Policy Context Research Articles

POLICY ANALYSIS OF HUMAN FACTORS AND SOCIAL INNOVATION IN EU EASI PROGRAMME REPORTS (2015-2022)

Purpose. The Programme for Employment and Social Innovation (EaSI), launched by the EU (European Union), represents a financial instrument with the objective of addressing a range of policy analysis areas, as follows: (I) social protection and innovation; (II) social exclusion and social policies; (III) living and working conditions; and (IV) employment, job conditions, mobility, and social entrepreneurship settings under the European Social Fund Plus (ESF+). Objectives. Therefore, the current research aims to structure and analyse in a comparative framework a wide range of EU policies and governance applied to the EaSI reports launched in the period 2015-2022, considering the policy context, key actors, policy content, legal instruments, implementation and governance structures and impact assessment of societal challenges, the role of human factors and the need for social innovation. Methodology. The analysis utilises both quantitative and qualitative methods, building on the comparative legal analysis and developing a triple evaluation: social, economic and political. In order to monitor and review the policy outcomes contained in the EaSI reports, the current study will use the Text-Based Diagramming of the programme Mermaid v10.9.0 Live Editor. Results and findings. The results of the analysis will evaluate and measure the extent to which the three EaSI reports launched in the period 2015-2022 have met the requirements of social innovation by assessing the policy and governance implementation mechanisms and tracking the relevance of two determinants: EU societal challenges and human factors. Conclusion. The framework of the EaSI reports provides the evaluation findings on multi-level policy and strategy approaches and summarises the findings and broader perspectives of the three reports on the effectiveness of social innovation governance. The research findings highlight the societal challenges in the EU, the interdisciplinary circumstances and the evidence-based interplay between the policy framework and the adaptability of multi-level governance.

Collective autonomy through school leader unions (2006–2021): Comparative case study from Sweden and Norway

For several decades, there has been a global trend of the devolution of autonomy to local leadership levels. The topic has consequently gained attention in educational research, showing the complexity and multi-layered nature of the phenomenon. Nevertheless, empirical research has focused largely on individual leadership or institutional school autonomy, overlooking school leader unions’ collective autonomy at the intersection between leadership levels and as a link between policy and practice. This paper aims to explore the communication and formation of collective autonomy through school leader unions in their mediating role between policy and practice, under shifting national policy contexts with increased global policy influence. Attention is drawn to union magazines and how they have depicted the issue over time, analysing texts on assessment from nearly 300 issues through a two-fold conceptualisation of collective autonomy as the capacity to influence policy and control individual professionalism. The results highlight the possibility of unions functioning as mediators between policy and practice, national and local, when collective autonomy is not too restricted. The study calls for further empirical research on collective autonomy, paying attention to the intricate relationship between policy, collectivism and individual leadership practice.

Sustainability Assessment Methods for the Transport Sector Considering the Life Cycle Concept—A Review

This paper presents a summary and review of life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) methods for the transport sector. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of articles that employ a variety of methods for assessing sustainable development in the transport sector, taking into account the economic, social, and environmental dimensions. In the sustainability assessment of transport, three methods were evaluated: life cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle cost analysis (LCC), and social life cycle assessment (SLCA). An overview of sustainability assessment methods in transport and a review of the indicators used in the life cycle sustainability assessment was conducted. It was found that the selection of indicators within the LCSA for assessing various aspects of sustainable development is dependent on various geographic and policy contexts. An overview of the application of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods to assess LCSA in the transport sector was performed. MCDA methods are used to support decision-making regarding the selection of the most sustainable transport options and allow for the simultaneous consideration of multiple criteria, enabling a more sustainable assessment of different transport options. MCDA methods help to rank alternative transportation fuels and help decision-makers consider indicators encompassing economic, environmental and social aspects.

How does environmental policy affect operations and supply chain management: A literature review

Governments in many countries actively carry out various policies to tackle pollution problems sourced from operations and supply chain activities, aiming at reducing adverse environmental impact and promoting sustainable development. This study provides a comprehensive and well-structured review of research on operations and supply chain management within the context of environmental policy. Specifically, this study meticulously identifies 137 papers and presents the descriptive results of a bibliometric analysis on these papers. Afterwards, using a well-defined framework encompassing three types of policies and various levels of operational and supply chain management, the identified papers are further classified. For each classification, content analyses are conducted accordingly, delving into the diverse concerns and contributions of the reviewed papers from the perspectives of pricing, production planning, inventory and technology management, coordination and competition, recycling and remanufacturing activities, transportation decisions, and network design. Three aspects of sustainability performance are also considered in the analyses. Finally, this study provides future research directions from seven perspectives: research methodology, forms of regulation, dynamic games, types of contracts, sustainable target management, green behavior of supply chain members, and investment constraints. These insights in turn inform the development of policies and decision-making processes related to environmental sustainability.

Enhancing street-level bureaucrats ’compliance with policies challenging traditional customs through information frameworks: an experimental study in China

ABSTRACT Street-level bureaucrats face serious policy compliance challenges when implementing ‘policies that run counter to traditional custom’. How can the compliance of street-level bureaucrats with such policies be enhanced? To answer this question, based on the policy context of a fireworks display ban, this paper examines the policy compliance behavioural tendencies of street-level bureaucrats under informational frames using a 2(emotional vs. logical) * 2 (gain vs. loss) experimental approach. It was found that different information frames differentially affect the policy compliance. Emotion-based information frames are more effective in strengthening street-level bureaucrats’ policy compliance than logic-based narrative frames. Emphasizing losses is more effective in enhancing street-level bureaucrats’ policy compliance than emphasizing gains. The attitude of street bureaucrats to policy plays a partly mediating role. This study provides insight into the street-level bureaucrats’ policy compliance tendencies in implementing policies that are contrary to traditional custom, emphasizing the important role of information presentation mode in policy propaganda and mobilization in intervening in the policy compliance behaviour of street-level bureaucrats.

Synthesizing lifeworld and system to sustain and grow cross school connections: a consideration of practice architectures

ABSTRACT Policies for cross school collaboration can be devised with intentions to strengthen practices across communities; however, their enactments may vary greatly across contexts. Drawing on the Habermasian theory of communicative action and Kemmis and colleagues’ theory of practice architectures, this article addresses the dynamics of the lived experience of school leaders within a policy context that fosters cross school collaborations and networking. This article examines the interplay between lifeworld dynamics and system logic within an Aotearoa New Zealand policy initiative that emphasizes professional learning, transitions across schooling sectors, and inter-school collaborations. Drawing on interviews with 10 school principals, the research investigates the dynamics produced through professional learning and collaboration across schools. The principals’ experiences reveal both the potential for synergies between lifeworld and system logic in fostering educational collaboration and tensions that arise from the doubleness of the different system demands that layer with lifeworld experiences. The theory of practice architectures is used to highlight the complexities of policy enactment in educational settings. The findings underscore the delicate balance required to navigate the benefits of collaboration and the challenges posed by different systems, ultimately calling for a nuanced understanding of the interdependencies between educational policies, enactments across communities, and professional practices.

What makes a successful whole-school mental health intervention? A comparison of stakeholders’ perspectives and implications for schools and the future of English education

ABSTRACT This small-scale study compares stakeholders’ perspectives regarding what makes a successful whole-school Mental Health Intervention. Four study groups were included from an all-ability coeducational secondary school in south-east England: Students (n = 8), Teachers (n = 5), School-Leaders (n = 3), and YMCA Youth Workers (n = 3). Students took part in a focus group whereas the adult groups participated in semi-structured interviews. Subsequently, all participants ranked potential aspects of what might make a successful whole school Mental Health Intervention. No theme was mentioned consistently across the four groups, suggesting a diversity of perspectives regarding the benefits of Mental Health Interventions. All participants, except teachers, valued student involvement, a feature confirmed by the literature. Teachers occasionally adopted misinformed perspectives – arguably a result of insufficient training. Generally, participants’ job roles informed their responses. However, a loose trend existed whereby School-Leaders’ results were more aligned to an external charity association – the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) – than Teachers’ despite the fact that the Teachers and School Leaders worked in the same context. Although the single context and small sample sizes for this research compromise generalisability, there are clear recommendations to inform future studies and for those who are leading and providing whole-school Mental Health Interventions. This study is set within the political and policy contexts of a competitive, market drive English education system and can comment on the wider system within which this intervention nests.

Quality indicators for occupational therapy: a scoping review

BackgroundOccupational therapists are increasingly asked to demonstrate the effectiveness, appropriateness, and efficiency of their interventions to funding bodies. However, the extent to which this is practiced and the health policy context within which such a practice is situated differs internationally. The aim of this scoping review was to establish which quality indicators are used internationally for this purpose.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review, limiting our search to Europe and the English-speaking world. To search for suitable literature, we used specialized databases from medicine, health sciences, and related fields, including CINAHL Complete and MEDLINE, as well as free internet search via Google. Furthermore, we contacted national occupational therapy associations from several countries asking for access to documents found within this search that were only accessible to association members.ResultsThe screening process identified 32 studies and documents from six national contexts. We identified and described process-level indicators, functional outcome indicators, one outcome indicator based on individual goal attainment (the Goal Attainment Scale, or GAS), and PRO-Ergo, a patient-reported experience measure (PREM). There was little information on the use of quality indicators to demonstrate the effectiveness, appropriateness, and efficiency of occupational therapy services to funding bodies in Europe and the English-speaking world that was openly available. The identified process indicators were in most cases not specific to occupational therapy interventions. Functional outcome indicators were highly specific to certain client groups or health conditions and partially appropriate for use in occupational therapy. The GAS was found to be a highly customizable measure which allowed an evaluation on body structure and function levels as well as activity and participation levels. PRO-Ergo was focused on the clients’ subjective view and their experience with occupational therapy interventions.ConclusionsAll identified quality indicators have advantages and disadvantages. Process-level indicators specific to occupational therapy could be a chance to foster the use of best practice methods. GAS and PRO-Ergo seem to be the most versatile assessment, allowing an evaluation on the level of activity and participation. Functional outcome indicators that cover a broad area of client problems may be useful additional quality indicators for some areas of practice.

Cutting in line ahead of us: the role of group relative deprivation in shaping gatekeeping attitudes across different immigrant integration contexts in Europe

ABSTRACT Although research shows that anti-immigrant sentiments are generally lower in liberal integration policy contexts, popular backlash against immigrants become salient in many pro-immigration and inclusive integration policy contexts in Europe today. Developing a contextualized mediation model, this research suggests that feelings of deprivation vis-à-vis immigrants influence attitudes toward selective immigrant admission in Europe. From a cross-country analysis of the 2014–2015 European Social Survey through multigroup structural equation modeling, our findings reveal that sentiments of group relative deprivation translate into stronger gatekeeping attitudes throughout Europe by developing threat perceptions from immigration. Relative deprivation-driven threat perceptions influence gatekeeping attitudes more potently in countries where integration policies grant immigrants more comprehensive and equal rights, while they remain relatively dormant in countries with exclusionary integration policies. These findings contribute to our understanding of how and to what extent relative deprivation sentiments vis-à-vis immigrants shape gatekeeping attitudes while shedding light on the unintended impacts of liberal integration policies on public opinion regarding immigration.

Exploring gaps, opportunities, barriers and enablers in malnutrition policy through key informant interviews: a qualitative inquiry from the CANDReaM initiative

ObjectivesDisease-related malnutrition (DRM) presents in up to half of adults and one-third of children admitted to Canadian hospitals and significantly impacts health outcomes. Strategies to screen, diagnose and treat DRM...

Leveraging Talent for a Sustainable Future: A Multidisciplinary Examination of Public Sector Talent Management Strategies

High-performing individuals are crucial for organizational success. This study examines talent management in the Indonesian public sector, revealing a significant gap between the competency needs of organizations and the availability of suitable talent. Key challenges include the difficulty of recruiting and retaining highly qualified personnel due to budgetary constraints and uncompetitive compensation policies compared to the private sector. Additionally, career development is hindered by a lack of leadership commitment and inadequate follow-up on assessment outcomes. This research explores the challenges and opportunities in implementing public sector talent management and formulating effective strategies. The methodology employed is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) involving identifying, evaluating, and interpreting literature from various research reports and scholarly journals. The findings underscore the critical role of innovative and labour market-responsive talent management practices in enhancing organizational performance. The primary challenges lie in the misalignment of talent management policies with public sector needs and resource and policy support limitations. In conclusion, the public sector must cultivate tailored talent management strategies aligned with the local context and advocate for more flexible policies to optimize organizational performance. These insights are intended to guide policymakers and practitioners in improving talent management effectiveness in Indonesia's public sector.

Algorithmic Accountability for Record Linkage

This session will examine record linkage approaches through the lens of principles for algorithmic accountability: responsibility, explainability, accuracy, auditability, and fairness.[1] It is easy to hypothesize cases where linkage algorithms could have disparate impacts, such as linking names more or less easily depending on their cultural background. How can researchers use careful linkage design and sensitivity testing to identify and, where necessary, mediate these impacts? What does it look like for record linkage processes to be explainable and auditable—and how can researchers invite engagement from broader groups of stakeholders in considering linkage methods? We will present on our experiences identifying and addressing these challenges in the context of linking state and local public sector administrative data sources. These data sources, which generally include populations engaging with particular programs or systems, have especially variable data quality and are often marred by structural biases. Our approach to linking these datasets emphasizes integrating policy and data context, interrogating linkage decisions for iterative improvement, and collaborating with a wide range of stakeholders for equitable, accountable data use. We will demonstrate examples of how linkage decisions and results have varied across contexts. [1] Diakopoulos, N., Friedler, S., Arenas, M., Barocas, S., Hay, M., Howe, B., Jagadish, H.V., Unsworth, K., Sahuguet, A., Venkatasubramanian, S., Wilson, C., Yu, C., and Zevenbergen, B. (2016). Principles for Accountable Algorithms and a Social Impact Statement for Algorithms. Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency in Machine Learning. https://www.fatml.org/resources/principles-for-accountable-algorithms.

Family-homelessness and child absence from school: How data linkage research has identified and quantified the association in Wales, UK

BackgroundHome and school experiences are linked. Though evidence exists quantifying the association between family-homelessness and school absences, it largely originates from the United States. Understanding the nature of this association in Wales, UK, is important given differing social, economic, and homelessness policy contexts when compared to the United States. ApproachAnalysis included pupils attending state funded schools in a single local authority in Wales, during the academic years 2012/13 to 2015/16. Pupils were flagged as experiencing family-homelessness in an academic year if their family were supported by the housing service operating in the local authority area. Outcomes of interest were number of total, authorised, and unauthorised half-day-sessions absent per academic year. Pupils were observed over multiple academic years (N = 105,355 pupil-years), enabling both cross-sectional and longitudinal (panel) analyses. ResultsOn average, pupils in families accessing the housing service missed a total of 10 half-day-sessions more per academic year than pupils whose families were not accessing the service. Unauthorised half-day-sessions absent were double for pupils in families who had approached the housing service. After controlling for personal and area characteristics, rates of all absences were higher among pupils whose families accessed the service. ConclusionThis study represents the first published linkage of homelessness and education data in the UK. Given the apparent association between absenteeism and accessing housing support, changes to policy, practice, and law should be explored to facilitate co-operation between schools and housing services in Wales, and to protect children and their families from further disadvantage.

Family Courts in England & Wales: A population-level evidence base about court users who experience domestic abuse

ObjectivesThe caseload of family courts in England and Wales includes a growing share of domestic abuse cases. To increase knowledge about such cases, the research uses new administrative datasets and linkages. Trends between 2011-2021 are examined in the context of policy and operational changes. MethodThe complete set of family court cases is held in HM Courts & Tribunals Services (HMCTS) systems. Some family court data are collected by the Children and Families Court Advisory Support Service (Cafcass), insofar as courts refer the case to Cafcass. Using their new linkage, we conduct a descriptive analysis of domestic abuse cases in England and Wales over the ten years from 2011. This project is one of the first to gain approval from HMCTS to use their de-identified family court data. ResultsThe data linkage allows to describe how court users approach domestic abuse matters, drawing distinctions between: emergency cases; lack of legal representation in court (litigants in person); repeat applications; presence of children in the household. Furthermore, the data show how courts respond through case management, timeliness of decisions and legal outcomes made. The policy context reveals how court users adapted to changes in eligibility for civil legal aid and to changes over how courts operated under lockdown measures. ConclusionData linkage research is providing an evidence base at population level about court users in England and Wales who experience domestic abuse. This can help inform practice to support families, and policies to ease overburdened courts and avoid returns to court.

Exploring strategies to sustain teacher agency in the context of ‘hyper-accountability’: Reflections from ten experienced chemistry school teachers in Chile

We explored teacher agency in a policy context of hyper-accountability drawing on interviews with ten experienced secondary school chemistry teachers in Chile. Constraints included successive reforms of the national curriculum, a resource-poor and high-surveillance education culture, and a low-priority culture of professional learning. Strategies enacted to sustain teacher agency included identifying ‘pockets of possibility’ to realise authentic chemistry education for all, developing trusting relationships with students and proactively nurturing their own professional development. These strategies have the potential to enhance the practice of teachers and teacher educators, and to inform a reorientation of policy away from high-stakes accountability.

Anchoring decisions: the role of decoy pricing in consumer choices

PurposeHospitality firms aim to increase their profits by implementing a variety of marketing activities, including using decoy pricing to provide alternative choices for consumers. Decoys are relatively higher-priced offerings that signal lower value than the other offerings in the consideration set. The purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of decoy pricing on consumer choices across various contexts in the foodservice and hotel industries.Design/methodology/approachAcross the pilot and four main studies, the current research employs a sequential exploratory mixed-method design to investigate the influence of decoy pricing in the foodservice and lodging industries. The qualitative part of this research was based on two focus groups, followed by a pilot study and four main study experiments.FindingsThe results show that decoy pricing escalates consumers’ choices of more expensive product bundles in both restaurant and hotel cancellation policy contexts. However, decoy pricing does not increase the selection of more expensive hotel product bundles.Originality/valueWhile decoy pricing has been utilized as an effective revenue maximization strategy for product placement in retail stores, less is known about how promotional advertisements with decoy offers influence hotel and restaurant customers to choose more costly options. Specifically, this is the first study that explores whether decoy pricing and product/service bundling can encourage customers to select more expensive offers in hotel and restaurant contexts, considering the types of hospitality bundles that may limit this effect.

Teachers’ Experiences of Transformational Professional Learning Through Master’s Level Study: Becoming, Being and Belonging As a Teacher and Researcher

ABSTRACT Teachers’ engagement in critical intellectual and research work in England has been challenged in recent years under hegemonic policies and practices in teacher education. Since 2019, centralisation, standardisation and accountability in teacher education have intensified, along with explicit criticism of university involvement. Some describe teaching in England as a ‘semi-profession’ where teachers are positioned as technicians and their engagement in wider ethical, moral and intellectual endeavours are discouraged. Within this challenging policy and practice context, this paper argues that there is a need to reconsider the space of professional learning over professional development for teachers, and that Master’s level qualifications can be site for potentially transformative learning experiences for teachers. An empirical research project is reported, where teachers’ lived experiences of engaging in critical intellectual and research work through part-time MA Education were systematically mapped and interrogated. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and video diaries. Analysis of significant episodes of each teacher’s narrative unlocked an understanding of their shared journeys as ‘becoming’, ‘being’ and ‘belonging’ as a teacher and a researcher. Conclusions and recommendations are presented which challenge current reductive policies and practices along with a call to prioritise teachers’ critical and intellectual knowledge and research work.

Guideline for Promote Basketball Club in Shaanxi China

Background and Aims: To further enrich the learning life of students and cultivate talents with all-round development in ethics, intellect, physicality, social skills, and aesthetics, the State issued the Opinions on Further Reducing the Burden of Homework on Students in Compulsory Education and the Burden of Out-of-School Training. The "double reduction" directly restricts the size of subject-based out-of-school training organizations and reduces the number of hours they conduct extracurricular training, which can greatly impact out-of-school training organizations. Based on the development of extracurricular training institutions in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, this study examines the strength of the correlation between the policy context and the development of local sports training institutions. The "Double Reduction" policy refers to the state's efforts to reduce the extracurricular burden on students and the economic pressure on parents while promoting the all-round development of students. As the sports environment improves and schools pay more attention to physical education, the development of basketball training institutions in the policy context is also worth studying. Understanding the development of youth basketball training institutions in Xi'an, Shaanxi under the double reduction policy can provide reference and guidance for cultivating excellent basketball reserves in Xi'an and promote improving China's basketball level. Youth basketball training institutions are an important base for cultivating excellent basketball reserve talents, and understanding their development in the context of the double-reduced policy can help assess the effect of the existing training model on talent cultivation and put forward suggestions for improvement. Methodology: This paper focuses on the youth basketball training institutions in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, and adopts the questionnaire survey method and interview method to conduct research. Using the 4M theory and POLC theory, 270 samples, including 20 managers, 50 coaches, and 100 students and parents each, were selected and studied by questionnaire survey method. Summarize the development status and give specific development measures. Finally, the results of the study were given to nine experts for evaluation to obtain a high-quality, scientific management guide for the sustainable development of basketball training organizations in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province. Results: The measures were screened and finally six specific management guidelines were identified after expert evaluation and recommendations, which were accepted by the experts after validation, and the feasibility of the specific measures was verified. Conclusion: The study finds that the release of policies has a significant impact on the development of organizations. The release of policies may trigger changes in the competitive landscape of the basketball training organization industry, and the changes in the market prompt basketball training organizations to improve their strengths to adapt to the new rules of competition. However, it can also provide guidance and direction for the development direction and focus of basketball training organizations, prompting them to transform and upgrade to grasp new development opportunities. Stricter regulatory standards and requirements have prompted basketball training institutions to strengthen compliance management and improve service quality and standardization.

Impeding Access to Asylum: Title 42 “Expulsions” and Migrant Deaths in Southern Arizona

Executive Summary Immigration at the US-México border has drastically changed since the mid-2010s. Instead of adult undocumented Mexican men, generally migrating for economic purposes, there are now large numbers of men, women, unaccompanied minors, and families from diverse countries seeking asylum in the United States, as they are allowed to do under US and international law. In response to these changes, the US federal government leveraged multiple strategies to impede access to the country’s asylum system, including relying on Title 42 “expulsions.” Title 42, a COVID-19-era health measure, prevented migrants from initiating an asylum claim. Instead, asylum-seekers were typically immediately expelled to the closest port of entry in México. The use of public health as a pretext to control the border placed these migrants at risk and led many to attempt repeat border crossings. Given this policy context, we ask: what, if any, is the association between Title 42 expulsions and migrant deaths in southern Arizona? We address this question by drawing on records of recovered undocumented border crosser (UBC) remains investigated by the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner (PCOME) in Tucson, Arizona. We examined differences in the number and demographic characteristics of UBC remains recovered between what prior studies have characterized as the “Localized Funnel Effect” Era of border enforcement in southern Arizona (i.e., October 1, 2013–March 19, 2020; N = 851), and the “Title 42” Era (i.e., March 20, 2021–September 30, 2023; N = 709). We also assessed how, if at all, the geography of recovered UBC remains shifted between these eras. We found that migrant deaths rose from an annual mean of 133 during the Localized Funnel Effect (LFE) Era to 198 in the Title 42 (T42) Era, representing a 48 percent increase. Compared to the earlier era, remains recovered during the T42 Era clustered closer to the border and near the cities of Nogales and Agua Prieta, Sonora, having shifted from west to east in southern Arizona. Additionally, we found that Title 42 disproportionately affected Mexican and Guatemalan nationals both in terms of expulsions as well as deaths. We propose several policy recommendations based on our study’s findings intended to reduce unnecessary suffering and increase human security: • The US federal government should not impede or limit migrants’ access to the asylum system. Policymakers should instead create clear pathways and procedures that obviate the need for migrants to undertake dangerous journeys and overcome barriers to fair consideration of their claims. • The US government must expand its ability to address these claims, as continued attempts to block asylum seekers will result in additional loss of life and increased violence. It should increase its capacity to screen asylum seekers at the US-México border. We propose an increase in USCIS Asylum Officers to carry out this duty. US Customs and Border Protection agents should not screen asylum seekers, nor should they assume the responsibility of serving as asylum officers, given the agency’s extensively documented record of persistently dehumanizing and mistreating migrants. • The US federal government must take measures to eliminate the backlog of asylum cases in the immigration courts. These measures need to include reforms in the underlying immigration system and in the removal adjudication system, such as greater access to legal counsel and changes to the law that offer legal pathways to imperiled migrants who do not meet the narrow definition of asylum. Absent these reforms, the asylum case backlog will grow, and many asylum seekers with strong claims to remain will be removed after living for years in the United States.

Retaining doctors in emergency medicine: an ethnographic study of emergency departments in England

ObjectivesTo gain a deep understanding of factors driving retention in emergency medicine. To understand in detail the day-to-day lived experience of emergency medicine doctors, to identify and explore factors influencing...