IgM Concentrations Research Articles

Isolation of a foodborne Bacillus cereus strain and its effect on intestinal mucosal immunity-associated factors and gut microbial community in mice

Bacillus cereus is a common foodborne pathogen. Accidently eating food contaminated by B. cereus will cause vomiting or diarrhea, and even death in severe cases. In the present study, a B. cereus strain was isolated from spoiled rice by streak culture. The pathogenicity and drug resistance of the isolated strain were analyzed by drug sensitivity test and PCR amplification of virulence-associated gene respectively. Cultures of the purified strain were injected intraperitoneally into mice to examine their effects on intestinal immunity-associated factors and gut microbial communities, to provide references for the pathogenic mechanism and medication guidance of these spoilage microorganisms. The results showed that the isolated B. cereus strain was sensitive to norfloxacin, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, minocycline, ciprofloxacin, spectinomycin, clindamycin, erythrocin, clarithromycin, chloramphenicol, levofloxacin, and vancomycin, but resistant to bactrim, oxacillin and penicillin G. The strain carries seven virulence-associated genes including hblA, hblC, hblD, nheA, nheB, nheC and entFM, which are involved in diarrhea-causing toxins production. After infecting mice, the isolated B. cereus strain was found to cause diarrhea in mice, and the expression levels of immunoglobulins and inflammatory factors in the intestinal mucosae of the challenged mice were significantly up-regulated. Gut microbiome analysis showed that the composition of gut microbial community in mice changed after infection with B. cereus. The abundance of the uncultured_bacterium_f_Muribaculaceae in Bacteroidetes, which is a marker of body health, was significantly decreased. On the other hand, the abundance of uncultured_bacterium_f_Enterobacteriaceae, which is an opportunistic pathogen in Proteobacteria and a marker of dysbacteriosis, was significantly increased and was significantly positively correlated with the concentrations of IgM and IgG. These results showed that the pathogenic B. cereus carrying diarrhea type virulence-associated gene can activate the immune system by altering the composition of gut microbiota upon infection.

Assessment of Selected Immune Parameters in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery with the Use of Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Aspects of Age and Sex-A Pilot Study.

The present study aimed to assess the changes in the immunological parameters of patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The serum or plasma samples of patients were assessed to determine the concentrations of IL-6, one of the major proinflammatory cytokines (seven females and six males), and selected classes of immunoglobulins (six females and seven males). The samples for ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were collected from patients before the use of CPB, at 60 min of the use of CPB, and at 24 h after the surgery. After 24 h of the surgery, IL-6, IgM, and IgG concentrations were higher in the serum of female patients than in the serum of male patients. However, compared to female patients, male patients showed a significant increase in IgG3 concentration after 24 h of the surgery. Regardless of age, the levels of the analyzed classes of immunoglobulins were similar in all patients. Additionally, in both age groups, a significant increase in the serum IL-6 concentration was observed after the first postoperative day, and this increase was more pronounced in patients diagnosed to have postoperative infections. The serum IL-6 concentration can serve as a potential marker of pathogenic infections in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB and is thus useful for the early diagnosis of postoperative infections.

Red osier dogwood extract versus Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (Part 1). Effects on the growth performance, blood parameters, gut histomorphometry, and Salmonella excretion of broiler chickens orally challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis

The poultry industry has not been spared from the prevalent incidence of diseases caused by invasive pathogens, especially Salmonella. Due to the pressing need to identify a suitable antibiotic alternative for use in poultry production, this study investigated the efficacy of red osier dogwood (ROD) extract on the growth, blood parameters, gut morphology, and Salmonella excretion in broiler chickens orally challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). A 4×2 factorial experiment was conducted based on 2 main factors, namely dietary treatments, and SE challenge. A total of 404, one-day-old male Ross broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments; 1) Negative control (NC), 2) NC+0.075 ppm of Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (TMP/SDZ)/kg of diet, 3) NC+0.3% ROD extract, and 4) NC+0.5% ROD extract. The absence of SE in the fecal samples obtained from chick delivery boxes was confirmed on d 0. On d 1, half of the birds were orally gavaged with 0.5 mL of phosphate-buffered saline each (noninfected group) and the remaining with 0.5 mL of 3.1×105 CFU/mL SE (infected group) in all treatment groups. Dietary treatments were randomly assigned to 8 replicate cages at 6 birds/cage. On 1-, 5-, 12-, and 18-day postinfection (DPI), cloacal fecal samples were collected on the 6 birds/cage to assess SE excretion. Average weight gain (AWG), average feed intake (AFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and mortality were determined weekly. On d 21, 10 chickens/treatment were euthanized to perform hematology, gut histomorphometry, serum immunoglobulins G and M (IgG and IgM), and superoxide dismutase measurements. Both ROD extract levels did not affect (P > 0.05) growth performance; however, the SE-infected birds showed increased (P < 0.05) AFI and FCR throughout the experimental period. Regardless of the SE-infection, both ROD extract levels improved (P < 0.05) duodenal villus height: crypt depth compared to other treatments. 0.5% ROD extract improved (P < 0.05) ileal villus width (VW) of noninfected birds and ileal crypt depth of infected birds, but it decreased (P < 0.05) the ileal VW of infected birds, compared to other treatments. The SE-infected birds showed lower (P < 0.05) lymphocytes (L) but increased (P < 0.05) heterophils (H), H:L, and monocytes (MON). Both ROD extract levels did not affect (P > 0.05) white blood cell differential, while dietary 0.3% ROD extract increased (P < 0.05) MON of the birds, regardless of infection model. Regardless of infection model, both TMP/SDZ and 0.5% ROD extract reduced the concentration of IgM in the serum, compared to the control and 0.3% ROD (P=0.006). Conclusively, both ROD extract levels improved duodenal histomorphology and body defense against SE infection in broiler chickens; however, the 0.3% ROD extract was better.

Monoclonal antibody generated against Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) IgT heavy chain using a peptide-based strategy

Teleost IgT/Z plays a principal role in the defense mechanisms against infectious agents in the mucosal compartments and in systemic immunity. Previously, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) IgT was discovered and characterized at transcription level. In this work, we generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that specifically recognized the Nile tilapia IgT. BALB/c mice were immunized with three synthetic peptides conjugated to KLH. The sequences of these peptides derived from the constant region of the Nile tilapia IgT heavy chain. ELISA and Western blotting confirmed the specificity of the polyclonal sera and the culture supernatant from a positive hybridoma clone. We observed immunoreactivity against a recombinant IgT fragment and native IgT in skin mucus. The anti-IgT mAb did not cross-react with purified tilapia IgM. Direct ELISA analysis allowed the quantification of skin mucus IgM and IgT concentrations. Flow cytometry analysis revealed differences in the percentage of IgT+ B cell populations between juveniles and adults in peripheral blood, head kidney and spleen lymphocytes and among the tissues analyzed. For further validation of the anti-IgT mAb utility, a recombinant vaccine candidate against sea lice (TT-P0 Ls) was injected into juvenile tilapia. Direct ELISA results revealed a differential secretion of skin mucus IgT and IgM after immunostimulation. In addition, the percentages of IgT+ B cells were determined at 7 days after booster and ex-vivo stimulation by flow cytometry. This mAb constitutes an important immunological tool to study the biological function and structural characteristics of tilapia IgT.

Leucine Supplementation Alleviates Immune and Antioxidant Function Damage in Adult Rats Induced by Early Weaning

BackgroundEarly weaning (EW) can lead to stress and destroy intestinal integrity. Leucine has functional diversity in antioxidant, immune, and metabolic regulation. ObjectivesThis study aimed to explore the lifelong impact of EW on intestinal, immune, and antioxidant functions of adult rats and the role of leucine supplementation in the alleviation of the damage caused by EW. MethodsIn this 211-d study, 36 Sprague Dawley (SD) rat pups were divided into 3 groups: 21-d weaning normal group, 17-d EW group, and 17-d EW group with 2-mo leucine supplementation. The content of amino acids in serum, immune and antioxidant indexes, intestinal morphology, liver transcriptomics, messenger RNA (mRNA), and protein expression of signaling pathway were determined. ResultsEW reduced the protein expression level of secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the jejunum and increased the protein expression concentrations of IgA, IgM, and interleukin 17 (IL-17) in serum, and tumor necrosis factor α and IL-1β in the jejunum. The impairment by EW was activated via nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) signal pathway. In terms of antioxidation, EW reduced the concentration of GSH in the jejunum. After leucine supplementation, the damage induced by EW was partially repaired. ConclusionsEW causes long-term damage to the intestinal barrier function, immunity, apoptosis factor, and antioxidant function in rats and leucine supplementation could alleviate the impairment, suggesting a possible approach to EW.

Short-Lived Antibody-Mediated Saliva Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 after Vaccination.

Knowledge about the effect of vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on immunity reflected in the saliva is sparse. We examined the antibody response in saliva compared to that in serum 2 and 6 months after the first vaccination with the BNT162b2 vaccine. Four hundred fifty-nine health care professionals were included in a prospective observational study measuring antibody levels in saliva and corresponding serum samples at 2 and 6 months after BNT162b2 vaccination. Vaccinated, previously SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals (hybrid immunity) had higher IgG levels in saliva at 2 months than vaccinated, infection-naive individuals (P < 0.001). After 6 months, saliva IgG levels declined in both groups (P < 0.001), with no difference between groups (P = 0.37). Furthermore, serum IgG levels declined from 2 to 6 months in both groups (P < 0.001). IgG antibodies in saliva and serum correlated in individuals with hybrid immunity at 2 and 6 months (ρ = 0.58, P = 0.001, and ρ = 0.53, P = 0.052, respectively). In vaccinated, infection-naive individuals, a correlation was observed at 2 months (ρ = 0.42, P < 0.001) but not after 6 months (ρ = 0.14, P = 0.055). IgA and IgM antibodies were hardly detectable in saliva at any time point, regardless of previous infection. In serum, IgA was detected at 2 months in previously infected individuals. BNT162b2 vaccination induced a detectable IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD response in saliva at both 2 and 6 months after vaccination, being more prominent in previously infected than infection-naive individuals. However, a significant decrease in salivary IgG was observed after 6 months, suggesting a rapid decline in antibody-mediated saliva immunity against SARS-CoV-2, after both infection and systemic vaccination. IMPORTANCE Knowledge about the persistence of salivary immunity after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is limited, and information on this topic could prove important for vaccine strategy and development. We hypothesized that salivary immunity would wane rapidly after vaccination. We measured anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, IgA, and IgM concentrations in saliva and serum in both previously infected and infection-naive individuals, 2 and 6 months after first vaccination with BNT162b2, in 459 hospital employees from Copenhagen University Hospital. We observed that IgG was the primary salivary antibody 2 months after vaccination in both previously infected and infection-naive individuals, but dropped significantly after 6 months. Neither IgA nor IgM was detectable in saliva at either time point. Findings indicate that salivary immunity against SARS-CoV-2 rapidly declines following vaccination in both previously infected and infection-naive individuals. We believe this study shines a light on the workings of salivary immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection, which could prove relevant for vaccine development.

Anxiety and Obesity in Children: Anti-oxidative Medications and Hyperbaric Oxigenation Therapy

IntroductionObesity is a grave problem in pediatrics and child psychiatry. It was revealed that in many cases obesity has comorbidity with different mental disorders. Besides a number of endocrine disturbances, immune system deficiency and oxidative stress with free radical oxidation take part in pathogenesis of these phenomena.ObjectivesThe essence of the therapeutic effect of hyperbaric oxygen lies in the fact that under the influence of elevated barometric pressure, oxygen saturation of body fluids increases: blood, interstitial fluid, which deliver oxygen to organs and tissues, increasing oxygen supply to cells by 5-10 times and eliminating hypoxia (oxygen starvation tissues). Hyperbaric oxygen, normalizing blood circulation in tissues and metabolic processes at the cellular level, has a number of effects that favorably affect the patient’s condition: promotes the formation of a new vascular network in areas where it is damaged or insufficient, has anti-edematous, anti-inflammatory and wound healing effects, has an immunocorrective effect , normalizes hormonal status, enhances the action of a number of pharmacological agents. The aim of our research was to study effects of HBO on children suffering from anxiety and obesityas a result of the mental instability? S;eep disturbances and immune instabilityMethodsSessions of hyperbaric oxygenation were carried out at a pressure of 1.6 ATA: the first session lasted 45 minutes, subsequent sessions was 30 minutes. After HBO, each of the patients during the day showed a steady increase in the saturation index, which persisted until the morning of the next day. An analysis of fluctuations in the saturation index during the day showed its decrease in all patients to a minimum value at 8 am and its general dynamic increase from the beginning of hyperbaric oxygenation. Parameters of immune status, including serum concentrations of IgA, IgM and IgG, circulating immune complexes were studied in pediatric patients, aged from 10 to 14 years old, 42 girls and 34 girls. Mapping EEG was used for evaluation of electric brain activity.ResultsIt was found that HBO treatment normalized mental state: patients demonstrated less anxiety and overeating habits, тormalization of sleep, positive dynamics of sleep, reflected in the EEG pattern in the form of alpha waves. Immune reactions were changed: IgA, IgM and IgG, were increased and CIC serum level decreased.ConclusionsThe use of antioxidant therapy in combination with psychopharmacological drugs has long been a well-established method of treatment for a variety of psychopathological conditions. The inclusion of hyperbaric oxygenation in this complex also helps to achieve more distinct results in terms of weight loss in obesity and normalization of the mental state, improved sleep and significant immunocorrection.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Dietary Leucine Improves Fish Intestinal Barrier Function by Increasing Humoral Immunity, Antioxidant Capacity, and Tight Junction.

This study attempted to evaluate the possible impact and mechanism of leucine (Leu) on fish intestinal barrier function. One hundred and five hybrid Pelteobagrus vachelli ♀ × Leiocassis longirostris ♂ catfish were fed with six diets in graded levels of Leu 10.0 (control group), 15.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, 35.0, and 40.0 g/kg diet for 56 days. Results showed that the intestinal activities of LZM, ACP, and AKP and contents of C3, C4, and IgM had positive linear and/or quadratic responses to dietary Leu levels. The mRNA expressions of itnl1, itnl2, c-LZM, g-LZM, and β-defensin increased linearly and/or quadratically (p < 0.05). The ROS, PC, and MDA contents had a negative linear and/or quadratic response, but GSH content and ASA, AHR, T-SOD, and GR activities had positive quadratic responses to dietary Leu levels (p < 0.05). No significant differences on the CAT and GPX activities were detected among treatments (p > 0.05). Increasing dietary Leu level linearly and/or quadratically increased the mRNA expressions of CuZnSOD, CAT, and GPX1α. The GST mRNA expression decreased linearly while the GCLC and Nrf2 mRNA expressions were not significantly affected by different dietary Leu levels. The Nrf2 protein level quadratically increased, whereas the Keap1 mRNA expression and protein level decreased quadratically (p < 0.05). The translational levels of ZO-1 and occludin increased linearly. No significant differences were indicated in Claudin-2 mRNA expression and protein level. The transcriptional levels of Beclin1, ULK1b, ATG5, ATG7, ATG9a, ATG4b, LC3b, and P62 and translational levels of ULK1, LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ, and P62 linearly and quadratically decreased. The Beclin1 protein level was quadratically decreased with increasing dietary Leu levels. These results suggested that dietary Leu could improve fish intestinal barrier function by increasing humoral immunity, antioxidative capacities, and tight junction protein levels.

Dietary fiber alters immunity and intestinal barrier function of different breeds of growing pigs.

Dietary fiber (DF) regulates immune response and barrier function by interacting with epithelial cells and immune cells. However, the differences in the regulation of intestinal health of different pig breeds by DF remain obscure. A total of 60 healthy pigs (20 pigs/breed) from Taoyuan black (TB), Xiangcun black (XB), and Duroc (DR) pigs (body weight = 11.00 ± 1.00kg) were fed two different levels (low and high) of DF for 28 days to evaluate the differences in the modulation of intestinal immunity and barrier function by DF in different pig breeds. TB and XB pigs had higher plasma Eos level, Eos%, and Lym% but lower Neu level compared with the DR pigs when fed low DF (LDF). The TB and XB pigs had higher plasma Eos, MCV, and MCH levels and Eos% while lower Neu% compared with the DR pigs when fed high DF (HDF). HDF decreased IgA, IgG, IgM, and sIgA concentrations in the ileum of TB and XB pigs compared with the DR pigs, while the plasma IgG and IgM concentrations of TB pigs were higher than those of the DR pigs. Moreover, compared with the DR pigs, HDF decreased the levels of IL-1β, IL-17, and TGF-β in the plasma, and IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IFN-γ, TGF-β, and TNF-α in the ileum of TB and XB pigs. However, HDF did not affect the mRNA expression of cytokines in the ileum of TB, XB, and DR pigs, while HDF increased the TRAF6 expression of TB pigs compared with the DR pigs. In addition, HDF increased the Claudin abundance of TB and DR pigs compared with the pigs feeding with LDF. Moreover, in the LDF and HDF groups, the XB pigs had higher protein abundances of Claudin and ZO-1 compared with the TB and DR pigs. DF regulated the TB and DR pigs' plasma immune cells, the XB pigs showed enhanced barrier function, and the DR pigs had increased ileal inflammation, which indicates that Chinese indigenous pigs are more DF tolerant than the DR pigs.

Quercetin ameliorates acute acrylamide induced spleen injury

ABSTRACT Acrylamide is used for industrial and laboratory purposes; it also is produced during cooking of carbohydrate-rich food at high temperature. We investigated the therapeutic potential of quercetin for treatment of acute acrylamide induced injury to the spleen. We used female albino rats treated with acrylamide for 10 days followed by oral administration of quercetin in three doses for 5 days. We observed significantly reduced total body weight, spleen weight, red blood cells, total proteins, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phophate dehydrogenase, reduced glutathione, concentration of serum IgG and IgM after acrylamide induced toxicity compared to controls. We also found that white blood cells, triglycerides, cholesterol and lipid oxidation were increased significantly after acrylamide induced toxicity in rats compared to controls. Histoarchitecture of spleen was affected adversely by acrylamide toxicity. Administration of quercetin ameliorated adverse effects of acrylamide in a dose-dependent manner. Quercetin appears to ameliorate acrylamide induced injury to the spleen by increasing endogenous antioxidants and improving histoarchitecture and immune function.

New insight of human-IgH 3′regulatory regions in immunoglobulins switch

BackgroundSeveral studies in animal models have demonstrated the role of the 3′ Regulatory Region (3′RR) in the B cell maturation in mammals. In healthy humans, the concentration of each class of circulating immunoglobulins (Igs) has stable but different levels, due to several control mechanisms that also involve a duplicated version of the 3′RR on the chromosome 14 (chr14). The classes’ equilibrium can be altered during infections and in other pathological conditions. Material and methodsWe studied the concentrations of IgA, IgM, IgG classes and IgG subclasses in a cohort of 1235 people having immunoglobulin concentrations within normal range to determine the presence of any correlation between the Igs serum concentrations, age and ratio among Ig classes and IgG subclasses in healthy humans. Furthermore, we assessed the concentrations of IgE and the allelic frequency of 3′RR1 hs1.2 enhancer in a group of 115 subjects with high levels of circulating IgE due to acute exacerbation of allergic asthma and in a control group of 118 healthy subjects. ResultsIn both children and adult subjects, the concentrations of the four IgG subclasses decreased from IgG1 to IgG4. Furthermore, the 3′RR1 enhancer hs1.2 alleles contribute to the control of the IgG subclasses levels, but it does not affect the IgE levels. ConclusionThe 3′RR1 controls IgG and IgE through different mechanisms, only in the IgG case involving the hs1.2 alleles. Thus, considering the IgH constant genes loci on the chromosome 14 and the multiple steps of switch that rearrange the whole region, we found that in humans the classes of Igs are modulated by mechanisms involving a complex interaction and transition between 3′RR1 and 3′RR2, also in physiological conditions.

Early immune system alterations in patients with septic shock.

This study aims to investigate the early changes in the immune systems of patients with septic shock. A total of 243 patients with septic shock were included in this study. The patients were classified as survivors (n = 101) or nonsurvivors (n = 142). Clinical laboratories perform tests of the immune system's function. Each indicator was studied alongside healthy controls (n = 20) of the same age and gender as the patients. A comparative analysis of every two groups was conducted. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify mortality risk factors that are independent of one another. In septic shock patients, neutrophil counts, infection biomarkers (C-reactive protein, ferritin, and procalcitonin levels), and cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2R, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α) increased significantly. Lymphocyte and their subset counts (T, CD4+ T, CD8+ T, B, and natural killer cell counts), lymphocyte subset functions (the proportions of PMA/ionomycin-stimulated IFN-γ positive cells in CD4+ T cells), immunoglobulin levels (IgA, IgG, and IgM), and complement protein levels (C3 and C4) decreased significantly. Compared to survivors, nonsurvivors had higher levels of cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) but lower levels of IgM, complement C3 and C4, and lymphocyte, CD4+, and CD8+ T cell counts. Low IgM or C3 concentrations and low lymphocyte or CD4+ T cell counts were independent risk factors for mortality. These alterations should be considered in the future development of immunotherapies aimed at treating septic shock.

Toxicity bioassay and sub-lethal effects of profenofos-based insecticide on behavior, biochemical, hematological, and histopathological responses in Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Profenofos (organophosphate) is among the major toxicant polluting freshwater bodies, exerting a significant effect on fish health. The LC50 value of Profenofos (PRO) was resolved in Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) with average body weight (55.82 ± 5.42 g) and determined the 96 h LC50 value as 7.2 µg/L for the assay. Twenty-one-day exposures to 1.8 µg/ L and 3.6 µg/ L doses were conducted to evaluate the sub-lethal effects, and various toxicological endpoints were assessed on the 1st, 7th, 15th and 21st days of exposure. Acute toxic stress was observed with fish displaying behavioral toxicity. The most hematological change was extreme microcytic hypochromic anemia. Leucocyte count increased in experimented fish. Moderate neutrophilia, monocytosis and lymphocytosis were observed. Serum total protein, albumin, and globulin concentrations were significantly diminished. Overall, increments over control were recognized in serum urea, creatinine and acid phosphatase. However, serum glucose, total lipid, cholesterol, serum ALT and AST activity showed a significant decrease in fish exposed to both concentrations of PRO. Serum IgM concentrations insignificantly changed in treated fish except for on the 21st day of exposure to 3.6 µg/ L of PRO, while serum lysozyme significantly decreased. Furthermore, total protein, lipid and glycogen concentrations in muscles and the liver exhibited a decreasing trend at all concentrations. Moreover, histopathological alterations in the liver, kidney, and muscles occurred exclusively after treatment. From the obtained results, it is assumed that profenofos induced general toxic impacts under field conditions and might disturb ecologically relevant processes.

Effects of Yucca schidigera extract on serum biochemical parameters, humoral immune response, and intestinal health in young pigeons.

It is of great importance to find antibiotic alternatives that can improve poultry performance and enhance immunity. Plant-derived extracts and their concentrates are natural bioactive compounds that are widely and effectively applied as the antibiotic alternatives in animal industries. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Yucca schidigera extract (YSE) on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, immune function, intestinal morphology, and microbiota diversity of young pigeons. A total of 120 healthy White King pigeons (28 days old) with similar weight were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with six replicate cages. Each of the pigeons from 4 treatments was orally administrated with 0 (control), 5, 10, and 15 mg YSE per day, respectively. The results showed that orally supplemental YSE had no significant effects (P > 0.05) on the growth performance and immune organ index of pigeons. The serum total protein and IgM contents in the 10 mg YSE group were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in the control group. Supplemental 10 and 15 mg YSE significantly lowered the level of serum total cholesterol (P < 0.05) and increased (P < 0.05) the villi height in the jejunum compared with the control group. Supplemental 5 and 10 mg YSE significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the level of serum alanine aminotransferase and the crypt depth in the ileum compared with the control group. The beta diversity showed a distinct difference in the ileum microbial composition between the control and the 10 mg YES group. YSE supplementation enriched the bacterial genera Sulfurospirillum, Solobacterium, Desulfovibrio, Desulfobulbus, Lactococcus, Parabacteroides, Acidaminococcus, Acetobacter, and Streptococcus. Additionally, Enterococcus genus showed a significantly negative correlation with serum alanine aminotransferase (R = -0.618, P = 0.043). Actinomyces genus showed a significantly negative correlation with cholesterol (R = -0.633, P = 0.036). Turicibacter genus showed a significantly positive correlation with villi height in the jejunum (R = 0.751, P = 0.008). In conclusion, orally supplemental YSE could improve serum biochemistry, immunoglobulin contents, and intestinal morphology by regulating the composition of microbial community in the ileum of young pigeons.

A meta-analysis on the effects of probiotics on the performance of pre-weaning dairy calves

BackgroundProbiotics have been used in livestock production for many years, but information on their benefits during the early life of calves is inconsistent. This study aimed to assess the effects of probiotics on the performance of pre-weaning dairy calves and identify the factors influencing their effect sizes.ResultsForty-nine studies were selected for meta-analysis based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study qualities were evaluated using a predefined risk assessment tool following GRADE guidelines. Meta-analysis results showed that probiotics increased the growth performance (body weight by 1.988 kg and average daily gain by 40.689 g/d), decreased digestibility and feed efficiency (feed conversion rate by 0.073), altered rumen parameter (decreased acetate by 2.815 mmol/L and increased butyrate by 0.788 mmol/L), altered blood parameter (decreased AST by 4.188 U/L, increased BHBA by 0.029 mmol/L and IgG by 0.698 g/L), increased faecal parameter (faecal bacteria counts by 0.680 log10 CFU/g), based on the strict criteria (PSMD < 0.05, I2 < 50%). Additionally, probiotics increased digestibility and feed efficiency (starter dry matter intake by 0.034 kg/d and total dry matter intake by 0.020 kg/d), altered blood parameter (increased IgA by 0.313 g/L, IgM by 0.262 g/L, and total antioxidant capacity by 0.441 U/mL, decreased MDA by 0.404 nmol/mL), decreased faecal parameter (faecal score by 0.052), based on the loose criteria (PSMD < 0.05, I2 > 50%).Regression and sub-group analyses showed that probiotic strains, supplementation dosage, and methods significantly affected the performance of calves. The probiotics supplied with more than 9.5 log10 CFU/d significantly increased IgA and IgM contents (PSMD < 0.05). Additionally, the compound probiotics significantly increased TDMI, IgA, and IgM (PSMD ≤ 0.001). Furthermore, probiotics supplemented in liquid (whole milk or milk replacer) significantly increased TDMI and decreased faecal score (PSMD < 0.05), while in whole milk, they significantly increased body weight, IgA, and IgM (PSMD < 0.001).ConclusionsProbiotics could improve the growth performance, feed intake and efficiency, rumen fermentation, immune and antioxidant capacity, and health of pre-weaning calves. However, the effect sizes were related to the dosage, composition, and supplementation methods of probiotics.

Boswellic acid coated zinc nanoparticles attenuate NF-κB-mediated inflammation in DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in rats.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic non-specific inflammatory bowel disease, and until now therapeutic agents for UC still cannot exert satisfied effects. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of boswellic acid coated zinc nanoparticles (BAs-ZnNPs) on dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) induced-UC in rats. Rats were divided into five groups; control, BAs-ZnNPs, DSS, DSS+BAs, and DSS + BAs-ZnNPs. The activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was determined colorimetrically, while the concentration of IgM, IgG, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 were measured by ELISA. Levels of gene expression of NF-κB and COX-2 genes were evaluated by RT-qPCR, while the expression of protein levels of PI3K and STAT-3 were done by western blotting. Finally, histopathological examination of colon tissues of different groups of rats was done. The depicted ball-like structure of the BAs-ZnNPs in the TEM images ranging in size from 50 to 100nm in diameter while their formation was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy with a sharp peak of maximum absorbance at 266nm. Our results revealed that BAs-ZnNPs exerted an anti-inflammatory effect in the experimental model of colitis, demonstrated histologically and biochemically as shown by the improvement of ALP, IgM, IgG, and the gene expression levels of NF-κB and COX-2. Also, this beneficial effect was associated with the reduction in the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, PI3K, and STAT-3. Thus, this effect improves the altered immune response associated with the colonic inflammation. BAs-ZnNPs can be proposed as a therapeutic candidate to attenuate UC. The potential underlying mechanism includes suppression of ALP, IgM, IgG, IL-1β, and IL-8 levels via regulation of NF-κB and COX-2 gene expression and STAT-3 and PI3K protein expression in a UC rat model.

Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii (CNCM I-1079) on feed intake, blood parameters, and production during early lactation.

The periparturient period is a metabolically demanding time for dairy animals because of increased nutrient requirements for milk yield. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii (CNCM I-1079), a commercial active dry yeast (ADY), in dairy cows on productive and metabolic measures during the periparturient period. Primiparous (n = 33) and multiparous (n = 35) cows were fed a close-up total mixed ration (TMR) before calving and a lactation TMR postpartum. Three weeks before expected calving time, animals were blocked by parity and body weight and then randomly assigned to either control group (control; n = 34) or treatment (ADY; n = 34). All animals were housed in a tie-stall barn with individual feed bunks; the ADY animals received supplementary Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii (CNCM I-1079), top dressed daily at a predicted dosage of 1.0 × 1010 cfu (12.5 g) per head. Blood samples were collected weekly along with milk yield and milk composition data; feed intake data were collected daily. Serum samples were analyzed for glucose, nonesterified fatty acid, β-hydroxybutyrate, haptoglobin (Hp), and the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, and IL-18. Colostrum samples collected within the first 6 to 10 h were analyzed for somatic cell score and IgG, IgA, and IgM concentrations. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS with time as a repeated measure; model included time, parity, treatment, and their interactions. The ADY groups had greater milk yield (39.0 ± 2.4 vs. 36.7 ± 2.3 kg/d) and tended to produce more energy-corrected milk with better feed efficiency. There was no difference in plasma glucose, serum nonesterified fatty acid, serum β-hydroxybutyrate, Hp, IL-6, or IL-18 due to ADY treatment. The tumor necrosis factor-α increased in ADY-supplemented animals (1.17 ± 0.69 vs. 4.96 ± 7.7 ng/mL), though week, parity, and their interactions had no effect. Serum amyloid A tended to increase in ADY-supplemented animals when compared to control animals and was additionally affected by week and parity; there were no significant interactions. No difference in colostrum IgG, IgA, and IgM was observed between treatments. Supplementing transition cow TMR with ADY (CNCM I-1079) improved milk production and tended to improve efficiency in early lactation; markers of inflammation were also influenced by ADY treatment, though the immunological effect was inconsistent.

Biochemical profile of Bence-Jones type multiple myeloma.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant tumor occurring from plasma cells that produce an abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulin - a paraprotein. A distinctive feature of Bence-Jones myeloma is the excretion of monoclonal free light chains of immunoglobulins with 24h urine, and the absence of monoclonal intact immunoglobulins secretion. Comprehensive analysis of biochemical parameters in blood serum and 24h urine in patients with Bence-Jones multiple myeloma using electrophoretic and immunoturbidimetric methods to assess their sensitivity as biomarkers. 50 patients with a morphologically confirmed diagnosis of MM of the Bence-Jones immunochemical type were examined. 28 people without oncological diseases were examinedas a control. Detection of monoclonal secretion in blood serum and daily urine was performed by immunofixation electrophoresis on the Hydrasys 2 electrophoretic system (Sebia). The determination of free light chains of immunoglobulins (FLC) was performed by the immunoturbidimetric method (Binding Site) on an Advia 1800 analyzer (Siemens). Analysis of IgG, IgA, IgM, β2-microglobulin and C-reactive protein was performed on Cobas 6000 analyzer (Roche). The median excretion of Bence-Jones protein in 24h urine of MM patients was 0.49 g/24h (0.06-2.45 g/24h). In the blood serum, in 86% of cases, the presence of paraproteinemia, represented by κ and λ type light chains of immunogloublins was detected. At the same time, the frequency of detection of monoclonal secretion in blood serum in Bence-Jones type λ myeloma was 95.7%, which was statistically significantly higher than the frequency of detection of monoclonal secretion of type κ - 77.8%. In patients with identified paraproteinemia, Bence-Jones protein excretion in daily urine (median 0.82 g/day) was statistically significantly higher than in patients without a monoclonal component detected in blood serum (median 0.04 g/24h). The levels of FLC in blood serum obtained by immunoturbidimetry in Bence-Jones myeloma of the corresponding type were higher than the reference levels in 100% of cases. The median level of κ-FLC reached 4358 mg/l, λ-FLC - 2225 mg/l, which was statistically significantly higher than the control levels. The median concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM in patients with Bence-Jones myeloma were statistically significantly lower than in the control group, while the medians of β2-microglobulin and C-reactive protein were significantly higher than in the control. Our investigation showed high diagnostic efficiency of electrophoretic and immunoturbidimetric analysis of monoclonal secretion in patients with Bence-Jones MM, while FLC analysis demonstrated maximum sensitivity. Bence-Jones MM revealed biochemical signs of secondary immunodeficiency and general inflammatory syndrome.

Effect of zinc supplementation on immunotoxicity induced by subchronic oral exposure to glyphosate-based herbicide (GOBARA®) in Wistar rats

To evaluate the effect of zinc supplementation on immunotoxicity induced by subchronic oral exposure to glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH). Sixty adult male Wistar rats randomly divided equally into six groups were exposed to GBH by gavage daily for 16 weeks with or without zinc pretreatment. Group DW rats received distilled water (2 mL/kg), group Z rats received zinc (50 mg/kg), and group G1 and G2 rats received 187.5 and 375 mg/kg GBH, respectively. Group ZG1 and ZG2 rats were pretreated with 50 mg/kg zinc before exposure to 187.5 and 375 mg/kg GBH, respectively. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgE) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Spleen, submandibular lymph node, and thymus samples were processed for histopathology. Exposure to GBH (G1 and G2) significantly increased serum TNF-α concentrations and significantly decreased serum IgG and IgM concentrations compared with the control levels. Moderate-to-severe lymphocyte depletion occurred in the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus in the GBH-exposed groups. Zinc supplementation mitigated the immunotoxic effects of GBH exposure. GBH exposure increased pro-inflammatory cytokine responses, decreased immunoglobulin production, and depleted lymphocytes in lymphoid organs in rats, but zinc supplementation mitigated this immunotoxicity.

EFEITOS DO TREINAMENTO ESPORTIVO ASSOCIADO À INTERVENÇÃO NUTRICIONAL SOBRE A RECUPERAÇÃO DOS ATLETAS PÓS-COMPETIÇÃO

ABSTRACT Introduction: The athletes’ physiological capacity and psychological level are raised to the limit during the competition, which is necessary for adequate recovery after the dispute. Objective: Study the effect of sports training associated with nutritional intervention on athletes’ post-competition recovery. Methods: In the first two weeks of the experiment, training was done in slow aerobic exercise, aerobics, and running. Strength training and a small amount of anaerobic training were added to the training with the gradual practice of the experiment. Results: The proportion of breakfast, lunch, and dinner was 25.33%, 42.55%, and 32.12%, respectively; protein intake decreased from 34.23% to 20.13%, and the proportion of fat intake decreased from 15. 56% to 12.3%, and IgG content changed from 7.654 ± 0.283 (mmol/L) at the end to 8.586 ± 0.651 (mmol/L); IgM content changed from 3.382 ± 0.875 (g/L) at the end to 3.169 ± 1.002 (g/L). Conclusion: Athletes can effectively, through sports training and nutritional intervention, adjust body changes caused by competition while maintaining a good exercise level. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.