Page Content Research Articles

Analysis of the Performance Impact of Fine-Tuned Machine Learning Model for Phishing URL Detection

Phishing leverages people’s tendency to share personal information online. Phishing attacks often begin with an email and can be used for a variety of purposes. The cybercriminal will employ social engineering techniques to get the target to click on the link in the phishing email, which will take them to the infected website. These attacks become more complex as hackers personalize their fraud and provide convincing messages. Phishing with a malicious URL is an advanced kind of cybercrime. It might be challenging even for cautious users to spot phishing URLs. The researchers displayed different techniques to address this challenge. Machine learning models improve detection by using URLs, web page content and external features. This article presents the findings of an experimental study that attempted to enhance the performance of machine learning models to obtain improved accuracy for the two phishing datasets that are used the most commonly. Three distinct types of tuning factors are utilized, including data balancing, hyper-parameter optimization and feature selection. The experiment utilizes the eight most prevalent machine learning methods and two distinct datasets obtained from online sources, such as the UCI repository and the Mendeley repository. The result demonstrates that data balance improves accuracy marginally, whereas hyperparameter adjustment and feature selection improve accuracy significantly. The performance of machine learning algorithms is improved by combining all fine-tuned factors, outperforming existing research works. The result shows that tuning factors enhance the efficiency of machine learning algorithms. For Dataset-1, Random Forest (RF) and Gradient Boosting (XGB) achieve accuracy rates of 97.44% and 97.47%, respectively. Gradient Boosting (GB) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) achieve accuracy values of 98.27% and 98.21%, respectively, for Dataset-2.

A Focused Event Crawler with Temporal Intent

Temporal intent is an important component of events. It plays an important role in collecting them from the web with focused crawlers. However, traditionally focused crawlers usually only consider factors such as topic keywords, web page content, and anchor text, ignoring the relationship between web pages and the temporal intent of events. This leads to their poor crawling performance. This paper aims to understand the temporal intent of events and apply it within focused crawlers. First, a new temporal intent identification method is proposed based on Google Trends data. The method can automatically identify the start time of an event and quantify the temporal distribution of the event. Then, a new focused event crawler with temporal intent is proposed. The crawler incorporates the start time of the event into the similarity calculation module, and a new URL (Uniform Resource Locator) priority assignment method is developed using the quantified temporal distribution of temporal intent as the independent variable of a natural exponential function. Experimental results show that our method is effective in identifying the start time of events at the month level and quantifying the temporal distribution of events. Furthermore, compared to the traditional best-first crawling method, the precision of our method improves by an average of 10.28%, and a maximum of 25.21%. These results indicate that our method performs better in retrieving relevant pages and assigning URL priority. This also illustrates the importance of the relationship between web pages and the temporal intent of events.

Understanding why searching the internet inflates confidence in explanatory ability

AbstractPeople rely on the internet for easy access to information, setting up potential confusion about the boundaries between an individual's knowledge and the information they find online. Across four experiments, we replicated and extended past work showing that online searching inflates people's confidence in their knowledge. Participants who searched the internet for explanations rated their explanatory ability higher than participants who read but did not search for the same explanations. Two experiments showed that extraneous web page content (pictures) does not drive this effect. The last experiment modeled how search engines yield results; participants saw (but did not search for) a list of hits, which included “snippets” that previewed web page content, before reading the explanations. Participants in this condition were as confident as participants who searched online. Previewing hits primes to‐be‐read content, in a modern‐day equivalent of Titchener's famous example of a brief glance eliciting false feelings of familiarity.

Content analysis of suicide prevention web pages from perspective of preventive psychiatric approaches.

Suicide is a serious public health problem; however, suicides are preventable with evidence-based and often low-cost interventions. This study analyzes the online content of suicide prevention and helps websites in the context of preventive psychiatry. The universe and sample of the research consisted of 147 web pages whose links can be found on the most widely used international social media platforms and websites dedicated to suicide prevention. To conduct the content analysis, the crisis hotline guide prepared by the World Health Organization for suicide prevention and the guide prepared for media professionals were used in the data collection form created by the researchers. The majority of the websites were of European origin and were prepared by mental health and suicide prevention associations for suicide prevention and crisis intervention. Telephone helplines were the most common means of communicating with consultants via the web page. On the basis of the research findings, suggestions were generated regarding the scope, content, and sustainability of web pages for crisis intervention and suicide prevention prepared at the national and international levels.

Does congruency matter for online green demarketing campaigns? Examining the effects of retargeting display ads embedded in different browsing contexts

PurposeGreen demarketing, which promotes anti-consumption as a more extreme sustainability tactic, could help consumers and societies move toward healthier consumption patterns while building strong, long-lasting relationships with consumers. As even the most committed brands find the need to oscillate between demarketing and conventional marketing for survival, this research tests how the congruency of the campaign shown on a brand's home page (owned media) and a following retargeting ad (paid media) could impact perceived congruency and further downstream effects. In doing so, this research proposes that the media context (i.e. news or shopping browsing context) in which the retargeting ad is embedded could determine how much congruency of the demarketing campaign across owned and paid media matters.Design/methodology/approachAn experiment with a 2 (home page content: green vs. demarketing) × 2 (retargeting ad content: product vs. demarketing) × 2 (browsing context: shopping vs. news) between-subjects factorial design was employed with an online panel of 430 participants. The participants first saw the brand's home page content, then were assigned to a website browsing context where the retargeting ad of the brand was embedded.FindingsIn a news browsing context, users perceived higher congruency when product retargeting ads (vs. demarketing) were shown after a green home page exposure and when demarketing retargeting ads (vs. products) were delivered after a demarketing home page. The elevated perceived congruency successfully led to higher ad argument and ad attitude. These differences were not present in a shopping browsing context. These results showed that the congruency between the home page and the retargeting ad for demarketing campaigns mattered more in certain media contexts (i.e. news browsing context).Originality/valueThe study closes the empirical gap in demarketing brand activism campaigns by demonstrating when and how congruency between multiple owned and paid channels for demarketing campaigns impacts consumer responses. This study provides evidence of how the match of the demarketing campaign shown on a brand's home page and a following retargeting ad could impact perceived congruency and further downstream effects of ad argument and ad attitude while considering different browsing context effects.

Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, United States, 2023.

Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, United States, 2023.

Is targeting the solution? Evidence from an experiment on radon risk communication

While prolonged exposure to radon is one of the most significant risk factors for lung cancer, public awareness and willingness to mitigate the risk are typically low, even in regions with high radon concentrations. Given this, it has been voiced that health protection agencies should follow a more targeted risk communication approach (Perko & Turcanu, 2020). While targeted and tailored risk communication approaches have been shown to be successful, especially regarding so-called lifestyle risks (smoking, unhealthy diet, etc.), the effects of targeted radon risk communication from a health protection agency perspective have not been analyzed thus far. To this end, we conducted an online experiment. Four web pages were created targeting four stakeholder groups: (1) tenants and (2) house owners in municipalities with high radon concentrations, (3) tenants and (4) house owners in areas adjacent to municipalities with high radon concentrations. The content of the web pages was designed based on the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection’s (BfS) materials. Participants (n = 293 valid cases) were randomly assigned either to the experimental or control group. We assessed differences between the stakeholder groups regarding information comprehension, risk perception, behavioral intention, perceived efficacy of measures against radon, and (personal) uncertainty regarding radon. In a MANOVA including all five dependent variables, the null hypothesis that there are no differences regarding these variables between the stakeholder groups could not be rejected (Wilk’s Λ = 0.9980, p = .99). Given an achieved statistical power of 1-β = .93 for effects of medium size according to Cohen, it is quite unlikely that medium or large effects can be achieved by targeting risk communication to the stakeholder groups described above, given our data. As the statistical power to detect small effects was low (1-β = .21), these cannot be precluded. Potential reasons for this finding and implications for risk communication practice are discussed.

Contextual Embeddings-Based Web Page Categorization Using the Fine-Tune BERT Model

The World Wide Web has revolutionized the way we live, causing the number of web pages to increase exponentially. The web provides access to a tremendous amount of information, so it is difficult for internet users to locate accurate and useful information on the web. In order to categorize pages accurately based on the queries of users, methods of categorizing web pages need to be developed. The text content of web pages plays a significant role in the categorization of web pages. If a word’s position is altered within a sentence, causing a change in the interpretation of that sentence, this phenomenon is called polysemy. In web page categorization, the polysemy property causes ambiguity and is referred to as the polysemy problem. This paper proposes a fine-tuned model to solve the polysemy problem, using contextual embeddings created by the symmetry multi-head encoder layer of the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT). The effectiveness of the proposed model was evaluated by using the benchmark datasets for web page categorization, i.e., WebKB and DMOZ. Furthermore, the experiment series also fine-tuned the proposed model’s hyperparameters to achieve 96.00% and 84.00% F1-Scores, respectively, demonstrating the proposed model’s importance compared to baseline approaches based on machine learning and deep learning.

Toward semantic web using personalization techniques

This paper is presenting a model to make the dream of semantic web come true, it is just so far for the re-cent technology to completely move the whole internet Architecture to semantic Architecture, the model presented along this paper is to use personalization techniques to customize web servers in a way to make possessed web pages looks like it has been semantically composed. This model is a step toward a possible and meaningful synthesis of search engines and agent technology to participate in personalize customer needs and build semantic relations within the page content.

Weighted ensemble classifier for malicious link detection using natural language processing

Purpose The internet has completely merged into contemporary life. People are addicted to using internet services for everyday activities. Consequently, an abundance of information about people and organizations is available online, which encourages the proliferation of cybercrimes. Cybercriminals often use malicious links for large-scale cyberattacks, which are disseminated via email, SMS and social media. Recognizing malicious links online can be exceedingly challenging. The purpose of this paper is to present a strong security system that can detect malicious links in the cyberspace using natural language processing technique. Design/methodology/approach The researcher recommends a variety of approaches, including blacklisting and rules-based machine/deep learning, for automatically recognizing malicious links. But the approaches generally necessitate the generation of a set of features to generalize the detection process. Most of the features are generated by processing URLs and content of the web page, as well as some external features such as the ranking of the web page and domain name system information. This process of feature extraction and selection typically takes more time and demands a high level of expertise in the domain. Sometimes the generated features may not leverage the full potentials of the data set. In addition, the majority of the currently deployed systems make use of a single classifier for the classification of malicious links. However, prediction accuracy may vary widely depending on the data set and the classifier used. Findings To address the issue of generating feature sets, the proposed method uses natural language processing techniques (term frequency and inverse document frequency) that vectorize URLs. To build a robust system for the classification of malicious links, the proposed system implements weighted soft voting classifier, an ensemble classifier that combines predictions of base classifiers. The ability or skill of each classifier serves as the base for the weight that is assigned to it. Originality/value The proposed method performs better when the optimal weights are assigned. The performance of the proposed method was assessed by using two different data sets (D1 and D2) and compared performance against base machine learning classifiers and previous research results. The outcome accuracy shows that the proposed method is superior to the existing methods, offering 91.4% and 98.8% accuracy for data sets D1 and D2, respectively.

Title Page and Table of Contents 11(2)

Title Page and Table of Contents 11(2)

Title Page and Table of Contents 11(1)

Title Page and Table of Contents 11(1)

The effect of teaching methods on university students’ intention to use online learning: Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) validation and testing

Web 2.0 has changed the way consumers access information. This study aims to investigate the relationship between social media (Watsons’ Facebook page) content and consumers repurchase intention. In addition, it determined whether E-WOM and interactivity can act as the mediating variables between the social media content and repurchase decision. The data were collected through online and offline questionnaires. A total of 146 valid questionnaires were obtained and analyzed using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) through the SMART-PLS 3.3.9 software. The findings support the direct effect of social media content on E-WOM, interactivity, and repurchase intention. Moreover, the results confirmed the mediating role of interactivity between social media content and repurchase intention, however, E-WOM does not mediate between social media content and repurchase intention. The present study suggests some managerial implications for beauty brand retailers and provides fundamental strategies related to their social media.

Bridging social media content and re-purchasing behavior: The mediation role of interactivity and e-WOM

Web 2.0 has changed the way consumers access information. This study aims to investigate the relationship between social media (Watsons’ Facebook page) content and consumers repurchase intention. In addition, it determined whether E-WOM and interactivity can act as the mediating variables between the social media content and repurchase decision. The data were collected through online and offline questionnaires. A total of 146 valid questionnaires were obtained and analyzed using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) through the SMART-PLS 3.3.9 software. The findings support the direct effect of social media content on E-WOM, interactivity, and repurchase intention. Moreover, the results confirmed the mediating role of interactivity between social media content and repurchase intention, however, E-WOM does not mediate between social media content and repurchase intention. The present study suggests some managerial implications for beauty brand retailers and provides fundamental strategies related to their social media.

Children's Literature in the Nordic World by Nina Christensen and Charlotte Appel (review)

Reviewed by: Children's Literature in the Nordic World by Nina Christensen and Charlotte Appel Stephen M. Zimmerly (bio) Children's Literature in the Nordic World, by Nina Christensen and Charlotte Appel. Aarhus UP and U of Wisconsin P, 2021. (Series: The Nordic World) As part of a collective of experts from the five Nordic countries, gathered together to provide a comprehensive look into Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland, Nina Christensen and Charlotte Appel set an ambitious agenda for their contribution to Aarhus U P's Nordic World series. The two are tasked with providing insight into how the reading experience of Nordic children's literature has evolved over the last nearly three hundred years, and how it has influenced and been influenced by all things Scandinavian (in the American sense of the word, including Finland). The result is a worthwhile and fascinating contribution through which to study this subset of children's literature, even while it is an inherently impossible task to accomplish in a scant 105 pages of content. The Introduction outlines how the volume intends to study five relatively distinct time periods in five separate chapters: 1750–1820, 1820–1900, 1900–1950, 1950–2000, and post-2000. Christensen and Appel further structure each chapter accordingly: they begin consideration of most of these eras by offering a few case studies meant to illustrate childhood opportunity and reading practices. From there, they dive into historical, political, technological, social, and cultural influences, analyzing to what extent those influences affected children and what those children subsequently may have read during the given time frame. The work is interdisciplinary in nature and, as a result, is somewhat ironically devoid of substantial literary criticism. Chapter 2 creates the foundational example for the chapters that follow, as it begins by comparing two case studies of children and their reading opportunities. The first is the financially well-to-do Friederike Brun (1765–1835), and the second is the poor Hans Christian Andersen (1805–1875). Many of the examples of their childhoods come from their own autobiographies, including anecdotes of access to "a poor boy's reading culture" versus "a room of her own … [to] read and contemplate the compilation of poems" (14, 16). The poor Andersen turns to oral storytelling and inventive performance in the reality of "meager resources and limited access to books" (15). The affluent Brun becomes an author after learning to read "at the age of [End Page 188] four" and educating herself (15). The influence of the state Lutheran church is also established to be far-reaching during this time period, as children systematically worked through a series of primers and catechisms produced by the church and mandated as required reading in school. Paramount to all of this is the geo-political climate involving the two major "conglomerate" political powers in the Nordic region. Demark controlled itself, Norway, and parts of Iceland and Greenland (among other colonies throughout the globe). Sweden controlled itself, Finland, and territories "along the south-east coast of the Baltic Sea" (21). As this structure began changing in significant ways in the early nineteenth-century, entire systems of governance, agriculture, and school reform took shape. Christensen and Appel explore these changes in subsequent chapters. Chapter 3 opens with anecdotes and histories from two more authors: poor Anton Nielsen (1827–1897) and affluent Ida Holten Thiele (1830–1862). As in Chapter 2, the contrasting examples are used to illustrate the obstacles facing the less financially fortunate in their quest for books, stories, or other literary input, while simultaneously showcasing how those from wealthier families were given access to the classics, individual teaching and tutors, and cutting-edge publishing trends for a newly discovered childhood market. The turn to the historical narrative very clearly follows what came in the previous chapter, as the need to give context to Anderson spans both time periods. Denmark's hegemony in the Nordic countries eroded after failures during the Napoleonic wars (ca. 1814) and gave rise to a subsequent need to reinvent the "unique character of the Danish mother tongue, the history of the father-land, and the Danish people"—all of which found reflection in the "politics, education, and texts and...

ChatGPT: Implications for academic libraries

ChatGPT burst onto the scene in late November 2022 and immediately went viral, reaching one million users in one week. Built by OpenAI, which is also responsible for the breakthrough image generator, DALL-E, ChatGPT is an LLM (large language model) tool that uses deep learning techniques to generate text in response to questions posed to it. It can generate essays, email, song lyrics, recipes, computer code, webpages, even games and medical diagnoses. Rather than search the internet, ChatGPT has been trained on a large corpus of text, including news articles, books, websites, academic articles, and other sources. The current corpus includes data from multiple languages and computer codes. The generation of text is accomplished by predicting the next word in a series of words to produce sentences and then entire pages of content.

The Influence of Online Advertising Presentation Form on Advertising Effectiveness from the Perspective of Web Page Content Involvement

The Influence of Online Advertising Presentation Form on Advertising Effectiveness from the Perspective of Web Page Content Involvement

MITIGATING PARTIAL CONTENT UPDATE ISSUES ON WEB PAGES THROUGH SPA PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION

The experience of recent years has shown that the number of active web applications developed according to the fundamental principles of single-page applications continues to grow steadily despite a decrease in the number of newly created ones. This indicates a shift in focus from the importance of developing anew to the necessity of maintaining, servicing, and optimizing the existing end product. Furthermore, with the advancement and improvement of web development technologies, the potential expectations of users increase, necessitating the provision of a worthy user experience and the enhancement of application competitiveness. A significant role in this process is played by the partial content update process on web pages, widely used in the development of single-page applications. Most modern JavaScript frameworks designed for client-side web development employ the "out-of-box" technique, thereby providing the developer with complete discretion in deciding on approaches to its application. However, the automatic use of the web page content update mechanism does not guarantee desired results and often leads to average or sometimes unsatisfactory values that could have been avoided. This article provides an analysis of the characteristics of the performance parameters of a single-page web application, explores alternative methods to solve the stated problem, investigates potential "problematic" areas of the client-side of applications, compares the functioning of content update mechanisms of the most popular JavaScript frameworks Angular and React.js, and formulates recommendations for optimizing the overall application performance. The article concludes with tables of Core Web Vitals metrics for evaluating the effectiveness of the conducted optimization. Finally, potential vectors for further research are proposed.

Mitigating partial content update issues on web pages through SPA parameter optimization

The experience of recent years has shown that the number of active web applications developed according to the fundamental principles of single-page applications continues to grow steadily despite a decrease in the number of newly created ones. This indicates a shift in focus from the importance of developing anew to the necessity of maintaining, servicing, and optimizing the existing end product. Furthermore, with the advancement and improvement of web development technologies, the potential expectations of users increase, necessitating the provision of a worthy user experience and the enhancement of application competitiveness. A significant role in this process is played by the partial content update process on web pages, widely used in the development of single-page applications. Most modern JavaScript frameworks designed for client-side web development employ the «out-of-box» technique, thereby providing the developer with complete discretion in deciding on approaches to its application. However, the automatic use of the web page content update mechanism does not guarantee desired results and often leads to average or sometimes unsatisfactory values that could have been avoided. This article provides an analysis of the characteristics of the performance parameters of a single-page web application, explores alternative methods to solve the stated problem, investigates potential «problematic» areas of the client-side of applications, compares the functioning of content update mechanisms of the most popular JavaScript frameworks Angular and React.js, and formulates recommendations for optimizing the overall application performance. The article concludes with tables of Core Web Vitals metrics for evaluating the effectiveness of the conducted optimization. Finally, potential vectors for further research are proposed.

An Analysis of Deixis Used by McDonald's Webpage Content

<p> This research studies about deixis used by McDonald’s webpage content. There are two objectives of this research. The first objective is to identify the types of deixis used by McDonald’s webpage content and the second objective is to analyze the referents meaning of the deixis used by McDonald’s webpage content. The research method is descriptive qualitative method with data analysis technique, that is content analysis design. The result of the research shows that there were 94 deixis used by McDonald’s web page content. The data of deixis types are classified into five types. They are person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, social deixis and discourse deixis. In this research, person deixis became the most dominant type of deixis used by McDonald’s. person deixis in addressing McDonald’s teams and McDonald’s customers. The usage of social deixis to address McDonald’s partners and the relation, discourse deixis for explaining the discourse in upcoming and prior portion about the McDonald’s content in the McDonald’s webpage. Next, place deixis is used to mention the location and the time deixis is used for referring the specific time.</p>