Definition Of Context Research Articles

Leveraging the Power of Context in Disability Policy Development, Implementation, and Evaluation: Multiple Applications to Enhance Personal Outcomes

The article provides an overview and integration of work examining the multiple applications of context to enhancing personal outcomes, with a focus on how a clearer understanding of context can be leveraged in disability policy development, implementation, and evaluation. Specifically, a clear operational definition of context and an empirically based conceptual model of context are presented, followed by an approach to the analysis or measurement of context, and guidelines for applying an understanding of context to enhance personal outcomes through policy development, implementation, and evaluation. The article concludes with a discussion of five specific actions that can be taken to leverage the power of context.

Advances in the definition of environmental contexts in the Deseado Massif (Santa Cruz, Argentina) and its effects on the modern bone record

Within the framework of a Regional Taphonomy project in the Deseado Massif (Argentine Patagonia), in a previous work we conducted systematic surveys through transects with the aim of evaluating some of the agents and processes that act on the modern bone record in different environmental units (plateaus, canyons and lagoon edges). These surveys were carried out in relation to the particular problems of our work area, and involved the taxonomic, anatomical, taphonomic and contextual description of each vertebrate rest found. The great variability observed in the preservation conditions on those environmental units, brought us difficulties to generate archaeological expectations. To overcome this, we implement here geomorphological units of analysis defined at a more detailed spatial scale, allowing a characterization of the taphonomic variability in each one of them that represents an advance towards a better definition of the different environmental contexts of the study area.In this work we explore the usefulness of these analysis units to generate a model that allows us to predict the potential that each microenvironment has for the survival and preservation of the bone record. The results encourage us to continue working in this direction with the aim of contributing to the regional taphonomic models in construction for the study area, which address the agents and processes that impact on the formation of the archaeological record in the different sectors studied.

Academics’ manufacturing of counter-narratives as knowledge resistance of official hegemonic narratives in identity conflicts

ABSTRACT This article illustrates how official hegemonic narratives of armed conflicts and history are resisted by academics by generating counter-narratives and how this affects the public perception of identity conflicts. Due to the relatively high status of academics, critical and alternative knowledge production serve as a tool for resistance against the mainstream narrative. In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, we discuss competing narratives, and how new narratives by various academics challenge the official narrative. In the case of Rwanda where the resistance is more clandestine, we demonstrate how the official narrative is challenged by academics and individuals based outside the country. In the case of Sri Lanka, we highlight how two dominant narratives, one by the government and the other by the rebels, competed with the counter-narratives. Overall, we demonstrate how counter-narratives construed to serve as a form of resistance are unfolding in various struggles, and how the gradual impact of academics’ agencies on changing hegemonic narratives finds a contextual definition.

Entrepreneurship, Clinical Psychology, and Mental Health: An Exciting and Promising New Field of Research

Original Article: Johan Wiklund, Isabella Hatak, Holger Patzelt, and Dean A. Shepherd, Mental Disorders in the Entrepreneurship Context: When Being Different Can Be an Advantage, https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2017.0063.This article presents a response to the commentary “Entrepreneurship and Contextual Definitions of Mental Disorders: Why Psychiatry Abandoned the Latter and Entrepreneurship Scholars May Want to Follow Suit” by Agafonow and Perez (2020), who commented on the AMP Entrepreneurship and Mental Health symposium. We discuss and largely challenge the commentary’s criticism against the backdrop of the emerging research relating clinical psychology and mental health disorders (especially ADHD) to entrepreneurship. The aim of this response is to help scholars more clearly understand the relevance and challenges of including a (sub)clinical perspective in the study of entrepreneurial decisions, processes, and outcomes.

Entrepreneurship and Contextual Definitions of Mental Disorders: Why Psychiatry Abandoned the Latter and Entrepreneurship Scholars May Want to Follow Suit

Original articles: Johan Wiklund, Isabella Hatak, Holger Patzelt, and Dean A. Shepherd, “Mental Disorders in the Entrepreneurship Context: When Being Different Can Be an Advantage,” https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2017.0063; Kevin M. Antshel, “Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Entrepreneurship,” https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2016.0144; Daniel A. Lerner, Richard A. Hunt, and Ingrid Verheul, “Dueling Banjos: Harmony and Discord Between ADHD and Entrepreneurship,” https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2016.0178; and Johan Wiklund, Wei Yu, and Holger Patzelt, “Impulsivity and Entrepreneurial Action,” https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2016.0177.Psychiatry as a medical science has debunked contextual definitions of disorders for a good reason. Thus, this Exchange article seeks to assist entrepreneurship scholars in assessing the risks of building scholarship upon a notion that has proven to be problematic.

A survey on context awareness in big data analytics for business applications

The concept of context awareness has been in existence since the 1990s. Though initially applied exclusively in computer science, over time it has increasingly been adopted by many different application domains such as business, health and military. Contexts change continuously because of objective reasons, such as economic situation, political matter and social issues. The adoption of big data analytics by businesses is facilitating such change at an even faster rate in much complicated ways. The potential benefits of embedding contextual information into an application are already evidenced by the improved outcomes of the existing context-aware methods in those applications. Since big data is growing very rapidly, context awareness in big data analytics has become more important and timely because of its proven efficiency in big data understanding and preparation, contributing to extracting the more and accurate value of big data. Many surveys have been published on context-based methods such as context modelling and reasoning, workflow adaptations, computational intelligence techniques and mobile ubiquitous systems. However, to our knowledge, no survey of context-aware methods on big data analytics for business applications supported by enterprise level software has been published to date. To bridge this research gap, in this paper first, we present a definition of context, its modelling and evaluation techniques, and highlight the importance of contextual information for big data analytics. Second, the works in three key business application areas that are context-aware and/or exploit big data analytics have been thoroughly reviewed. Finally, the paper concludes by highlighting a number of contemporary research challenges, including issues concerning modelling, managing and applying business contexts to big data analytics.

Which Defining Model Contributes to More Successful Extraction of Syntactic Class Information and Translation Accuracy?

Definitions in English monolingual learners' dictionaries are the central focus of the paper. Metalexicographers have had a consuming interest in the following three types of definitions: analytical definitions (or classical definitions), full-sentence definitions (also called contextual definitions) and single-clause when -definitions. The use of when -definitions, the role of which is to define abstract nouns, has raised questions and doubts as to their efficacy on correct part of speech recognition of the definiendum , or item being defined, in light of the problems related to the substitutability of headwords and parts of definitions (lack of general category words in this definition format). By and large, existing research has substantiated the superiority of the classical definition-type over single-clause when -definitions with respect to the accuracy of word class identification. The current experiment attempts to further delve into the subject of part of speech recognition with regard to the three aforementioned defining formats — in previous studies only data from analytical and single-clause when -definitions were collated, since contextual definitions were not included in the study design. The study was conducted on a group of 120 advanced-level Polish university students of English. The subjects were tested on their ability of correct extraction of syntactic class information and translation accuracy of abstract noun headwords as regards the three predominant definition-types in English lexicographic practice.

The Problem of Definition of Legal Concepts with “Open Texture”

Introduction: The article discusses the problems associated with the definition of legal concepts which have the feature of “open texture”. The introduction presents the nature and meaning of “open texture”, which is understood as a special kind of indeterminacy. Such concepts are considered in the form in which they were postulated in the works of the Austrian linguistic philosopher Friedrich Waismann and the British legal philosopher Herbert Hart. Theoretical Basis. Methods. It is contested that, in Hart’s interpretation, “open texture” appears in legal concepts in borderline cases, when the meaning of the term of “concept” becomes indeterminate, unclear, uncertain, and we do not know whether or not it should be applied. Such cases should be distinguished from clear-cut cases where such doubt does not arise. The methodological basis of the study is Hart’s thesis stating that legal concepts have “core” and “penumbra” of meaning. The “core” meaning indicates a set of certain conditions, in which the use of the term “concept” is clear, while a “penumbra” meaning refers to conditions in which the its use becomes less clear. “Open texture” in this case, is an irreducible feature of legal concepts. Results. The main result of the study is the assertion that “open texture” as an irreducible feature of legal concepts, can be disproved by changing its definition. It is shown that the most appropriate kind of definition of open-textured legal concepts is the definition or contextual definition, widely used in analytical philosophy.

Sparse metric-based mesh saliency

In this paper, we propose an accurate and robust approach to salient region detection for 3D polygonal surface meshes. The salient regions of a mesh are those that geometrically stand out from their contexts and therefore are semantically important for geometry processing and shape analysis. However, a suitable definition of region contexts for saliency detection remains elusive in the field, and the previous methods fail to produce saliency maps that agree well with human annotations. We address these issues by computing saliency in a global manner and enforcing sparsity for more accurate saliency detection. Specifically, we represent the geometry of a mesh using a metric that globally encodes the shape distances between every pair of local regions. We then propose a sparsity-enforcing rarity optimization problem, solving which allows us to obtain a compact set of salient regions globally distinct from each other. We build a perceptually motivated 3D eye fixation dataset and use a large-scale Schelling saliency dataset for extensive benchmarking of saliency detection methods. The results show that our computed saliency maps are closer to the ground-truth. To showcase the usefulness of our saliency maps for geometry processing, we apply them to feature point localization and achieve higher accuracy compared to established feature detectors.

Going beyond Environment to Context: Leveraging the Power of Context to Produce Change.

This article discusses the processes and implications of going beyond environment to context. The article (a) provides an operational definition of context; (b) describes a multidimensional model of context that views context as being multilevel, multifactorial, and interactive; (c) describes how conceptual models of quality of life, human rights, and human functioning can be used in conjunction with the multidimensional model of context to identify opportunities and develop context-based change strategies that improve quality of life, human rights, and human functioning outcomes; and (d) describes a four-step approach to leveraging an understanding of context to produce change. The article concludes with a discussion of the advantages of and barriers to moving beyond environment to context.

Unleashing the Latent Potential of Young People in Africa: The Example of Dalumuzi Happy Mhlanga and Salathiel Ntakirutimana

This paper tells the story of two young people, Dalumuzi Happy Mhlanga from Zimbabwe and Salathiel Ntakirutimana from Burundi, to show how they have defied the lack of structured opportunities to impact on the development of their home countries and to make a mark globally. The intention is to highlight the potential of young people and to show how this might be unleashed when they are allowed to innovate and flourish. The paper begins by providing a contextual definition of youth from global and African perspectives, followed by an insight into youth participation. Their stories are then told, based on my personal interaction with them during their two years at Waterford Kamhlaba, United World College of Southern Africa in Swaziland, their activities in school, university and in their home communities, their postings on social media and interviews. The discussion identifies Dalumuzi and Salathiel as social entrepreneurs and servant leaders with an enlightened vision of community development and the empowerment of young people. They demonstrate the interrelationship between youth empowerment and sustainable national development. The paper concludes with a message for African leaders and institutions around the world that it is essential to invest creatively in young people as they can be powerful catalysts for African development.

Apresentação. Intersecções do exílio

No campo das artes, processos de migração, voluntários ou forçados, desempenham papel crucial na criação e difusão de ideias, conceitos e novas formas de expressão artística, rompendo barreiras entre "centro" e "periferia", estilhaçando cânones e modelos. A circulação e mobilidade de artistas e agentes culturais nas mais diferentes regiões do globo promoveu a constituição de redes criativas e de coletivos artísticos que cruzaram, por isso, diferentes experiências de desenraizamento cultural, experimentalismo bicultural, projetos artísticos individuais e programas de solidariedade política e social. A associação entre artistas e galeristas, curadores e colecionadores (muitas vezes também eles em migração) nos países de destino deu visibilidade e estruturou essas colaborações criativas, tornando o seu papel relevante em contextos distintos, os de partida e de chegada, articulando deste modo múltiplas realidades e práticas artístico-culturais. Este dossiê sublinha o impacto de projetos colaborativos transculturais na (re)definição de contextos artísticos locais, no agenciamento político e social e no diálogo intercultural, dando particular atenção a grupos formais ou informais que desafiaram narrativas historiográficas, sobretudo as produzidas no universo europeu e norte-americano, diversificaram formas de intervenção e exposição e definiram novas geografias de intercâmbio.

ПРОБЛЕМА КОНТЕКСТА И СОЦИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЭТИКА "КРУГА БАХТИНА"

The article formulates main questions related to the concept of context. The issue of context is considered as a current-day interdisciplinary field of research. There are many definitions of context in dictionaries and in various humanities (including scientific disciplines). In connection with that issue various methodological approaches arise in the humanities, which can be designated by the umbrella term “contextual”. By the example of one of such approaches to the sociological poetics of the “Bakhtin’s circle”, the author substantiates the possibility of creating an interdisciplinary classification of contextual approaches. That classification may include scientific developments of different years and research fields, including: philosophical hermeneutics, a number of approaches to the Russian and foreign literary theory (M.M. Bakhtin, Yu.M. Lotman, B.M. Eichenbaum, F. Moretti, A. Compagnon, etc.), intellectual history, discourse analysis, etc.

P&L Analysis of Exotic Derivatives

In this paper, we introduce a theoretical framework to formalize the analysis of the drivers of an exotic trader's P&L (profit and loss). The framework is divided into five steps: the definition of the trading context, the choice of the hedging instruments and the choice of the valuation/hedging model are the first three steps. Once these elements are defined, the fourth step consists in breaking down the dynamic of the global P&L, including both the exotic derivative exposure and the related hedged portfolio, into specific pieces. This allows to achieve the fifth and final step whose purpose is an analysis of the residual terms of the P&L and in particular, the impact of modeling assumptions on these terms. Two illustrations are proposed to detail the approach: the first one with a generic exotic equity derivative managed with a Local Volatility model, delta-vega hedged and the second one with a generic exotic interest rate derivative managed with a Hull-White model, also delta-vega hedged. These two applications led us to propose a conjecture on the writing of the P&L for models with a single state variable and raise questions regarding the calibration of model parameters.

Communication strategies of social media influencers for branding: the case of Carlos Ríos and Café Secreto

Hyperconnected in a personalized world. This could be one of the definitions of the contemporary social context that technology and its different uses have been drawing from the hand of today’s society. All the social and economic sectors, structurally, and the agents that participate in them, in particular, live a constant challenge where changes are happening at great speed. Catalysts for this dynamic are undoubtedly the social media that have helped to create and foster a technologically hyperconnected world, and have allowed the development of the figure of social media influencer, one of the biggest trends in digital marketing today.This research has the general objective of determining the communication success keys of the social media influencer Carlos Rios (creator of the realfooding healthy life movement) on Instagram, through the analysis of his profile @carlosriosq and his product «Cafe Secreto». For this purpose, a documentary analysis is performed with the data collected from the tools: Keyhole and InstaBro. The results obtained allow us to clarify the communication guidelines for branding on Instagram, among which stands out, after the study of «Cafe Secreto», the redefinition of communication in the product launch phases]

Особенности наследования информации в задачах интеграции систем технической подготовки производства

The article describes the specifics of information inheritance when transferring data from CAD system to CAM system: the object-oriented nature of the transmitted data and the influence of PLM contexts on data semantics. The objectoriented approach implies in the information transfer processes the presence of ―parents‖ and ―descendants‖ and associative relations between them, which makes it possible to reuse engineering projects. UML representation clearly describes the various schemes of information inheritance in the CAD/CAM-integration. These schemes must be taken into account when implementing end-to-end engineering projects. The PLM context is considered as the semantic field of the product life cycle stage, which affects the interpretation of engineering data. Digital space of an enterprise consists of informational contexts which affect the values of the transmitted data. Ignoring this circumstance leads to the loss or distortion of the actual values of the inherited parameters. The article provides a definition of the PLM context as an ontology of the product life cycle stage, which acts as the external environment in relation to integrated applications. A preliminary version of the ontology of the technological domain has been developed. It is proposed to store information about the stages of the product life cycle directly inside the 3D model of the product in the ontological representation of knowledge based on the XML standard. The specifics of information inheritance are considered on the example of integration of the CAM-system developed by the author of the article with its basic CAD-platform KOMPAS-3D. A strategy for automating the influence of PLM contexts on the values of the transmitted data is proposed.

A global meaning of supply chain social sustainability

The purpose of this research is to help reduce tensions in supply chain social sustainability (SCSS) decisions by providing a common global, contextual definition of social sustainability. This exploratory study utilised an inductive structured interview method to capture SCSS concept meanings. Those interviewed are from, have lived, and worked in developed economies, emerging economies and the base of the pyramid (BOP) economies. The results present a new global baseline definition of SCSS to inform theory and practice by finding that SCSS meanings differ not only between the different levels of economic development, but also within the levels as well. Culture, community and whether basic human needs are met all weigh into perspectives of what this concept is and should entail; a broad, contingent definition is most appropriate moving forward for sustainability planning and execution. Further research with stakeholders in more countries and communities is needed to validate our proposal.

Images of the child in preschool music education: Case studies in Australia and China

This article explores images of young children in preschool music curricula in an Australian and a Chinese preschool. The ‘images of the child’ relevant to each country are presented by including children’s voices, teachers’ perceptions of children’s personalities and their ways of learning, and children’s roles in learning as designated in official documents on early childhood education. Framed by a sociocultural perspective, this qualitative case study responds to the changing contexts of early childhood music education (ECME) in both countries. Crystallization as a methodological lens is applied to shed light on the variations and complexities from the teachers’ and the children’s perspectives. Data-gathering methods include document analysis, classroom observations, teachers’ interviews and conversations with children. This article particularly reflects the images and experiences of the children through their own lenses and enriches the scope of current ECME research. The main findings suggest the existence of both alignment and gaps, in varying degrees, between the official policy documents, the teachers’ perceptions, and the children’s understandings of their musical experiences. First, images of the child in the policy articles are interpreted differently in Australia and China, and there is a marked difference between the countries in their definitions of child-centred learning in specific contexts. Finally, implications and directions for future research are suggested to facilitate children’s musical exploration in preschools.

A desambiguação lexical durante a compreensão leitora em inglês como língua estrangeira

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a desambiguação lexical durante a compreensão leitora em inglês como língua estrangeira. Sabe-se que, para desambiguar uma palavra, o leitor normalmente recorre ao contexto; assim, a pesquisa está fundamentada teoricamente em questões que dizem respeito à definição de contexto, e abarca uma teoria lexical denominada Hipótese da Qualidade Lexical (HQL) que explica como as características das palavras (aspectos fonológicos e semânticos, por exemplo), são parte fundamental da compreensão leitora. Este trabalho faz parte de um projeto maior, ainda em andamento, que aqui, traz um estudo de caso que analisa a ambiguidade das palavras record e track em diferentes contextos de uso. Os resultados preliminares mostram que as características das palavras, bem como os diferentes tipos de contexto não estão desvinculados do fenômeno da desambiguação, mas o leitor nem sempre tem a ciência de que precisa desambiguar, ainda que compreenda o que leu.

PNS268 AGGREGATING MULTIPLE ENDPOINTS/PERFORMANCE INDICATORS TO CALCULATE A UNIDIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT OF VALUE IN A COMPOSITE INDEX

Healthcare decisions are complex and involve trade-offs between multiple, often conflicting objectives. The aim of the study is to describe the inductive (empirical) and deductive (theoretical) methods applied to develop a comprehensive theoretical framework to measure the latent construct of value in a unidimensional measure. Based on the literature on value assessment frameworks (VAF), multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), composite indices (CI), a generic framework was developed and used to discuss the basis steps for constructing a value assessment framework. Methodological principles of VAF, MCDA and CI were applied: (1) defining value in VAF currently discussed; (2) describing the properties and scope of MCDA and CI, (3) identifying basic steps for constructing a value assessment framework and (4) guiding decisions on its components. A VAF was constructed to assist decision makers with a composite value indicator (CVI). CVIs assess the performance of complex phenomena that are not directly measurable. The concept of the framework consists of 7 sequential steps: 1) Definition of the decision context (of the phenomenon of value), 2) Identification of performance indicators, 3) Performance measurement of all relevant indicators, 4) Scoring of indicators, 5) Weighting of normalized effects, 6) Aggregation of weighted effects, 7) Interpretation of results. The proposed generic model describes a general, structured approach of value assessment based on MCDA procedures which can be adapted to specific circumstances of a concrete choice situation, to specific objectives or stakeholders. Methods of value measurement derived from MCDA and CI literature offer frameworks to assess the value of health care products and services. However, especially the description and application of scoring and weighting showed large gaps in existing value assessment frameworks. In addition, it remains unclear how patient preferences and costs are included and interpreted. A uniform concept of a value assessment framework and a universal definition is needed.