Context Reasoning Research Articles

Intravenous infusion practices across England and their impact on patient safety: a mixed-methods observational study

Background Intravenous (IV) medication administration has traditionally been regarded to be error-prone with high potential for harm. A recent US multisite study revealed surprisingly few potentially harmful errors despite a high overall error rate. However, there is limited evidence about infusion practices in England and how they relate to prevalence and types of error. Objectives To determine the prevalence, types and severity of errors and discrepancies in infusion administration in English hospitals, and to explore sources of variation in errors, discrepancies and practices, including the contribution of smart pumps. Design Phase 1 comprised an observational point-prevalence study of IV infusions, with debrief interviews and focus groups. Observers compared each infusion against the medication order and local policy. Deviations were classified as either errors or discrepancies based on their potential for patient harm. Contextual issues and reasons for deviations were explored qualitatively during observer debriefs, and analytically in supplementary analyses. Phase 2 comprised in-depth observational studies at five of the participating sites to better understand causes of error and how safety is maintained. Workshops were held with key stakeholder groups, including health professionals and policy-makers, the public and industry. Setting Sixteen English NHS hospital trusts. Results Point-prevalence data were collected from 1326 patients and 2008 infusions. In total, 240 errors were observed in 231 infusions and 1489 discrepancies were observed in 1065 infusions. Twenty-three errors (1.1% of all infusions) were considered potentially harmful; one might have resulted in short-term patient harm had it not been intercepted, but none was judged likely to prolong hospital stay or result in long-term harm. Types and prevalence of deviations varied widely among trusts, as did local policies. Deviations from medication orders and local policies were sometimes made for efficiency or to respond to patient need. Smart pumps, as currently implemented, had little effect. Staff had developed practices to manage efficiency and safety pragmatically by working around systemic challenges. Limitations Local observers may have assessed errors differently across sites, although steps were taken to minimise differences through observer training, debriefs, and review and cleaning of data. Each in-depth study involved a single researcher, and these were limited in scale and scope. Conclusions Errors and discrepancies are common in everyday infusion administration but most have low potential for patient harm. Findings are best understood by viewing IV infusion administration as a complex adaptive system. Better understanding of performance variability to strategically manage risk may be more helpful for improving patient safety than striving to eliminate all deviations. Future work There is potential value in reviewing policy around IV infusion administration to reduce unnecessary variability, manage staff workload and engage patients, while retaining the principle that policy has to be fit for purpose, contextualised to the particular ward situation and treatment protocol, and sensitive to the risks of different medications. Further work on understanding infusion administration as a complex adaptive system might deliver new insights into managing patient safety. Funding This project was funded by the NIHR Health Services and Delivery Research programme and will be published in full in Health Services and Delivery Research; Vol. 8, No. 7. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

Will it really happen? Disambiguating of the hypothetical and real “Next Wednesday's meeting” question in Mandarin speakers

Previous research has consistently shown that Mandarin speakers tended to adopt the Moving Time perspective when addressing the “Next Wednesday's meeting” question. Using the revised paradigm, Experiment 1 found that Mandarin speakers showed no preference for either the ego-moving perspective or the time-moving perspective when reading the single verb “移动(move)” which lacks a precise spatial meaning, suggesting that the temporal ambiguity of the probe is rooted in the directional neutrality of the verb. Experiment 2 proceeded to use this ambiguous phrase to investigate whether Mandarin speakers’ responses to the hypothetical probe are predicative of the rescheduling decisions they would make in real life. The results indicate that people's temporal reasoning in real life contexts can dramatically diverge from their thinking in hypothetical scenarios because people tend to put off the meeting until a later time to ease the inconvenience in real rescheduling management practice. Furthermore, the correlations between temporal perspective preference and individual-differences measures were only found for the hypothetical-condition samples. However, by providing real contextual information available to participants when responding to a hypothetical question—thereby reducing the need for mental simulation—we brought people's responses into concordance with their answers in real situations (Experiment 3). This is the first experimental demonstration that hypothetical disambiguation studies, while a valuable contribution to our understanding of time cognition, fail to capture the most salient motivational force shaping actual temporal thinking because of the decontextualized nature.

“Starting from a higher place”: linking Habermas to teaching and learning clinical reasoning in the emergency medicine context

Teaching clinical reasoning in emergency medicine requires educators to foster diagnostic accuracy and judicious decision-making amidst chaotic ambient factors including clinician fatigue, high cognitive load, and diverse patient expectations. The current study applies the early work of Jurgen Habermas and his knowledge-constitutive interests as a lens to explore an educational approach where physician-educators were asked to make their expert reasoning visible to emergency medicine trainees, to more deliberately make visible and accessible the context-specific thinking that emergency physicians routinely use. An action research methodology was used. The 'making thinking visible' teaching approach was introduced to five emergency medicine educators working in large public hospital emergency departments. Participants were asked to trial this teaching method and document its impact on student learning over two reporting cycles. Based on written reports of trialing the teaching approach, participants identified a need to change from: (1) introducing thinking structures to cultivating enquiry; and, (2) providing explanations based on cognitive thinking routines towards encouraging the learner to see the relevance of the clinical context. Educators described how they developed a more diagnostic and reflexive approach to learners, recognized the need to cultivate independent thinking, and valued the opportunity to reflect on their usual teaching. Teaching clinical reasoning using the 'making thinking visible' approach prompted educators to decrease the emphasis on providing technical information to assisting learners to understand the purposes and meanings behind clinical reasoning in emergency medicine. The knowledge-constitutive interests work of Jurgen Habermas was found to provide a robust framework supporting this emancipatory teaching approach.

Probabilistic Reasoning in Context: Socio-cultural Differences in Children’s and Adults’ Predictions about the Fulfillment of Prayers and Wishes

ABSTRACTChildren and adults appreciate that physical action is typically the conduit between individuals’ desires and the fulfillment of those desires. However, certain forms of petitionary thought – e.g., wishing and praying – are believed by many people to influence the external world and fulfill desires without direct physical action. We examine whether children’s and adults’ predictions about the occurrence of desired events differs based on: (1) the ways in which desires are expressed (wishing vs. praying), (2) whether desired events are plausible vs. impossible, and (3) participants’ religious backgrounds. Children ages 3- to 11-years (n = 144) and young adults (n = 85) were read scenarios in which a protagonist either wished or prayed for a desired event to occur. Some of the desired events could plausibly happen with ordinary human intervention and others were impossible, even with human intervention. Preschoolers often predicted that desired events would obtain; with increasing age, participants judged that fewer events would obtain. Participants’ predictions varied by the probability of the desired event – across the entire age-range participants predicted that impossible events would obtain less often than plausible events. Thus, participants’ everyday probabilistic reasoning was imported into their reasoning about the fulfillment of supernatural petitions. Children’s and adults’ religious experiences predicted their judgments that events would obtain if they had been prayed for, but not if they had been wished for. Thus, the effects of socio-cultural experience did not globally pervade children’s and adults’ probabilistic reasoning, but were specific to certain contexts about which they reasoned.

Contexts of Reception: The Lotus Sūtra in Nineteenth-Century Europe and What They Overlooked

Buddhism arrived in the West as a topic of scholarly investigation, colonial occupation, missionary conquest, and popular fascination in nineteenth-century Europe. The Lotus Sūtra, now as then the most widely read and recited sutra in Southeast Asian Buddhism, was unheard of in the West until translated into French by Eugène Burnouf in 1837–1841. Not until 1884 did a second European-language translation appear, this time into English by Hendrik Kern. This paper analyzes the early reception of the Lotus Sūtra in the West in two stages: from Burnouf's translation up to the 1880s and then from Kern's translation into the twentieth century. In what ways and for what contextual reasons did Burnouf's responses to the Lotus Sūtra shape the subsequent reception of it in the West, to this day? How did a range of discourses characteristic of mid-nineteenth-century Europe come to privilege the Pali canon over the Sanskrit canon and therefore Theravada over Mahāyāna? How did the responses of Christian missionaries in East Asia to the Lotus Sūtra following Kern's translation in part reverse the critical Western response to one in which Buddhism came to be seen as potentially compatible with Christianity? Crucially, what features of the Lotus Sūtra did these responses fail to recognize and why? How has cultural context determined the historical series of receptions of the Lotus Sūtra, and how has this text absorbed and transformed its own history of receptions?

Kesesatan Berpikir dalam Konteks Hukum dan Masyarakat: Studi Kasus Politik Elektoral dan Budaya Media Sosial di Indonesia

<p>This article investigates the phenomena of electoral politics and culture of social media in the context of Indonesian law and society through a case study of Jakarta Gubernatorial Election in 2017. The main argument of this article is that the connection between electoral politics and culture of social media shows a fallacious logical thinking in the form of bias and ad populum reasoning. Those two forms of fallacy refer to sectarian politics and ideological polarization. In analyzing the fallacious thinking in some events of the 2017 Jakarta Gubernatorial Election, this article also shows how emotion, anxiety, and hate operate within the reasoning of the relation of the Indonesian state and society. This article primarily aims at identifying the argumentative situation in the case of the 2017 Jakarta Gubernatorial Election, which contains the fallacious thinking. In the end, the ultimate aim is to evaluate an implication that stems from that identification for an adequate conception of legal reasoning in the Indonesian context.</p>

Methods of AI for Multimodal Sensing and Action for Complex Situations

Artificial intelligence (AI) seeks to emulate human reasoning, but is still far from achieving such results for actionable sensing in complex situations. Instead of emulating human situation understanding, machines can amplify intelligence by accessing large amounts of data, filtering unimportant information, computing relevant context, and prioritizing results (for example, answers to human queries) to provide human‐machine shared context. Intelligence support can come from many contextual sources that augment data reasoning through physical, environmental, and social knowledge. We propose a decisions‐to‐data multimodal sensor and action through contextual agents (human or machine) that seek, combine, and make sense of relevant data. Decisions‐to‐data combines AI computational capabilities with human reasoning to manage data collections, perform data fusion, and assess complex situations (that is, context reasoning). Five areas of AI developments for context‐based AI that cover decisions‐to‐data include: (1) situation modeling (data at rest), (2) measurement control (data in motion), (3) statistical algorithms (data in collect), (4) software computing (data in transit), and (5) human‐machine AI (data in use). A decisions‐to‐data example is presented of a command‐guided swarm requiring contextual data analysis, systems‐level design, and user interaction for effective and efficient multimodal sensing and action.

Carbapenem-sparing strategy: carbapenemase, treatment, and stewardship.

describing the current role of carbapenems and carbapenem-sparing strategies in the setting of antimicrobial stewardship programs. sparing carbapenems with other drugs appears to be an interesting perspective for a variety of reasons in the current context of the multidrug-resistant (MDR) pandemic. Specific algorithms should also be precisely investigated to define better how to spare carbapenems within empiric and targeted regimens, with combination treatment or monotherapies, aiming at the best use of the new drugs and improving de-escalation as soon as possible for most of the patients. stewardship programs may be useful in reducing probable misuse and overuse of antibiotics, which has probably contributed to the emergence of carbapenem-resistant bacteria worldwide. The proposal of carbapenem-sparing strategies has then generated substantial scientific debate and, overall, the concept of sparing these drugs is well advocated together with judicious use of novel drugs, appropriate measures of infection control and prevention as well as in stewardship programs to curb the spread of MDR and XDR-strains in healthcare facilities.

Contributions of Geography and Nongeographic Factors to the White-Black Gap in Hospital Quality for Coronary Heart Disease: ADecomposition Analysis.

BackgroundDifferences in hospital proximity and nongeographic factors affect disparities in hospital quality for heart disease, but their relative contributions are unknown. The current study quantifies the influences of these factors on the white‐black gap in high‐ and low‐quality hospital use for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery.Methods and ResultsWe used Medicare claims to identify fee‐for‐service Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older hospitalized during 2009–2011 with AMI (n=384 443) and CABG (n=71 411). Hospital quality was measured using publicly available AMI mortality rates. In national and regional analyses, we used conditional multinomial logit models to estimate the white‐black gap in high‐ and low‐quality hospital use and decompose the gap into geographic and nongeographic contributions. Overall, more whites used high‐quality hospitals for both conditions (34.8% versus 32.4% for AMI; 39.0% versus 29.9% for CABG; P<0.001), but after accounting for distance to hospitals, the white‐black gap was significant only for CABG (9.1%; P<0.001). The nongeographic component was significant for both conditions (3.4% for AMI and 7.7% for CABG; P<0.001) and accounted for nearly the entire gap for CABG. In contrast, hospital geographic proximity was not significant. In regional analyses, white beneficiaries had higher rates of high‐quality hospital use in the Northeast (CABG) and South (AMI and CABG), whereas black had higher rates of high‐quality hospital use in the Midwest (AMI).ConclusionsWhite‐black differences in high‐quality hospital use were significant for CABG and related to nongeographic factors. Interventions should consider health system and contextual reasons for these disparities.

A Contextual Review on the Evolution of Corporate Social Responsibility

This article attempts the perilous tasks of reviewing corporate social responsibility. Reviewing those literatures is a notorious challenge because corporate social responsibility has developed inconsistently. Authors that insist a precise definition are often disappointed because corporate social responsibility is a relative concept. It has never assumed a stagnated role. To encaptivate this review, this article peruses corporate social responsibility from a contextual approach. It reviews the development of corporate social responsibility at every stage of its evolution by addressing three contextual conundrums. Firstly, it peruses the motivational construct at every stage of development. This provides a critical insight on why corporate social responsibility was fashioned as such by analysing them contextually. Secondly, this review examines stakeholder inclusiveness at each epoch of development. This again critically exposes the category of beneficiaries included in each stage of progress categorising the evolution of their beneficiaries. Lastly, this work examines the extent of instutionalisation of corporate social responsibility illustrating the pattern in which the concept received legal and social acclamation. By addressing these three scopes, this article hopes to protrude categorically the contextual influence on corporate social responsibility so that reader(s) might understand at a deeper level the contextual reasoning and deduction on how the concept is shaped and reshaped.

Exploring HIV concern in a population of Dominican American women midlife and older

BackgroundThe feminization and ethnic diversification of HIV infection, has resulted in a call for gender- and culture-specific prevention strategies for at-risk groups including Latinos in the United States. The steadily changing demographic profile of the AIDS epidemic challenges prevention strategies to remain relevant and up-to-date, particularly in populations of women midlife and older where an understanding of risk remains under explored. As the CDC requests country-specific HIV risk profiles for Latino communities in the US, understanding the socio-economic, behavioral and personal risk reasons of HIV risk for older Dominican women is critical for prevention.MethodsWe conducted focus group discussions informed by the Theory of Gender and Power (TGP). The three constructs of the TGP: 1) Affective influences/social norms; 2) Gender-specific norms and.3) Power and Authority guided the thematic analysis and identified themes that described the socio-cultural and contextual reasons that that contribute to perceptions of HIV risk.ResultsSixty Dominican American women ages 57–73 participated in our focus group discussions. Sexual Division of Labour: 1) Economic Dependence; 2) Financial Need and 3) Education and Empowerment. Sexual Division of Power: 4) HIV Risk and 5) Relationship Dynamics. Cathexis: Affective Influences/Social Norms: 6) HIV/AIDS Knowledge and 7) Prevention and Testing. Importantly, participants were concerned about partner fidelity when visiting the Dominican Republic, as the country accounts for the second highest HIV rates in the Caribbean.ConclusionsOur results confirm previous findings about perceptions of HIV risk and provide additional insight into aging-related aspects of HIV risk for Latino women midlife and older.

Visual Semantic Information Pursuit: A Survey.

Visual semantic information comprises two important parts: the meaning of each visual semantic unit and the coherent visual semantic relation conveyed by these visual semantic units. Essentially, the former one is a visual perception task while the latter corresponds to visual context reasoning. Remarkable advances in visual perception have been achieved due to the success of deep learning. In contrast, visual semantic information pursuit, a visual scene semantic interpretation task combining visual perception and visual context reasoning, is still in its early stage. It is the core task of many different computer vision applications, such as object detection, visual semantic segmentation, visual relationship detection, or scene graph generation. Since it helps to enhance the accuracy and the consistency of the resulting interpretation, visual context reasoning is often incorporated with visual perception in current deep end-to-end visual semantic information pursuit methods. Surprisingly, a comprehensive review for this exciting area is still lacking. In this survey, we present a unified theoretical paradigm for all these methods, followed by an overview of the major developments and the future trends in each potential direction. The common benchmark datasets, the evaluation metrics and the comparisons of the corresponding methods are also introduced.

Hongkong AD 2019. Przyczyny i kierunki rozwoju protestów w Specjalnym Regionie Administracyjnym ChRL

Civil disobedience flooded Hong Kong in 2019. However, protests have changed its character since the last massive demonstrations in 2014. This article outlines direct and contextual reasons for the outbreak of protests in Hong Kong in 2019 from the perspective of Bert Klandermans’s model. The aim of the research is also to indicate the directions of protests in this Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China. The findings presented are the result of the author’s field work carried out since 2012. It should be emphasised that the protests in Hong Kong are the result of the progressive mainlandisation of the region, and in the deeper layer – of the socio-economic problems of citizens. The protests in 2019 brought a change in the tactics of manifesting civil disobedience.

遊牧文化的觀點에서 본 傀儡子의 發生과 傳播經路試論

This paper wanted to look at the background and propagation path of the wandering performance group, referred to as kui-lei-zi傀儡子(A performing group that travels across the region, performing puppet shows and acrobats.). The wandering entertainer(kui-lei-zi傀儡子) has often been described starting from India and the gradual shift of the group to the east. In this paper, we looked at the three characteristics of Comitatus, the system of the Huns' group, primarily be based on historical references to central Eurasia, in order to look at the trajectory of the middle ground to reach China, depending on these existing theories. We looked at what was regarded as the characteristic of the Comitatus of the Huns and the Huns, namely, the device for performing the task of protecting both life and death with external hostile forces, i.e. the association of the Comitatus was discussed over three items, including the ImHyop Group(a group of brave and strong men united in their determination to give their lives for the leader by drinking the blood of the beast and vowing to die together the same day). The task of protecting the present world and the afterlife states is maximized in the same post as Bangsangsi, and the three items can each have a consistent meaning, given that the Impeachment group formed around one martial art is a mechanism for establishing the relationship between the master and warrior in the real world, and that the Sunjang custom(A burial system in which a person belonging to the ruling class of a group is forced or voluntarily buried together after that person when he or she dies) is a mechanism for performing the same role as the clinician group of life in the afterlife. Against this backdrop, a wandering group performing puppet shows, acrobats, etc. who would have been born cannot specify its path of propagation, but it is assumed that it was spread to China and Korea, respectively, through China, and gradually to Central Eurasia along the path of medicine, exchange and Buddhism. Among these arguments, it is at the center of the discussion that it is thought that the Xiongnu group had the most influence on the propagation path. In particular, since the discussion of the relationship between 'the wandering entertainer(kui-lei-zi傀儡子) and the comitatus discussed in this paper was based mainly on the contextual reasoning, there is still work to prove the original logic by securing more objective and concrete details.

Chemistry and Mathematics: Research and Frameworks To Explore Student Reasoning

Chemistry education research (CER) as a field is inherently interdisciplinary and has traditionally borrowed ideas, frameworks, and methodologies from other fields, such as anthropology, psychology, cognitive science, and science education more broadly. In this paper we encourage researchers to continue this tradition by utilizing the rich body of literature that exists outside of CER, specifically looking to communities interested in mathematics education and physics education to expand the research carried out in our field. Previous work situated in university-level mathematics and physics involves considerations and concerns shared by the chemistry education community, such as integrating conceptual and mathematical reasoning during problem solving. We also briefly discuss and draw attention to a recent ACS Symposium Series book, It’s Just Math: Research on Students’ Understanding of Chemistry and Mathematics, that illustrates the rich area of inquiry at the interface of chemistry and mathematics. An overview of frameworks that have been productive for investigating students’ mathematical reasoning in a chemistry context is provided, encouraging researchers to engage in work that crosses disciplinary boundaries and promotes discussion between experts from different fields.

Metaphor In English Version Of Sura Ali Imran

This paper intends to analyze one of them Sura in Al-Qur’an. This study was conducted in Sura Ali Imran. The source of the data was taken from the translation of Sura Ali Imran. They were contained in the verses of Sura Ali Imran, and then analyzed the kinds, functions, and the reasons of using metaphor. The kinds are refers to Lakoff and Johnson that divided the metaphor are arranged in order according to which of Halliday’s three metafunctions. Then, the reason is based on Wahab’s four contextual reasons. Based on the data analysis, it was found that there are two kinds of metaphor used in Sura Ali Imran, 5 verses of explicit metaphor and 10 verses of implicit metaphor. The second finding is there are 9 functions used from 13 functions as the breakdown of Halliday’s three metafunction. The next finding found that the reason why the metaphor is used in Sura Ali Imran are because of four contextual reasons. Therefore, it can be concluded that, some messages of the Al-Qur’an in Sura Ali Imran have a stressing point which is delivered in more beautiful words in implicit metaphor that make the readers have a deeply understanding toward the message.

Recent progresses on object detection: a brief review

Object detection, aiming at locating objects from a large number of specific categories in natural images, is a fundamental but challenging task in the field of computer vision. Recent years have seen significant progress of object detection using deep CNN mainly due to its robust feature representation ability. The goal of this paper is to provide a simple but comprehensive survey of the recent improvements in object detection in the era of deep learning. More than 100 key contributions are investigated mainly from five directions: architecture diagram, contextual reasoning, multi-layer exploiting, training strategy, and others which includes some other progress like real-time object detectors and works borrowing the idea from RNN and GAN. We discuss comprehensive but straightforward experimental comparisons under widely used benchmarks and metrics. This review finishes by providing promising trends for future research.

Is there a link between Saint-Simonian ability and the capability approach to social justice?

“To each according to his ability, to each ability according to his works” constitutes the founding slogan of the Saint-Simonian doctrine (1825–1832). A century and a half would pass before Sen and Nussbaum developed their capability approaches, designed to consider issues of human development and quality of life. Given the prominence of capability approaches in the context of modern theories of justice, and perhaps also due to the natural analogy between the words ‘capacité’, ‘ability’, and ‘capability’, there is a clear tendency in the literature to analyse the Saint-Simonians’ contributions to justice based on the assumption that there is a conceptual link between the terms capability and ability. This paper claims, however, that the elision of these terms is unjustified, and is a source more of confusion than of enlightenment. Conversely, by disentangling these two concepts we can shed light on the contextual reasons for the divergence between these approaches to justice, and provide new insights into both. A capability is an evaluative space for justice, while an ability is a property of individuals. The former is defined essentially in the domain of consumption and individual accomplishment, while the latter is clearly seen as a contribution to the theory of efficient production. Finally, these differences reveal a contrast in the focus values: the ability approach insists on efficiency, while the capability approach focuses on agency. If an analogy with modern theories of justice could be established, the Saint-Simonians would appear closer to modern theories of equity, with their focus on merit.

ASSESSMENT OF INFORMAL AND FORMAL INFERENTIAL REASONING: A CRITICAL RESEARCH REVIEW

As a contribution to the discussion on the assessment of informal inferential reasoning (IIR) and the transition from this to formal inferential reasoning (FIR), we present a review of research on how these two types of inferential reasoning have been conceptualized and assessed. Based on our review, we discuss the need to redefine the conceptions of IIR and FIR in order to create an integrated description of inferential reasoning that includes not only ideas of IIR and FIR, but also the whole activity of argumentation, which involves the production of both statistical and contextual reasons. Current descriptions of IIR and FIR list the facts that might be brought from data analysis to the process of inferential reasoning. The approach we propose considers how the facts, both statistical and contextual, can be used as arguments, leading to assessments of students’ inferential reasoning focusing on articulating the statistical and contextual reasons students present to support an inference. First published May 2019 at Statistics Education Research Journal Archives

An ambient assisted living system for dementia patients

Dementia is a major health and social care challenge of today and the near future as a result of increased human lifespan. Currently, there is no therapeutic solution for dementia, but a solution for managing the wandering behavior of dementia patients can be provided by an ambient assisted living system. In this paper, the design and implementation of iCarus, which is an intelligent ambient assisted living system for dealing with wandering behavior in early stages of dementia, is described. The aim of iCarus is to provide independent living for elderly people and a cost-effective way of monitoring them. iCarus is a zone-based system that forms a safety net. When a wandering episode occurs, rule-based context reasoning is employed to determine the actions that are to be executed. These actions include warning the patient, navigating the patient to his home, sending notifications to the caregiver(s), and initiating a real-time tracking session for the caregiver and the emergency service. Also, caregivers are able to construct their own rules and extend the functionality of the system according to their own needs. Constructing new rules is done by an innovative user interface. As a case study, iCarus is described and evaluated with a scenario. In order to evaluate the usability of iCarus, a questionnaire was administered after the users tried the system. The results were then statistically analyzed and reported.