Context Of Logic Research Articles

Artificial intelligence in orthopaedic education: A comparative analysis of ChatGPT and Bing AI's Orthopaedic In‐Training Examination performance

AbstractBackgroundThis study evaluated the performance of generative artificial intelligence (AI) models on the Orthopaedic In‐Training Examination (OITE), an annual exam administered to U.S. orthopaedic residency programs.MethodsChatGPT 3.5 and Bing AI GPT 4.0 were evaluated on standardised sets of multiple‐choice questions drawn from the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons OITE online question bank spanning 5 years (2018–2022). A total of 1165 questions were posed to each AI system. The performance of both systems was standardised using the latest versions of ChatGPT 3.5 and Bing AI GPT 4.0. Historical data of resident scores taken from the annual OITE technical reports was used as a comparison.ResultsAcross the five datasets, ChatGPT 3.5 scored an average of 55.0% on the OITE questions. Bing AI GPT 4.0 scored higher with an average of 80.0%. In comparison, the average performance of orthopaedic residents in national accredited programs was 62.1%. Bing AI GPT 4.0 outperformed ChatGPT 3.5 and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education examinees, and analysis of variance analysis demonstrated p < 0.001 among groups. The best performance was by Bing AI GPT 4.0 on OITE 2020.ConclusionGenerative AI can provide a logical context across answer responses through its in‐depth information searches and citation of resources. This combination presents a convincing argument for the possible uses of AI in medical education as an interactive learning aid.

Short Note: Exploring Ideals in Graph Theory

We are re-evaluating the novel concept of 'ideal' within the context of graph theory. The concept of an 'ideal' is well-established in the fields of topology and algebra, having been extensively researched by numerous scholars due to its mathematical significance (see references) [2-6]. Tree-width is a well-known graph width parameter. In our discussion, we explore the relationship between tree-width and ideal. Overall, this exploration contributes to a deeper understanding of these concepts and their relevance in various mathematical and logical contexts.

Navigating Crisis and Democracy: Analyzing Mexico through the Neo-Weberian State and the TODO framework

This study uses the Neo-Weberian State (NWS) and TODO frameworks to examine Mexico’s public sector reforms and current challenges. Analyzing the trajectory of public administration reforms reveals a historical context of mixed logics, weak institutions, and limited capacity, further aggravated by recent democratic backsliding, dismantling, and austerity cuts. Next, based on the TODO framework, emphasizing turbulent environments, oscillating knowledge quality, domino-falling types of interdependence, and opposing solutions, we analyze the case of the migration crisis at the US-Mexico border as a way to exemplify current challenges faced by the Mexican public sector. The analysis exposes shortcomings in crisis management, highlighting political neglect, strained US-Mexico relations, and prolonged uncertainty for asylum seekers. Overall, the study underscores Mexico’s need to enhance systemic resilience governance. Findings contribute to the study of discourse on governance models, emphasizing the importance of adaptive frameworks for crisis management and democratic governance in the Global South.

Neoclassical realism in international relations theory: Searching for its own path

Neoclassical realism emerged as part of the neorealists’ response to the criticism of their core theoretical provisions, intended to adapt the latter to the challenges of post-bipolar international relations. However, with further elucidation and formalization of the key ideas and premises of neoclassical realism it started to assert itself as an independent research approach, and even more so, as a special, metasynthetic theory. In order to assess the validity of these claims and, in general, to better understand the place of neoclassical realism in the theory of international relations, this paper considers it within the context of the evolutionary logic of the realist paradigm and neorealism, in particular. The first section identifies the origins and main theoretical provisions of neoclassical realism. The second section covers modern theoretical debates on the essence of and prospects for further development of analytical and methodological aspects of this approach. In order to provide a better understanding of the epistemological potential of the neoclassical realism, the third section examines empirical researches carried out within its framework. The author concludes that at the moment neoclassical realism can hardly qualify for the status of an independent theoretical position, let alone a meta-theory. It is more appropriate to consider it as a peculiar form, specific research model within the framework of the (neo)realist paradigm. As such, it allows putting forward verifiable hypotheses based on the analysis of the relationships between the independent, dependent and interfering variables, and also opens up new opportunities for conducting empirical research on a wide range of subject matters. At the same time, there is still a lot of work to be done to overcome the eclecticism inherent to neoclassical realism and to better define its ontological, epistemological and methodological foundations.

Modalities combining two negations

Abstract In the context of positive logic expanded with the dual of intuitionistic negation, obtaining intuitionistic negation itself as a consequence, those two connectives allow to introduce modal concepts such as necessity and possibility. We study the resulting modal logic, paying attention to different extensions of it. We provide a syntactic approach and both algebraic and Kripke semantics.

On the role of logical separability in knowledge compilation

Knowledge compilation is an alternative solution to address demanding reasoning tasks with high complexity via converting knowledge bases into a suitable target language. The notion of logical separability, proposed by Levesque, offers a general explanation for the tractability of clausal entailment for two remarkable languages: decomposable negation normal form and prime implicates. It is interesting to explore what role logical separability plays in problem tractability. In this paper, we apply the notion of logical separability to a number of reasoning problems within the context of propositional logic: satisfiability checking (CO), clausal entailment checking (CE), model counting (CT), model enumeration (ME) and forgetting (FO), as well as their dual tasks, contributing to several recursive procedures. We provide the corresponding logical separability based properties: CO-logical separability, CE-logical separability, CT-logical separability, ME-logical separability and their duals. Based on these properties, we then identify four novel normal forms: CO-LSNNF, CE-LSNNF, CT-LSNNF and ME-LSNNF, as well as their dual languages. We show that each of them is the necessary and sufficient condition under which the corresponding procedure is correct. We finally integrate the above normal forms into the knowledge compilation map.

Analysis of the Origin and Logical Evolution of "Modern Market"—Interpretation Based on the Logical Context of Capital

Analysis of the Origin and Logical Evolution of "Modern Market"—Interpretation Based on the Logical Context of Capital

11.K. Workshop: Involvement of Older People in Co-creation or Co-production of Health Promoting Community Services

Abstract Reasons for the workshop Involvement of older people in health promoting community services is widely used to promote healthy aging and mobilize citizens’ resources and resources from civil society to address the changes and complex challenges faced by municipalities in societies with aging populations. Co-creation and co-production of services are significant concepts in releasing this potential by involving core stakeholders as equal partners acknowledging their substantial contribution in the development and delivery of community services. The literature on involvement of older people is however sparse and it is thus important to explore the values but also possible drawbacks of such initiatives and adapt these to contextual logics embedded in the empirical field. The objective of the workshop is A) to share knowledge, raise questions and discuss the conceptualisation and application of the concepts of user involvement, co-production and co-creation targeting older people within health promoting community services. Also, it is to B) encourage critical reflection and a discussion about the values, challenges, the potential unintended negative consequences of involvement of older people, including those that live with frailty or vulnerabilities. Added value This workshop will present an overview of a large field of literature on involvement, co-production and co-creation and illustrate how researchers within health promotion among older people may interpret and use these concepts empirically. The joint presentations and discussion will combine theoretical concepts and practical examples and stimulate improved practices regarding involvement of older citizens in health promoting community services. Coherence between presentations and the workshop format: The presentations all revolve around the concepts of involvement, co-creation, and co-production in relation to health promoting community services targeting older people and offer empirical examples on how the concept has been applied in practice and the challenges that may emerge. The workshop will start with a short introduction and invitation of the participants to share their thoughts on its topic from the chair (5 min) followed by four 10-minute presentations. First, Egilstrød will clarify and discuss the theoretical concepts of co-creation and co-production of health promoting community services. This will be followed by Terkelsen who will share empirical insights and learning from co-crating of social activities with older people in senior village followed by Langersgaard who will share challenges and highlights from co-creation of community services targeting frail older people. Finally, Petersen will discuss on the current knowledge about the values but also potential unintended, negative consequences of involvement in community health services. In the final part of the workshop (15 min), the chair will introduce and moderate a general discussion of aim B with the audience. Key messages • User involvement, co-creation and co-production are often used without a clear definition or description of how it has been carried out and what has been obtained. • Recruitment and involvement of older citizens are challenging and stronger awareness about how to improve the value and eliminate potential negative consequences is needed.

Concept of Rights and Security of Nagorno-Karabakh People in Light of ICJ’s Advisory Opinion on Kosovo

This article is dedicated to the comparative analysis of the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on Kosovo, thereby revealing the criteria of the legality of realization of the right of peoples to self-determination and clarifying the question of their applicability to the Artsakh case. Historical and comparative methods of scientific research were used in the article, by means of which positive and negative aspects of the advisory opinion of the UN Court were highlighted. The analysis has shown that perhaps for the first time, an attempt was made by the International Court of Justice to define the criteria of the legality of the act of declaration of independence by a national community seeking self-determination, which aims to remove the right of peoples to self-determination from the sphere of political speculation and place it in the realm of legal certainty. The analysis also showed that the standards developed by the UN Court are fully applicable to Artsakh as well. The article also made an important record that even in the seemingly non-pro-Armenian stance of the ongoing negotiation process, new negotiation approaches being formed by Armenia are within the context of the legal logic of the UN court and thus have the potential to achieve legal confirmation of the independence of the people of Artsakh, if appropriate diplomatic and military-political work is carried out.

Spatial Morphological Characteristics of Ethnic Villages in the Dadu River Basin, a Sino-Tibetan Area of Sichuan, China

Analysis of spatial patterns and driving factors of different ethnic villages under regional integration is important for the conservation and development of ethnic villages. This article takes seven multi-ethnic villages in the Dadu River Basin of Ganzi Prefecture as an example; we employ a quantitative model of spatial syntax based on the theory of figure–ground relationship to link the tangible and intangible spaces. The results reveal the logical context and formation mechanism among the overall layout, residential architecture, and public space of the villages. The findings of this study are as follows: (1) The site of different ethnic villages reflects commonality. (2) The spatial configurations of the villages are significantly influenced by the surrounding natural environment, with significant differences. Cluster-concentrated villages exhibit the smallest expansion trend, rich spatial levels, and strong ethnic territoriality; strip-intensive villages have the largest scale and the strongest permeability; and radiation-dispersion villages have variable expansion directions and architectural relationships among residents. (3) Both of the participants’ selection behaviors and residential spaces constitute the internal structure for the ethnic culture, which is driven by the humanistic spirit and force of social order, making the spatial morphology a diversified and multi-layered characteristic. (4) The rural space has gradually changed from a single residential unit to a complex unit with multiple functions. The findings extend the scope of research to ethnic villages in watersheds and provide a theoretical and practical basis for the development of other similar rural villages.

White-adjacent Muslim development: racializing British Muslim aid in Mali

AbstractMuslim aid organizations are relatively new actors in the Western aid industry. Based on multi-sited ethnographic research with the UK-based NGO Islamic Relief, I explore the organization’s engagement with a school in need of repair in southern rural Mali that is also the site of a sacred shrine of importance to locals. I examine the contextual global logics of racialization that undergird different interpretations and practices of what it means to ‘do good’. Situating an understanding of ‘development’ in an analysis of global racial capitalism, I argue that, as an Islamically inspired aid organization based in the UK, Islamic Relief is both subject to anti-Muslim racism and complicit in a white-adjacent racialized project of ‘development’ in Africa. I foreground the whiteness of development to show how modernist development practice makes it impossible to see other ways of conceptualizing ‘doing good’ that are also deeply grounded in Islam.

A Logical Modeling of Severe Ignorance

In the logical context, ignorance is traditionally defined recurring to epistemic logic. In particular, ignorance is essentially interpreted as “lack of knowledge”. This received view has - as we point out - some problems, in particular we will highlight how it does not allow to express a type of content-theoretic ignorance, i.e. an ignorance of φ that stems from an unfamiliarity with its meaning. Contrarily to this trend, in this paper, we introduce and investigate a modal logic having a primitive epistemic operator I, modeling ignorance. Our modal logic is essentially constructed on the modal logics based on weak Kleene three-valued logic introduced by Segerberg (Theoria, 33(1):53–71, 1997). Such non-classical propositional basis allows to define a Kripke-style semantics with the following, very intuitive, interpretation: a formula φ is ignored by an agent if φ is neither true nor false in every world accessible to the agent. As a consequence of this choice, we obtain a type of content-theoretic notion of ignorance, which is essentially different from the traditional approach. We dub it severe ignorance. We axiomatize, prove completeness and decidability for the logic of reflexive (three-valued) Kripke frames, which we find the most suitable candidate for our novel proposal and, finally, compare our approach with the most traditional one.

The Making of North Korean Americans in the Afterlife of Cold War Cultural Politics

In this article, I propose a discernable shift in the American discursive framework surrounding North Korea and the United States' relationship to North Koreans; namely, moving from projecting North Koreans as absolutely unassimilable foreign objects to then considering them as a potential new wave of immigrant Americans. I contend that political and cultural discourses on North Koreans in the US must be understood within the context of Cold War logics, specifically a lingering unease related to the unresolved Korean War and the US role in perpetuating it. I analyze legal and cultural discourses surrounding North Korean defectors in the United States, and how these are reflected in North Korean defector Yeonmi Park's memoir, In Order to Live: A North Korean Girls' Journey to Freedom (2015), and Korean American writer Suki Kim's investigative journalism, Without You, There is No Us: Undercover Among the Sons of North Korea's Elite (2015). My analysis invites a rethinking of the ongoing repercussions of the Korean War and the legacies of the Cold War in constructing national and transnational Korean subjects in the Korea(s) and the United States.

Neutrosophic-based Machine Learning Techniques in the Context of Supply Chain Management: A Survey

Supply Chain Management (SCM) plays a critical role in the success of any business organization. Individuals involved in business activities often have to make decisions regarding different aspects of the supply chain, including planning, procurement, production, inventory management, transportation, distribution, and customer relationship management. The combination of neutrosophic logic and machine learning has gained significant attention in the field of SCM as a means to tackle uncertainties and improve decision-making. This paper highlights the potential benefits and applications of integrating neutrosophic reasoning and machine learning in SCM. Neutrosophic reasoning provides a framework for handling imprecise and uncertain information, while machine learning techniques offer powerful tools for data analysis, pattern recognition, and predictive modeling. By leveraging machine learning algorithms within the context of neutrosophic logic, SCM practitioners can enhance demand forecasting accuracy, optimize inventory management, improve transportation and routing decisions, and strengthen supply chain collaboration. The integration of neutrosophic logic and machine learning enables the handling of complex supply chain data, accommodates dynamic and uncertain environments, and supports proactive decision-making. Furthermore, the combination of these approaches can contribute to improved supply chain resilience, sustainability, and customer satisfaction. This paper applied the neutrosophic AHP method as a feature section to select the highest importance criteria as an input to machine learning. Then we applied two machine learning models named random forest and decision. The results show the random forest has the highest accuracy followed by a decision tree.

Decentralized Asynchronous Crash-resilient Runtime Verification

Runtime verification is a lightweight method for monitoring the formal specification of a system during its execution. It has recently been shown that a given state predicate can be monitored consistently by a set of crash-prone asynchronous distributed monitors observing the system, only if each monitor can emit verdicts taken from a large enough finite set. We revisit this impossibility result in the concrete context of linear-time logic ( ltl ) semantics for runtime verification, that is, when the correctness of the system is specified by an ltl formula on its execution traces. First, we show that monitors synthesized based on the 4-valued semantics of ltl ( rv-ltl ) may result in inconsistent distributed monitoring, even for some simple ltl formulas. More generally, given any ltl formula φ, we relate the number of different verdicts required by the monitors for consistently monitoring φ, with a specific structural characteristic of φ called its alternation number . Specifically, we show that, for every k ≥ 0 , there is an ltl formula φ with alternation number k that cannot be verified at runtime by distributed monitors emitting verdicts from a set of cardinality smaller than k + 1. On the positive side, we define a family of logics, called distributed ltl (abbreviated as dltl ), parameterized by k ≥ 0, which refines rv-ltl by incorporating 2k + 4 truth values. Our main contribution is to show that, for every k ≥ 0, every ltl formula φ with alternation number k can be consistently monitored by distributed monitors, each running an automaton based on a (2 ⌈ k /2 ⌉ +4)-valued logic taken from the dltl family.

Weak relevant justification logics

Abstract This paper will develop ideas from [44]. We will generalize their work in two directions. First, we provide axioms for justification logics over the base logic B and show that the logic permits a proof of the internalization theorem. Second, we provide alternative frames that more closely resemble the standard versions of the ternary relational frames, as well as a more general approach to the completeness proof. We prove that soundness and completeness hold for justification logics over a wide variety of base logics. Finally, we will strengthen Belnap’s variable sharing for the justification logic context, demonstrating that the justifications are properly relevant justifications.

A Narrative Review of Training Approaches to Address Low Volume High Risk Pediatric Resuscitation Skills

The aim of this article is to present nursing professionals with clinical practice processes-aligned with current literature- that educators and nursing leaders at one institution have used to ensure that nurses are proficient with emergency response skills. The comprehensive overview of a combination of efforts to ensure nurses' proficiency with emergency response skills for a pediatric patient in cardiopulmonary arrest provide a logical context to narratively discuss present day literature on the topic.

Knowledge Compilation Meets Logical Separability

Knowledge compilation is an alternative solution to address demanding reasoning tasks with high complexity via converting knowledge bases into a suitable target language. Interestingly, the notion of logical separability, proposed by Levesque, offers a general explanation for the tractability of clausal entailment for two remarkable languages: decomposable negation normal form and prime implicates. It is interesting to explore what role logical separability on earth plays in problem tractability. In this paper, we apply the notion of logical separability in three reasoning problems within the context of propositional logic: satisfiability check (CO), clausal entailment check (CE) and model counting (CT), contributing to three corresponding polytime procedures. We provide three logical separability based properties: CO- logical separability, CE-logical separability and CT-logical separability. We then identify three novel normal forms: CO-LSNNF, CE-LSNNF and CT-LSNNF based on the above properties. Besides, we show that every normal form is the necessary and sufficient condition under which the corresponding procedure is correct. We finally integrate the above four normal forms into the knowledge compilation map.

類개념에 대한 荀子의 인식과 활용

Xúnzǐ[荀子]’ lèi[類] concept understanding was be able to differentiate three points of view from Mòzǐ[墨子]’, Mèngzǐ[孟子]’, Gōngsūn Lóng[公孫龍]’ and late Mohist[墨家]’. First of all, Xúnzǐ[荀子] made up a distinction between wùlèi[物類] and lúnlèi[倫類] category as a concept of class or kind of things and that of ethics, so he could got subdivision between yǒulèi[有類] and wúlèi [無類] by ethical righteousness of lúnlèi[倫類]. Second, he divided lèi[類] concept into tónglèi[同類] and yìèi[異類] so he could get separate designation of class of sameness and kind of differentness and than got practical division between bùnénglèi[不能類] and nénglèi[能類] according to practical competence of applied ethics in lúnlèi[倫類]. And third, he argued about why the tónglèi[同 類] and yìèi[異類] categories that were driven from rectification of names and distinction between sameness and differentness of things should be discriminated. Xúnzǐ[荀子]’ lèi[類] concept application was also be able to distinguish from Mòzǐ[墨子]’, Mèngzǐ[孟子]’, Gōngsūn Lóng[公孫龍]’ and late Mohist[墨家]’ by three types of use and it’s logical context. First, he pragmatically revealed the progress of analogical inference that was deduced from analogy for the sameness about tónglèi [同類]. Second, he autonomously made up to several distinctions between wùlèi[物 類] and lúnlèi[倫類], tónglèi[同類] and yìèi[異類], yǒulèi[有類] and wúlèi[無 類], bùnénglèi[不能類] and nénglèi[能類] and than applied them for moral practice and behavior in real situations. Third, he practically but maybe restrictively in logic got solved or treated some kinds of regal judgment and public duties by adapting a trust example from the class of sameness on tónglèi[同類].

Semantics modulo satisfiability with applications: function representation, probabilities and game theory

AbstractIn the context of propositional logics, we apply semantics modulo satisfiability—a restricted semantics which comprehends only valuations that satisfy some specific set of formulas—with the aim to efficiently solve some computational tasks. Three possible such applications are developed.We begin by studying the possibility of implicitly representing rational McNaughton functions in Łukasiewicz Infinitely-valued Logic through semantics modulo satisfiability. We theoretically investigate some approaches to such representation concept, called representation modulo satisfiability, and describe a polynomial algorithm that builds representations in the newly introduced system. An implementation of the algorithm, test results and ways to randomly generate rational McNaughton functions for testing are presented. Moreover, we propose an application of such representations to the formal verification of properties of neural networks by means of the reasoning framework of Łukasiewicz Infinitely-valued Logic.Then, we move to the investigation of the satisfiability of joint probabilistic assignments to formulas of Łukasiewicz Infinitely-valued Logic, which is known to be an NP-complete problem. We provide an exact decision algorithm derived from the combination of linear algebraic methods with semantics modulo satisfiability. Also, we provide an implementation for such algorithm for which the phenomenon of phase transition is empirically detected.Lastly, we study the game theory situation of observable games, which are games that are known to reach a Nash equilibrium, however, an external observer does not know what is the exact profile of actions that occur in a specific instance; thus, such observer assigns subjective probabilities to players actions. We study the decision problem of determining if a set of these probabilistic constraints is coherent by reducing it to the problems of satisfiability of probabilistic assignments to logical formulas both in Classical Propositional Logic and Łukasiewicz Infinitely-valued Logic depending on whether only pure equilibria or also mixed equilibria are allowed. Such reductions rely upon the properties of semantics modulo satisfiability. We provide complexity and algorithmic discussion for the coherence problem and, also, for the problem of computing maximal and minimal probabilistic constraints on actions that preserves coherence.Abstract prepared by Sandro Márcio da Silva Preto.E-mail: spreto@ime.usp.brURL:https://doi.org/10.11606/T.45.2021.tde-17062021-163257