Content Of Vitamin Research Articles

БУРЫЕ ВОДОРОСЛИ БЕЛОГО МОРЯ — ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЙ ИСТОЧНИК БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ АКТИВНЫХ ВЕЩЕСТВ ДЛЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ПТИЦЫ

Brown algae of Fucus and Ascophylum genera may be sources of biologically active substances for poultry. Content of water soluble vitamins and essential amino acids has been determined in brown algae samples during research.

Vitamin D content and prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D levels in patients with epilepsy (PWE) were systematically evaluated, and the differences between subgroups were analyzed. We identified all articles investigating the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with epilepsy from the database established in March 2024 from PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. We divided them into anti-seizure medication (ASM) interventions and non-ASM interventions according to whether or not someone used ASM. A total of 68 articles were included. The prevalence of newly diagnosed epilepsy was 50.2% (95% CI: 38.7-61.7%), and the prevalence after ASM intervention was 47.9% (95% CI: 40-55.9%), including 7,070 patients with epilepsy. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed according to the diagnostic criteria, economic development level, region, age, ASM treatment, and other factors. The results showed that the differences were not significant. In addition, the vitamin D content of epilepsy patients (18.719 ng/mL) was lower than that of healthy people (20.295 ng/mL). The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with epilepsy is very high. Still, the related factors have little effect on the high prevalence of vitamin D in epilepsy, and ASM intervention can reduce the vitamin D content in patients with epilepsy. Therefore, it is emphasized that monitoring vitamin D levels is part of the routine management of patients with epilepsy. The protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). (registration number CRD42023493896). https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ # myprospero.

Evaluation of cupcakes bioavailability and nutritional value

Numerous studies aimed at expanding the production of domestic healthy food products meet the objectives of national programs and projects implemented at the state level. Flour confectionery products are known to be an integral part of the food basket of our country's inhabitants. Therefore, the use of non-traditional vegetable raw materials with a high content of fiber, vitamins, and minerals in their manufacture is an important research field. In addition, these technologies are resource-saving and allow expanding the range of products for specialized and therapeutic purposes, including those for people with gluten intolerance. However, it should be mentioned that the introduction of additional raw materials is an interference with the traditional cooking technology and may affect the finished product quality, which requires additional research. Therefore, the effect of biologically active components on the bioavailability and nutritional value of a cupcake enriched with non-traditional types of raw materials was studied in the work. The ciliates P. caudatum were used as a test object for assessing the studied samples bioavailability. In addition, indicators of nutritional and energy value were determined in finished products. The studies carried out proved that the use of whole wheat flour, grape seed flour, sesame oil and sesame seeds in the production of cupcakes helps to increase its biotic potential, biological and nutritional value.

Correlation between fat-soluble vitamin levels and inflammatory factors in paediatric community-acquired pneumonia: A prospective study.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common respiratory disease in children. This prospective cohort study of 110 children with CAP and 100 healthy children investigated the relationship between the levels of vitamin A, D and E and inflammatory markers, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF-a), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-10 (IL-10), neutrophils (NE) and C-reactive protein (CRP), in CAP. The haemoglobin, leukocyte concentration, NE, monocytes and CRP concentration in the CAP group showed significant differences (P < 0.05). The levels of vitamin A, D and E in the CAP group were lower than those in the control group, while the levels of TNF-a and IL-1 were higher than in the control group; the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The IL-10 levels showed no significant differences (P > 0.05). Pearson analysis revealed that the vitamin A, D and E levels were all correlated with the TNF-a, IL-10 and CRP levels (P < 0.05). The vitamin A, D and E levels of the CAP children were lower than those of the healthy children. Thus, the content of fat-soluble vitamins is correlated with the secretion of TNF-a and IL-10. The research provides a new direction for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of CAP.

КОМПЛЕКСНОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРОБИОТИКА «ПРОЛАКСИМ-В» И СЕЛЕНОСОДЕРЖАЩЕГО ПРЕПАРАТА «НУТРИСЕЛ» ПРИ ОТКОРМЕ ИНДЕЙКИ

The industrial cultivation of turkey is a profitable area of agriculture. Turkey care is the same as for many other domestic birds. But the main difference lies in the size of this bird. This is a relatively large poultry. Today, industrial turkey breeding is a very popular business. And its popularity is gradually growing. For profitable meat production, it is necessary to use certain breeds of modern turkeys, which are distinguished by the highest conversion of feed into meat. They consume less food and turn it into meat in a very short time. Each period of the life of a turkey grown on factory farms is controlled in such a way as to maximize the final weight of the turkey in order to make a profit. The industry has increased the number of poultry raised in factories, thanks to breeding, various feed formulations and modern management methods. In modern production, all turkeys grown in factories are bred exclusively by artificial insemination in order to make production as efficient as possible. Turkeys grown at enterprises are too large and muscular to reproduce naturally, so sperm is collected from male turkeys and injected into female turkeys. Feeding turkeys is a serious matter. The food changes several times during the life of the birds. It is always a feed based on corn and soy, but with a different content of additional vitamins and minerals, depending on the stage of growth of turkeys. The texture of the feed also changes as the birds mature. The results of studies on the effect of the combined use of the probiotic «Prolaxim-B» and the seleniumcontaining drug «NutriSel» on the safety of livestock, the growth of experimental poultry and feed consumption per 1 kg of gain, the chemical composition of the total minced meat of the pectoral and femoral muscles are presented. Scientific and economic experiments were carried out on the farm of IP Ermakov on turkeys of the Hybrid Converter cross. To conduct the experiment, a control group and two experimental groups of 250 heads each were formed. The chemical composition of turkey meat was carried out at the age of 120 days

Maturation and antioxidant activity of 'Giombo' and 'Rama Forte' persimmons produced in the Brazilian semiarid.

The objective of this work was characterizing persimmons of the 'Giombo' and 'Rama Forte' cultivars harvested at different ripening stages in the Brazilian semiarid. Fruits were harvested at three ripening stages - green, semi-ripe and ripe - then evaluated for the following characteristics: fruit weight and diameter, skin and pulp color, fruit firmness, pulp pH, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, SSC/TA ratio, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, astringency index, and the contents of tannin, vitamin C, carotenoid, β-carotene, and total extractable polyphenols. Also, total antioxidant activity by the DPPH and ABTS methods and pectin methylesterase, and polygalacturonase enzyme activities were evaluated. Two experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design, one for each cultivar, with treatments consisting of different stages of maturation, with five replications of three fruits each. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the differences between the means were compared using the Tukey test at 5% probability. Fruit firmness and soluble solids content did not vary between maturation stages for any of the cultivars. However, the skin color index increased with advancing maturation for both 'Giombo' and 'Rama Forte'. The astringency index, the content of total extractable polyphenols, soluble tannins and the antioxidant capacity were lower in fruits harvested at the ripe stage, for both cultivars. It can be concluded that persimmons of the 'Giombo' and 'Rama Forte' cultivars present better physicochemical quality characteristics when harvested when ripe, with a totally yellow skin.

Micronutrient and antinutrient content of semi-processed fruit peels: Towards boosting immunity.

Fruits are excellent sources of micronutrients; hence, their consumption is highly recommended. However, fruit peels, often discarded, despite some being edible have been reported to contain essential nutrients and antioxidants, which contribute to disease prevention and well-being. This study sought to evaluate the micronutrient and antinutrient content of 10 edible fruit peels namely, orange, mango, pineapple, banana, lemon, mandarin, red apple, cucumber, guava and pawpaw peels. Laboratory analyses of the fruit peels were conducted at the University of Calabar, in a well-ventilated and temperature controlled environment to ensure accurate results. The research design was quantitative and experimental; laboratory analyses were carried out to determine the minerals, vitamins and antinutrients in fruit peels using AOAC standard methods. Data were analysed using ANOVA on SPSS version 20.0. Calcium was the most predominant of the minerals analysed, with values ranging from 33.12 ± 0.05 mg/100 g (cucumber peels) to 72.04 ± 0.08 mg/100 g (mango peels); calcium was followed by magnesium. Mandarin, banana and pineapple peels had statistically similar (p > 0.05) content of zinc (about 1.2 mg/100g), which was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than others. Mandarin peels had significantly higher content (100.48 ± 2.03 mg/100 g) of vitamin C, while cucumber peels recorded the lowest (27.50 ± 0.01 mg/100 g). The results show significant concentrations of micronutrients such as iron, selenium and vitamin K; among the antinutrients, hydrogen cyanide had the highest concentrations, followed by phytate. The values were within safe limits. Therefore, the processing of fruit peels, for use as dietary additives to enrich foods and boost immunity, should be promoted. The study shows the potential of fruit peels as food additives.

New and Advanced Methods in Detection of Fruit Juice Adulteration: Focusing on Nano‐Biosensor

One of the most popular products made from fruit is juice, which is consumed as a snack by people of all ages due to its high content of polyphenols and vitamins. Therefore, the prevalence of adulteration in juices is very high, and ensuring the authenticity and quality of juices is a major concern for those responsible for monitoring food safety for the public. The most common frauds in fruit juices include adding water, sugar, organic acids, and other juices clouding agents and exceeding the permitted amount of sulfites. Having knowledge of the types of fraud in fruit juices and their detection methods is essential for developing more efficient detection methods. Chromatographic techniques, such as high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC), are commonly used to determine the purity of fruit juices. Among the new methods for detecting counterfeit fruit juice, the development of bio‐nanosensors is particularly notable. These sensors reduce sample volume, analytical time, costs, and solvent consumption and will be discussed further in this study. Therefore, this review will explain the basic analytical approaches and chemometric tools used to assess the authenticity of fruit juice and identify any adulteration in the juice.

Immunological strip sensor for the rapid determination of niacin in dietary supplements and foods.

Herein, four haptens of niacin (Vitamin B3, VB3) were designed, and after a series of experiments, it was concluded that hapten D had the best immune effect. To avoid false positives in the detection of real samples, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against VB3 was prepared by a matrix effect-enhanced mAb screening method. The concentration of the inhibition rate reaching 50% (IC50) was 603.41 ng mL-1 and the limit of detection (LOD) using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) was 54.89 ng mL-1. A lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA) based on gold nanoparticles was established to detect the concentration of VB3 in compound vitamin B tablets and infant formulas, with a visual LOD of 5 μg mL-1. Using a handheld reader, the quantitative LOD was calculated to be 0.60 μg mL-1. The contents of the compound vitamin B tablets and infant formulas were also verified by liquid chromatography. Therefore, the LFIA developed in this study can be applied to the specific identification and rapid detection of niacin in nutritional dietary supplements, thus meeting the market's demand for efficient niacin detection methods.

The influence of nutritional habits, body mass index and intestinal microbiota in mastocytosis on clinical symptoms using conventional culture and next generation sequencing.

Mastocytosis is a rare neoplastic disease of the bone marrow associated with the proliferation and accumulation of mast cells in various internal organs, including the gastrointestinal tract. There are few studies describing the gut microbiome of patients with mastocytosis using next generation sequencing supported using traditional culture methods. The aims of the study were, firstly, the determination of nutrition habits, composition of the intestinal microflora and BMI in mastocytosis, and secondly, analysis of mastocytosis severity and symptoms depending on the composition of the intestinal microflora. The study included 47 patients with indolent systemic mastocytosis and 18 healthy controls. All participants gave their informed consent to participate in the study. The study consisted of 3 parts: I-clinical assessment, II - examination of the intestinal microflora using the biochemical method, III - 16S rRNA sequencing. The nutrition habits and BMI of mastocytosis patients were similar to controls; however, most patients with mastocytosis had a low dietary vitamin and mineral content. As many as 94.5% of patients had too little fiber intake and mineral content. The most common cause of the abnormal stool test result with traditional culture was a titer of E. coli <106 . The low richness of microbiota species indicated by the Simpson index was observed in mastocytosis, p=0.04. There were no significant differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora depending on the type of mastocytosis; however, the tryptase level correlated with the amount of Suterella, Barnesiellaceae, Eubacterium, Odoribacter, and Anaerostipes. The nutritional habits and BMI of mastocytosis patients are similar to the general population, except for too little fiber intake and mineral content. The gastrointestinal symptoms of mastocytosis patients may be related to the low richness of microbiota species and the amount of Suterella, Barnesiellaceae, Eubacterium, Odoribacter, Anaerostipes, which correlated with tryptase levels.

Interspecific Hybrid Rootstocks Improve Productivity of Tomato Grown under High-temperature Stress

Grafting can be a useful technology to improve productivity of vegetable crops, including tomato, particularly under the serious challenges of climate change for agricultural systems. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of some local tomato interspecific hybrid rootstocks along with Maxifort on the vegetative growth, productivity, and fruit quality of tomato under field production conditions. Heat-tolerant tomato hybrid 023 F1 was used as a scion over the two late summer seasons of 2021 and 2022. Grafting 023 F1 onto Maxifort or KFS-16 rootstocks resulted in the maximum plant growth. Similarly, Maxifort and KFS-16 rootstocks significantly increased the fruit setting percentage from 22.2% to 23.5% and 17.8% to 24.6%, total fruit yield from 33.5% to 53.7% and 29.6% to 51.6%, and marketable yields from 34.1% to 56.0% and 27.3% to 56.7%, respectively, during both seasons compared with nongrafted plants. These two rootstocks enhanced nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) uptake compared with nongrafted planted. However, grafting with the interspecific hybrid rootstocks (KFS-8 and KWS-9) significantly decreased the content of catalase, peroxidase, and proline, which might be associated with lower plant vigor and yield in these rootstocks. All rootstocks had an impact on fruit chemical composition; however, generally, Maxifort and KFS-16 had greater contents of vitamin C, β-carotene, and total antioxidants than nongrafted plants. KFS-16 had also greater lycopene content than nongrafted plants. These results demonstrate the potential use of Maxifort and local rootstock KFS-16 to boost the growth and yield of tomato plants under high-temperature stress in the late summer season.

РОЛЬ СЕЛЕНА В ОРГАНИЗМЕ КРУПНОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА

This article presents the role of selenium and the effects of selenium additives in cattle. Selenium is an essential trace element for cattle. The daily requirement for selenium in cattle varies between 100– 300 µg/kg of dry matter. Diets with high content of vitamin E, calcium, sulfur, and lead reduce the availability of selenium from the ration. The inclusion of selenium into the ration is accompanied by a decrease in the incidence of ovarian cysts and mastitis in postpartum period of cows. At the same time, the increase in fertility with the addition of selenium is associated with a decrease in embryonic death during the first month of pregnancy. The inclusion of selenium into the rations of fattening bulls is accompanied by an increase in weight growth. At the same time, the authors explain the lack of effect of selenium additives on the average daily gain by the peculiarity of selenium-dependent proteins to a delayed response to rising levels the selenium level in organism of fattening bulls. It has been established that the inclusion of additional sources of selenium have no a significant effect on the fatty acid profile of the meat from beef bulls, with the exception of linoleic and palmitic acids.

Biochemical composition of sheep milk of different breeds during the summer lactation period.

The article presents the results of the study of biochemical composition of sheep milk in the summer lactation period for 4 sheep breeds. According to research results, 18 amino acids were found in sheep milk. During the summer lactation period, the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, both the Ordabasy breed and the South Kazakh merino exhibit higher levels (ranging from 6349 to 6989) compared to the Kazakh fine-fleeced and meat Merino breeds (ranging from 5835 to 5500). When analyzing sheep milk, a tendency towards a higher content of vitamin A (59.91 μg/100 g) and B6 (73.0 μg/100 g) was noted. The highest calcium content was found in the milk of the Kazakh fine-fleeced sheep, while the lowest was observed in the South Kazakh merino breed. Better milk productivity, along with increased fat and protein content, has been noted in sheep of the Ordabasy and South Kazakh merino breeds.

Emerging berries from the Brazilian Amazon and Atlantic Forest biomes: new sources of bioactive compounds with potential health benefits.

Brazil has a broad geographic biodiversity spread across its six different biomes. However, it has been suffering from the abusive exploitation of its resources, which poses a threat to the local fauna and flora. The Amazon and Atlantic Forest, for example, are birthplaces to rare and edible native species, such as bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba, Arecaceae) and camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia, Myrtaceae), and cereja-do-Rio Grande (Eugenia involucrata, Myrtaceae) and grumixama (Eugenia brasiliensis, Myrtaceae), respectively. These plants produce fruits which are sources of macro and micronutrients, including sugars, dietary fibers, vitamins, minerals, and/or lipids. Nutritionally, their consumption have the ability to reach partially or totally the daily recommendations for adults of some nutrients. More recently, these fruits have also been exposed as interesting sources of minor bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, terpenes, and/or polyphenols, the latter which include anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and tannins. Particularly, bacaba stands out for being a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (around 22%, dry weight) and dietary fibers (6.5-21%, dry weight); camu-camu has very high contents of vitamin C (up to 5000 mg per 100 g of pulp, dry basis); and cereja-do-Rio-Grande and grumixama are abundant sources of anthocyanins. Although they are still underexplored, several in vitro and in vivo studies with different parts of the fruits, including the peel, seed, and pulp, indicate their health potential through anti-oxidative, anti-obesity, antihyperglycemic, antidyslipidemic, antimicrobial, and/or anticancer effects. All things considered, the focus of this research was to highlight the bioactive potential and health impact of native fruits from the Amazon and Atlantic Forest biomes.

Hematoimmunological responses of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) receiving the dietary supplementation of immunomodulators and different levels of vitamins after challenge with physical stress.

In this study, we analyzed the hematoimmunological effects of dietary supplementation with immunomodulators (β-glucans + nucleotides) and different levels of vitamins on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after exposure to physical stress. The following four diet treatments were used: diets with indicated vitamin levels (Vitind), diets with Vitind + immunomodulator (Vitind + Immune), diets with high vitamin content (Vithigh), and those with Vithigh + immunomodulator (Vithigh + Immune). The experiment included 560 fish in 28 tanks (20 fish tank-1), with seven replicates per treatment. After 60 days of supplementation, the water temperature was set at 20 °C, and complete biometrics were performed. The animals were then subjected to physical stress with temperature oscillations of 20 ºC to 30 ºC/30 ºC to 20 ºC/20 ºC to 30 ºC. Hematoimmunological data from 140 animals were collected post-stress. Antimicrobial titer and total plasma protein levels were significantly higher in fish not receiving immunomodulator-supplemented diets (2.88 ± 0.43 log2 and 26.81 ± 4.01 mg∙mL-1, respectively) than in those that did. Conversely, the agglutination titer increased in fish fed with lower vitamin levels (3.33 ± 0.66 log2) compared to those with higher vitamin levels. Increased immunoglobulin levels were observed in fish fed diets co-supplemented with vitamins and immunomodulators, revealing an interaction between immunomodulators and dietary vitamin levels. In summary, the inclusion of immunomodulators in the diet enhanced the animals' resistance to physical stress and improved hematoimmunological parameters. Additionally, a high vitamin content in the diet did not modulate the immune responses in the animals.

Effect of different harvest times and processing methods on the vitamin content of Leymus.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different harvest times and processing methods on the B vitamins and α-tocopherol contents of Leymus chinensis (Trin.). L. chinensis was harvested on 11 July (T1 group), 16 July (T2 group), 21 July (T3 group), 26 July (T4 group), and 31 July (T5 group) in 2022 and processed using natural drying and silage fermentation to evaluate fermentation quality, chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and vitamin content. The fermentation quality of L. chinensis silage prepared at all five times of harvest was better. The silage fermentation group showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in crude protein (CP), thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine and α-tocopherol content, a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content, and small differences in neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), niacin and pantothenic acid content, when compared to the natural drying group. The content of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid and pyridoxine were higher in the pre-harvest period. In silage fermentation, the loss rate of thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine was positively correlated with pH and WSC, and the loss rate of thiamin and riboflavin was negatively correlated with lactic acid content. The loss rate of pantothenic acid was negatively correlated with pH and WSC, and positively correlated with lactic acid and ammonia nitrogen. The rate of α-tocopherol synthesis exceeded the rate of catabolism. The content of CP, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid and pyridoxine were higher during the early harvest period. Silage fermentation preserved the chemical composition and vitamin content of L. chinensis better than natural drying and had no effect on in vitro digestibility. During silage fermentation, the acidic environment promoted the preservation of thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine, but promoted the breakdown of pantothenic acid, α-tocopherol content increased through synthesis.

Increase of Anthocyanin, Vitamin C, and Flavonoid Content in Red Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) using Alternating Magnetic Field Exposure

Red lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is widely consumed for its health benefits. With the a growing global population and limited land resources, there is a need to increase the nutritional content and bioactive compounds of vegetables or fruits. This research aims to increase the growth, productivity, and the content of anthocyanin, vitamin C and flavonoids in red lettuce leaves through exposure to magnetic fields during seeding. The research utilized red lettuce seeds as the research sample. Exposure was carried out using an alternating magnetic field (MF) with an effective magnetic flux density (MFD) of 0.4 mT, a frequency range of 25-125 Hz, and a dailyexposure time of 15 minutes. The treatment of each sample group was repeated for five days. The results showed that exposure to a MF with a frequency of 75 Hz resulted in optimum growth and weight, an increase of 65.15% and 60.18%, respectively. The optimum anthocyanin, vitamin C, and flavonoid content were obtained at an exposure to a frequency of 100 Hz, an increase of 22.52%, 40.70%, and 32.50%, respectively. Exposure to seeds uses an alternating MF; frequency is an important parameter for producing optimum enhancement.

Investigating the impact of pasteurization on the bioactive-rich potential of psyllium and spirulina in a concentrated beverage

This study aimed to develop a concentrated "Detox" drink rich in bioactive compounds, using pineapple, kale, mint, spinach, lemon, psyllium and spirulina as main ingredients. A base version of the drink was formulated without the addition of psyllium and spirulina, called formulation 1. Additionally, other formulations were developed adding psyllium, spirulina and psyllium plus spirulina. All formulations were subjected or not to the pasteurization process. Finally, the study sought to evaluate the stability of this drink during a period of 30 days under freezing. It was observed that DBS had a higher content of total polyphenols and vitamin C. Despite heat treatment, the developed drink maintained a high antioxidant capacity. Multivariate analysis indicated that processing influenced the bioaccessibility of minerals, with NP samples containing greater amounts of bioaccessible minerals. The Detox drink developed in this study can be considered a promising option, rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds, which contribute to a balanced diet and promote health benefits.

PHENOLIC COMPOUND AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF Hebeloma sinapizans MUSHROOM

Mushrooms have been used for both culinary and medicinal reasons for a very long time. Mushrooms are useful as both a food and a medication due to their high nutritional, protein, vitamin, and phenolic content. The current research aims to determine the antioxidant activity and phenolic content of Hebeloma sinapizans. Multiple epidemiological research looked at the possible link between polyphenol consumption and cardiovascular illness. Antioxidant, antiplatelet, antiinflammatory, antilipidemic, and antihypertensive are the categories used to classify the actions of phenolic substances. HPLC was used to isolate the phenolic compounds (HPLC). Measurements of oxidative stress, total oxidant levels, and total antioxidant levels were all calculated with the use of Rel Assay kits. The mushroom's TAS, TOS, and OSI values were measured, and its gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and cinnamic acid concentrations were identified. Due to its high levels of phenolic compounds, H. synapizans is thought to be a source of phenolic compounds. High TAS and TOS values and low OSI values indicate that the mushroom has antioxidant potential. As a result, it has been seen that H. synapizans can be a good source of antioxidants.

Ethanolic Extract of Citrus Sinensis Peel Markedly Mitigate Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

Background: Herbal medicines have historically been crucial for enhancing human health. Previous studies have highlighted the antioxidant properties of various parts of Citrus sinensis. In light of widespread reliance on plant-based remedies, this study focuses on a particular herbal medicine, Citrus sinensis, known for its rich content of vitamin C, pectins, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. Objective: This research aims to investigate the hepatoprotective potential of the ethanolic extract of Citrus sinensis peel in vivo, particularly focusing on its antioxidant capabilities. Methods: The study utilized biochemical parameters including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, and total proteins to assess the hepatoprotective action of the Citrus sinensis peel extract in serum of Wistar albino rats. The rats were divided into five groups, with varying treatments including a control group, a paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity group, and groups receiving different doses of the Citrus sinensis extract. Results: Treatment with the ethanolic extract of Citrus sinensis peel at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg significantly mitigated the paracetamol-induced elevation of serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, and total proteins. These improvements were comparable to those observed with the standard drug, silymarin. Conclusion: The study confirms the hepatoprotective effects of Citrus sinensis peel extract against paracetamol-induced liver damage. This protection was evident both biochemically and histopathologically, suggesting the potential therapeutic utility of Citrus sinensis in liver disorders.