Understanding experiences of sexual coercion of Black female adolescents through digital storytelling

Black female adolescents are less frequently viewed as victims of violence or as agents of resistance. This study analyzed the experiences of sexual coercion of Black female adolescents on the South Side of Chicago through narrative scripts used to create digital stories. Using Sexual Script Theory and applying an intersectional lens, we analyzed a collection of 46 narrative transcripts from Black female youth, living on the South Side of Chicago, five of which specifically focused on the theme of sexual coercion. Under the broader theme of sexual coercion, the following subthemes were identified: (1) broken expectations of romance, (2) sex as a means of seeking attention from a male partner, (3) sex as a means of maintaining a partner, and (4) rape. By better understanding the social context of relationships for Black adolescent girls in heterosexual relationships, we may be able to better design sexual and reproductive health interventions for young women of color.

Serial characterization as a feminist ethics of care in Better Call Saul

We pursue the consequences of temporal complexity for character development in Better Call Saul (2015–22). We advance this argument by attempting an Aristotelian reading of Better Call Saul but then show some of the deficits that follow from transferring this methodology from theatrical to serialized televisual character. Following this, we highlight some of the deficits of a judgemental approach to character that appear within the narrative of Better Call Saul, and we propose instead to understand serialized character development ateleologically. This distinction introduces the relevance of a feminist ethics of care, which we believe provides a more relevant frame for the moral evaluation of serialized character. In contrast to the absolutism of universal principles, a feminist ethics of care orients one to understand those for whom one cares in ‘relational contexts’ that emphasize specific, material and concrete conditions. This dichotomy between judgement and care is dramatized within Better Call Saul through the interpretations that two characters bring to an extended deceit. Just as the discursive and diegetic complexity of the series prompts viewers to continually re-frame and re-evaluate Jimmy McGill, Jimmy likewise regularly uses a similar move of misdirection during his scams in which he invites other characters’ judgement about one aspect of his performance while accomplishing his actual goal by other means. Jimmy routinely invites judgement through taking on personae that he ultimately discards, reserving and preserving evaluation of his authentic motivations in continual acts of deferral. If Jimmy is ever rehabilitated, he arrives at such a possibility through an authentic confession directed towards the person who has cared most for him, Kim Wexler. Ultimately, we believe that Better Call Saul uses the structure of its serialized discourse to endorse the moral attention and responsiveness that are characteristic of a feminist ethic of care, rather than a system of characterization based on a teleological, final judgement that sees character from an endpoint looking backwards.

KE-RCNN: Unifying Knowledge-Based Reasoning Into Part-Level Attribute Parsing.

Part-level attribute parsing is a fundamental but challenging task, which requires the region-level visual understanding to provide explainable details of body parts. Most existing approaches address this problem by adding a regional convolutional neural network (RCNN) with an attribute prediction head to a two-stage detector, in which attributes of body parts are identified from localwise part boxes. However, localwise part boxes with limit visual clues (i.e., part appearance only) lead to unsatisfying parsing results, since attributes of body parts are highly dependent on comprehensive relations among them. In this article, we propose a knowledge-embedded RCNN (KE-RCNN) to identify attributes by leveraging rich knowledge, including implicit knowledge (e.g., the attribute "above-the-hip" for a shirt requires visual/geometry relations of shirt-hip) and explicit knowledge (e.g., the part of "shorts" cannot have the attribute of "hoodie" or "lining"). Specifically, the KE-RCNN consists of two novel components, that is: 1) implicit knowledge-based encoder (IK-En) and 2) explicit knowledge-based decoder (EK-De). The former is designed to enhance part-level representation by encoding part-part relational contexts into part boxes, and the latter one is proposed to decode attributes with a guidance of prior knowledge about part-attribute relations. In this way, the KE-RCNN is plug-and-play, which can be integrated into any two-stage detectors, for example, Attribute-RCNN, Cascade-RCNN, HRNet-based RCNN, and SwinTransformer-based RCNN. Extensive experiments conducted on two challenging benchmarks, for example, Fashionpedia and Kinetics-TPS, demonstrate the effectiveness and generalizability of the KE-RCNN. In particular, it achieves higher improvements over all existing methods, reaching around 3% of APallIoU+F1 on Fashionpedia and around 4% of Accp on Kinetics-TPS. Code and models are publicly available at: https://github.com/sota-joson/KE-RCNN.

Examining Parental Alienation Syndrome Behaviors in Divorce, Custody and Personal Relationship Cases

In this study, the objective was to conduct an analysis of behaviors associated with Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) within the context of divorce, custody disputes, and personal relationship with children. The present inquiry employed the document/text analysis method, one of the qualitative research methodologies. The reports prepared by psychologists, social workers, and pedagogues (psychological counsellors), including the researcher, in the cases held by Ankara 10th Family Court were included in the study. 27 selected files were descriptively analyzed with respect to PAS behaviors and alienation strategies. Answers were sought to the questions about PAS behaviors toward mother, father and relatives, and what PAS behaviors are in court processes and relations with the child. Results showed that parental alienation behaviors toward parents and relatives are common in divorce, custody, and personal relationship with the child cases. It was found that divorce, custody, and personal relationship with the child cases negatively affect the relationship between the mother, the father, and the child. The research findings, PAS behaviors put all the parties in a difficult situation in the legal process. Therefore, providing psychosocial services to the families, raising the awareness of court experts about PAS, and conducting more research on this issue are important.

Boosting Scene Graph Generation with Contextual Information

Scene graph generation (SGG) has been developed to detect objects and their relationships from the visual data and has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Existing works have focused on extracting object context for SGG. However, very few works have attempted to exploit implicit contextual correlations among relationships of the objects. Furthermore, most existing SGG schemes rely on high-level features to predict the predicates while overlooking the potential inherent association of low-level features with the object relationships. We present in this article a novel scheme to capture enhanced contextual information for both objects and relationships. We design a Dual-branch Context Analysis Transformer (DCAT) architecture to extract both object context and relationship context from the visual data with dual transformer branches and then effectively fuse both high-level and low-level features by an adaptive approach to facilitate relationship prediction. Specifically, we first conduct feature representation learning to enrich relation representations by the visual, spatial, and linguistic feature extractors. Next, two transformer branches are designed to leverage the modeling of global associative interaction and mine the hidden association among objects and relationships. Then, we devise a novel feature disentangling method to decouple contextualized high-level features with guidance from the visual semantics. Finally, we develop a refined attention module to perform low-level feature recalibration for the refinement of the final predicate prediction. Experiments on Visual Genome and Action Genome datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of DCAT for both image and video SGG settings. Moreover, we also test the quality of the generated image scene graphs to verify the generalizability on downstream tasks like sentence-to-graph retrieval and image retrieval.

Negotiating News: How Cross-Cutting Romantic Partners Select, Consume, and Discuss News Together

ABSTRACT As political partisanship intensifies, political similarity in romantic partnerships has become increasingly common. Still, there exist many for whom their romantic partnership is “cross-cutting,” or one in which partners hold dissimilar political beliefs, and for whom the selection, consumption, and discussion of news may be especially challenging. Drawing from literature on news exposure, co-viewing, and political talk, I consider the influence of cross-cutting romantic partnerships on if and how romantic partners select, consume, and discuss news with each other. Through in-depth interviews with individuals in cross-cutting romantic partnerships (N = 67), I find that cross-cutting couples experience two phenomena when navigating news: a) negotiated exposure, in which partners influence the news one another selects and consumes, and b) two-step conflict, in which news content, source, and volume spurred conflict, not only discussion, between partners. I consider the implications of these phenomena for the study of political polarization, news use, and political discussion, and advocate for these areas of research to consider relational contexts in their approach.

Review on Chinese agricultural science and technology research from a low-carbon economy perspective: hotspots, evolution, and frontiers

Against the background of global climate change, agricultural science and technology play a vital role in achieving a low-carbon economy and sustainable development. Based on the research data of agricultural science and technology in Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, adopting the bibliometric method, a knowledge graph was drawn using CiteSpace software; this paper analyzes the hotspot distribution, structural relationship and evolution process context while also comparing the difference between China and abroad from 1998 to 2023. The results indicate that existing research is mainly distributed in the following core modules, namely, agricultural science and technology, industrialization, modern agriculture, low-carbon agriculture, etc. The evolution of the research context features three stages: the traditional agricultural, current agricultural, and high-quality agricultural stages respectively. Research in China and abroad demonstrates both overlaps and differences in terms of knowledge structure, and such differences are related mainly to the concept of low-carbon agriculture, a variety of research perspectives, and the agricultural science and technology system. To expand the knowledge structure, deepening the research on, respectively, the evaluation and measurement of agrarian carbon footprint, micro-production entities, and strengthening international agricultural science and technology cooperation are innovative directions for future studies. This article systematically reviews agricultural scientific research from the perspective of a low-carbon economy, providing a reference point for the green and low-carbon transformation of agriculture in every country.

Investigative interviewing with suspects: Exploring current practices among Malaysian police

The interviewing of suspects is a key component in the investigation process. Although a great deal of research on interrogation and interviewing techniques has been conducted in the past, much of this work has been undertaken outside South East Asia. This new study examined Malaysian police officers’ reported rate of use of a large variety of investigative interviewing techniques categorised into six domains: rapport and relationship building, context manipulation, emotion provocation, confrontation/competition, collaboration and presentation of evidence. Eighty-eight police officers primarily from the criminal investigation department, narcotics crime investigation department, commercial crime investigation department, and traffic enforcement and investigation department participated in a pen-and-paper survey. Findings revealed that many police officers in the current study report adopting investigative interviewing techniques that are largely in line with ethical, non-coercive guidelines.

Factors associated with subjective burden among informal caregivers of home-dwelling people with dementia: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundIt is estimated that more than 57 million people have dementia worldwide, and it is one of the leading causes of care dependency in old age. Relatives and other informal caregivers are the most important support for individuals with dementia, but caring for a loved one with dementia may burden the caregiver. Caregiver burden may have adverse outcomes for both the informal caregiver and the care recipient, including decreased quality of life. Caregiver burden is associated with several factors concerning the informal caregiver, the care recipient, and relational and other contextual factors. The aim of this study was to explore which factors are associated with informal caregivers’ subjective burden when caring for individuals living at home with dementia.MethodsThis study was a cross-sectional survey among informal caregivers of home-dwelling individuals with dementia in all five geographical regions of Norway. There were 540 informal caregivers who participated, 415 of whom were included in the regression analyses. Caregivers’ subjective burden was assessed with the Relatives’ Stress Scale. Covariates included were classified into four levels: individual (twofold: informal caregiver and person with dementia), relational, community, and time. Linear multivariable regression analyses were used to identify associations between subjective burden and included factors.ResultsSeveral covariates were statistically significantly associated with subjective burden at the four levels. These covariates included self-rated health, mental distress, age, coping through resignation and denial, emotional and instrumental support, substance use, and humor at the informal caregiver level; behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, dementia severity, and degree of disability at the care recipient level; the extent of care, being the primary caregiver, and previous relationship satisfaction at the relational context level; and informal caregivers spending time with friends, leisure activities, social restriction, and knowledge of available health services at the community context level.ConclusionsInformal caregivers’ mental distress and care recipients’ neuropsychiatric symptoms were the factors with the strongest association with subjective burden.

Recognition memory: The probe, the returned signal, and the decision.

In an attempt to better understand recognition memory we look at how three approaches (dual processing, signal detection, and global matching) have addressed the probe, the returned signal and the decision in four recognition paradigms. These are single-item recognition (including the remember/know paradigm), recognition in relational context, associative recognition, and source monitoring. The contrast, with regards to the double-miss rate (the probability of recognizing neither item in intact and rearranged pairs) and the effect of the oldness of the other member of the test pair, between identifying the old words in test pairs (the relational context paradigm) and first identifying the intact test pairs and then identifying the old words (adding associative recognition to the relational context paradigm) suggests that the retrieval of associative information in the relational context paradigm is unintentional, unlike the retrieval of associative information in associative recognition. It also seems possible that the information that is spontaneously retrieved in single-item recognition, possibly including the remember/know paradigm, is also unintentional, unlike the retrieval of information in source monitoring. Probable differences between intentional and unintentional retrieval, together with the pattern of effects with regards to the double-miss rate and the effect of the other member of the test pair, are used to evaluate the three approaches. Our conclusion is that all three approaches have something valid to say about recognition, but none is equally applicable across all four paradigms.

‘They Yell and I Yell Back’ Pre-schoolers’ Descriptions of Conflict Laden Interactions at Home

Over the past 50 years, extensive research has been published on the parent–child relationship and parenting. However, there are very few examples where young children are at the centre of attention for describing family dynamics, relationships and conflicts. This study aimed at addressing this research and knowledge gap through exploring the emotional and relational experiences of preschool children whose parents attended a universal parenting programme. Seventeen preschool children aged 3–6 were interviewed, using an emotion-focused, pictorial-based computer assisted interview method. The children’s descriptions of their family relationships were analysed using qualitative content analysis. The children described negative interplay within the families in rich detail, especially experiences where conflicts with parents escalated and were left unresolved. Moments of positive family interactions were described as well, but they were heavily overshadowed by the narratives containing negative parenting. The children also described compensatory behaviours, such as looking for comfort from siblings or pets. The narratives in this study gave a unique insight into the emotional and relational domestic context of children in families seeking universally offered parenting support. Given adequate tools and support, children as young as 3 or 4 years old could provide extensive information about their lives. We urge future research examining parenting or family interventions to include the children’s perspectives.

Political vs intellectual? Russia’s late Imperial archaeology and the Russian Cause

Drawing on the writings of the founding representatives of late Imperial Russia’s Oriental studies, and documents from Russian archives, this article first traces Professor Nikolay Veselovsky’s (1848-1918) formative origins as an influential historian and archaeologist of the East on the national level. He came to be, as pointed out by Vasily Barthold (1869-1930), one of those scholars ferociously ‘counteracting the influence of the West through reliance on the study of the Orient’. The article then studies the impact of his educational background and of the nationalist discourses that were widespread among Russian intellectuals during Veselovsky’s academic formation and mature professional activities. The ongoing international debates on Russian Orientalism and the imperial practices of the time help re-examine the Veselovsky case from new theoretical perspectives and situate it within the broader methodological context of relationships between knowledge and power, academic institutions and state as well as political ideas and scholarship. This further allows us to investigate how Veselovsky’s controversial contribution to Russian scholarship was perceived by his contemporaries as well as the generations of Soviet and post-Soviet scholars, and to conclude by identifying the reasons for such perceptions and the impact of Veselovsky’s scholarship and activities.

Nature As a "Lifeline": The Power of Photography When Exploring the Experiences of Older Adults Living With Memory Loss and Memory Concerns.

The visual is an underutilized modality through which to investigate experiences of memory loss in older people. We describe a visual ethnography with older adults experiencing subjective or objective memory loss, receiving a cognitive well-being group intervention designed to prevent cognitive decline and dementia (APPLE-Tree program). We aimed to explore lived experiences of people with memory concerns, how participants engaged with this photography and codesign project, and how collaboration with an artist/photographer enhanced this process. Nineteen participants shared photographs reflecting what they valued in their daily lives, their experiences of memory concerns, and the intervention. Fourteen participated in qualitative photo-elicitation interviews, and 13 collaborated with a professional artist/photographer to cocreate an exhibition, in individual meetings and workshops, during which a researcher took ethnographic field notes. Eight participants were reinterviewed after the exhibition launch.We contextualize images produced by participants in relation to discourses around the visual and aging and highlight their relationship with themes developed through thematic analysis that interconnects photographic, observational, and interview data. We present themes around the use of photographs to: (1) celebrate connections to nature as a lifeline; (2) anchor lives within the context of relationships with family; and (3) reflect on self and identity, enduring through aging, memory concerns, pandemic, and aging stereotypes. We explore visual research as a powerful tool for eliciting meaningful accounts from older adults experiencing cognitive change and to connect the arts and social sciences within aging studies.

Antecedents and consequences of LGBT individuals' perceptions of straight allyship.

People often self-identify as allies to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community. This research examined on what basis LGBT individuals perceive others to be allies and documents the consequences of perceived allyship. Studies 1a (n = 40) and 1b (n = 69) collected open-ended descriptions of allyship provided by LGBT participants. Coding of the responses suggested multiple components to being an ally: (a) being nonprejudiced toward the group, (b) taking action against discrimination and inequality, and (c) having humility about one's perspective in discussions about LGBT issues. In Studies 2a (n = 161) and 2b (n = 319, with nationally representative characteristics), an allyship scale was developed and validated for general and specific relational contexts, respectively. Study 2b also showed that LGBT individuals' perceptions of close others' allyship were positively associated with their own well-being and relationship quality with the close other. Study 3, an experiment, demonstrated that nonprejudice and action had an interactive effect on perceived allyship, such that action increased perceived allyship more when prejudice was low (vs. high). Study 4 was a weekly experience study of LGBT participants and an outgroup roommate. Perceiving one's roommate to be a good ally predicted higher self-esteem, greater subjective well-being, and better relationship quality with the roommate, both between and within participants. Furthermore, perceived allyship in 1 week was associated with increases in LGBT individuals' mental health and relationship quality with the roommate the following week. This research advances knowledge about what allyship means to LGBT individuals and identifies intra- and interpersonal benefits of allyship. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The co-evolution of friend and help relationships and their different relationship formation and social influence

This study examined adolescents’ friend and help relationships to better understand their interrelated nature and the different characteristics of relationship formation and social influence in the behavioral and emotional dimensions of academic engagement. Multiplex networks of friends and helpers were collected (N = 542; Mage = 11.46; 20 classrooms) and analyzed using a multilevel Bayesian social network analysis (multilevel random-coefficients SAOM). The results showed that exchanging help played a role in the formation of friendships, and that friendships provided a relational context wherein help can be exchanged. Observable behavioral academic engagement played a more salient role in the formation of friend and help relationships, and highly engaged (in behavioral) adolescents were more often nominated as helpers. Both the behavioral and emotional dimensions of friends’ and helper’ academic engagement contributed to adolescents’ own behavioral and emotional engagement over time, but the social influence was more salient among friends compared to helpers. These results underscore that examining the dependencies among multiple networks and distinguishing between different dimensions of behavior and emotion are critical to elucidate the complex processes of relationship formation and social influence.

Devaluation of Women’s Sexual Pleasure: Role of Relationship Context and Endorsement of the Madonna-Whore Dichotomy

In two pre-registered experiments with German samples, we tested the role of endorsement of the Madonna-whore-dichotomy and the relationship context (sex in a committed relationship vs. casual sex) in the devaluation of women’s sexual pleasure. Using the context of dating apps in Study 1, men who reported higher endorsement of the Madonna-whore-dichotomy believed that other men would be less interested in fulfilling a woman’s sexual desires, show her less respect, and be less likely to wear a condom independent of relationship context (i.e., casual hookup dating app vs. a dating app for a serious relationship). In Study 2, men who reported higher endorsement of the Madonna-whore-dichotomy rated their partner as less entitled to sexual pleasure than men lower on Madonna-whore dichotomy endorsement. In addition, women who reported higher endorsement of the Madonna-whore dichotomy devalued their own pleasure by rating their partner as more entitled to sexual pleasure than themselves, compared to those lower on the Madonna-whore dichotomy. Although relationship context and Madonna-whore dichotomy endorsement did not interact, they were both found to negatively predict women’s sexual pleasure. These results provide further support for the potential costs of enacting traditional, patriarchal gender roles for women’s experiences of sexual pleasure and safety.

The motives and experiences of donor-conceived persons requesting the identity of their sperm donors

Research questionWhat are the motives and experiences of donor-conceived persons (DCP) who search for and receive information about their identity-release sperm donor? DesignA qualitative interview study with 29 individuals (21 women, seven men, one non-binary) who were consecutively recruited after having requested information about their sperm donor at five Swedish University hospitals. All participants were conceived after donor insemination to heterosexual couples within an identity-release donation programme. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted face-to-face or via telephone between September 2016 and November 2019, and transcribed audio recordings were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. ResultsThe motives and experiences of DCP were described in two themes. The theme ‘donor information can fill different needs’ describes that varying motives, thoughts and feelings are related to searching for and obtaining donor information. Motives ranged from curiosity and a desire for agency over one's conception to hopes of finding a new father. The theme ‘navigating donor information in a relational context’ describes the process of obtaining donor information as interpersonal, highlighting that the DCP needs to balance the interests of different stakeholders, and that obtaining donor information can challenge the relationship quality with the father. ConclusionsObtaining the donor's identity has the potential to affect the understanding of DCP of themselves, and to influence relationships within their family in unexpected and challenging ways. Therefore, adequate resources should be allocated to support the growing number of families after identity-release donation.

State embeddedness and public-private dynamics in central American coffee leaf rust management

This paper examines how differences in state's ‘embedded autonomy’ (i.e., the historical relationship between farmers and the state, public institutions, and state capacity) in El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua shaped the management of the 2012 coffee leaf rust (CLR) epidemic, resulting in differential responses. We conducted 80 interviews with key coffee-sector actors and six focus groups representing 20 farmer organizations and 19 technical assistance providers to understand these divergent responses. We first examined the dynamic, historical, and relational contexts of contradictions, contestation, and negotiation in agri-food networks influencing each response. We then explored how the role of the state and agrarian structures in each country affected farmers' performance and access to different support systems for renovating and rehabilitating coffee plantations in response to the CLR epidemic. In El Salvador and Nicaragua, oligarchic control, weak state relationships with small coffee farmers and fragmented bureaucracies hindered effective CLR crisis response and recovery. Although farmers' organizations, NGOs, and the private sector attempt to fill the gap using market or ‘user pay’ mechanisms for CLR management, they cannot fully compensate for the state's shortcomings. In contrast, Honduras, which is closest to a ‘developmental state’ in the coffee sector, performed better. This is attributed to its more pro-smallholder development path since the 1970s, which bolstered state institutional structures and fostered social ties and dynamism within smallholder organizations in the coffee sector. However, decentralization and clientelist relations limited the country's ability to propose long-term CLR management strategies. We argue that a state's ‘embedded autonomy’ is critical in determining its approach and effectiveness in managing CLR crises and collaborating with and supporting coffee farmers. Finally, we highlight the importance of considering both conjunctural factors (such as meteorological and economic conditions) and the state's historical capacity and embeddedness in analyzing CLR outbreaks and their effects across different countries.

Domestic Violence among LGBT + People in China: Results from a national court rulings review

Abstract Purpose Domestic violence has been an emerging area of study in recent decades for lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, and transgender people (LGBT +). While some research discussed domestic violence among LGBT + couples in Western countries, very little attention was paid to the patterns of domestic violence in the Chinese context. Against this backdrop, this study sought to elucidate the prevalence and distinctive features of family violence against LGBT + individuals that have been recorded by court rulings, as well as to scrutinize the responses of the judicial system towards these cases of violence. Methods This study utilized a qualitative research approach, relying on court rulings as the primary data source. Specifically, data were collected from the official website that publishes judgments from courts at all levels of China. Content analysis and discourse analysis were employed as analytical techniques to uncover the underlying patterns of family violence among LGBT + people and examine the responses of the judicial system concerning the protection of LGBT + individuals. Results Through an analysis of the court rulings, the findings reveal a total of fifty-three cases of family violence involving LGBT + individuals. These cases constitute approximately ten percent of all criminal cases concerning the LGBT + population. Among these cases, forty cases involve violence perpetrated by LGBT + intimate partners. The violence can be further classified into distinct categories, including break-up violence, sexual violence, and violence occurring in daily life. The consequences of such violence typically result in fatalities or physical injuries. Another form of violence examined in the study is observed within legal partnerships, such as between a heterosexual husband and his lesbian wife. This type of violence also tends to lead to severe outcomes, including deaths or bodily harm to the victim. Furthermore, one noteworthy case of family violence discussed in the research involves a parent–child relationship. Conclusions This study uncovers multiple sources of violence experienced by LGBT + individuals within the context of domestic relationships in China. While LGBT + individuals can employ criminal law to protect their rights as citizens, the legal recognition of same-sex relationships remains rare. Yet, this legal recognition could change the situation in same-sex families troubled by family violence.