Content Validity Ratio Research Articles

Validation and efficacy of a tele-yoga intervention for improving psychological stress, mental health and sleep difficulties of stressed adults diagnosed with long COVID: a prospective, multi-center, open-label single-arm study

The objective of this study was to validate and test the efficacy of a 16-week tele-yoga intervention for perceived stress, anxiety, depression, and insomnia in individuals who had had COVID-19 infection in the previous year, and had reported moderately high levels of psychological stress (PSS ≥14). 25 and 50-min versions of the program were developed. They were then validated using Lawshe’s content validity ratio after obtaining feedback from 20 yoga therapy experts. The safety and efficacy of the two programs were subsequently tested in a prospective, multicenter, open-label single-arm study. Eighty-six adults (18 male, 68 female) were recruited from two tertiary mental healthcare institutions, 48 in NIMHANS, Bengaluru; and 38 in SCARF, Chennai. Participants were assessed at weeks zero, 4, and 16 using validated tools. Data were analyzed using a Mixed Model, Intention to Treat approach. After week 16, 31 subjects remained in the trial and continued to practice yoga without any side effects. Subjects who adhered in the trial had significantly higher levels of baseline anxiety and depression as compared to subjects who dropped out. Results at week 4 included significant reductions in levels of perceived stress, anxiety, and insomnia; improvements were maintained at week 16. Correlations between number of yoga sessions and post-intervention PSS scores were negative (r = −0.49), and significant (p< 0.05). Both tele-yoga programs proved safe, useful tools to counteract perceived stress, anxiety and insomnia. Future trials should explore the utility of tele-yoga as a tool to enhance well-being and manage stress.

Development and validation of a questionnaire on radiation protection knowledge, attitudes, and practices among Moroccan dentists.

This study aimed to develop and evaluate the validity and reliability of dentists' radiation protection knowledge, attitudes, and practices (DRP-KAPs) questionnaire. This study was conducted using a stepwise approach. In the first step, items were generated to determine the relevant content and domains after a thorough literature review. In the second step, the content validity of the questionnaire was assessed by seven experts using face and content validity. The content validity index for relevance and clarity (I-CVI, S-CVI/Av, and S-CVI/UA) and the content validity ratio (CVR) were performed. Then, the questionnaire was pre-tested with 10 dentists for face validation. In the third step, reliability was assessed using internal consistency (Kuder-Richardson-20 (KR-20) and Cronbach's alpha) and test-retest (Kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]) methods by filling out the questionnaire by 100 dentists practicing in the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra region, in Morocco. The finalized DRP-KAPs questionnaire contains 41 items covering knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs). The I-CVIs, S-CVI/UA and S-CVI/AV and CVR values of the 41 items were ≥0.86 for each item, ≥0.82, ≥0.97, and ≥0.71, respectively. With regard to internal consistency reliability, the KR-20 coefficients for the knowledge and practice domains were 0.70 and 0.68, respectively, and the Cronbach alpha for the attitude domain was 0.73. The DRP-KAPs questionnaire has good reliability with the ICC coefficients for attitude items ranging from 0.57 to 0.95 and Kappa coefficients for knowledge and practice items ranging from 0.64 to 1 and 0.77 to 1, respectively. The developed DRP-KAPs questionnaire was found to be a noteworthy tool for assessing radiation protection among dentists, with acceptable internal consistency, good ICC and Kappa coefficients, and good content validity indices.

Validity and reliability of the TechPH scale in assessing Iranian older adults’ attitudes toward technology

Background and aimGiven the rapid technological advancements and increased usage of digital tools, understanding older people's attitudes toward technology is vital. Assessing their views can help identify barriers and facilitators to adoption. This understanding is essential for developing effective educational strategies and user-friendly technologies that enhance seniors' quality of life. Therefore, the present study aimed to psychometrically evaluate the scale for measuring attitudes—both willingness and anxiety—toward technology (TechPH) in Iranian older adults.MethodsThis methodological study was conducted on 420 older individuals (aged 60 and above) in Tehran in 2024 to perform a psychometric test of the attitudes toward technology scale (TechPH). Validation was carried out using translation validity methods, including translation-back translation with bilingual experts (n = 2), face validity with a sample of the older population (n = 10), content validity with a panel of 11 experts, and construct validity through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) (n = 420). Instrument reliability was determined through test–retest and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) methods with a sample of older individuals (n = 30). Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 16 and EQS 6.4 software.ResultsA comparison of Persian and English translations revealed acceptable translation validity and cultural adaptability for the scale. Each item's Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) were determined, with a total average CVI of 0.95. The results of EFA indicated that the sample size was adequate, as shown by the KMO value of 0.754. Additionally, Bartlett's sphericity test demonstrated a significant correlation between the items (χ2 = 221.819, df = 15, P < 0.0001). EFA revealed that two extracted factors explained 41.002% and 18.111% of the total variance. Furthermore, CFA yielded suitable estimates based on the general fit indices of the model (RMSEA = 0.061, IFI = 0.979, GFI = 0.983, CFI = 0.978, CMIN/DF = 1.769, MFI = 0.989, AGFI = 0.942). In evaluating test–retest stability and internal consistency, the values of the Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's α were 0.85 and 0.77, respectively, indicating appropriate reliability for the scale.ConclusionP.TechPH, the first Persian version of the scale for measuring technophilia and technophobia among Iranian older people, has favorable psychometric properties. It can serve as a standard tool for assessing older people’s attitudes toward technology in various studies.

Validation of Nutrition Literacy Questionnaire for High School Students

Background: Nutrition literacy is the individuals' motivation and ability to obtain, process, and understand nutrition information and the skills needed in order to make appropriate nutrition decisions. The present study was conducted to determine the validity and reliability of the Chongqing Middle School Nutrition Literacy Scale (CM-NLS). Methods: The CM-NLS questionnaire was translated into Farsi and then back-translated, and its face validity and quantitative and qualitative content validity were investigated in a descriptive-cross-sectional study. This review was conducted using the opinions of expert faculty members. Besides, the Persian version was tested in a sample of 400 students of the first grade of high school in Bandar Anzali city. For this purpose, two schools were randomly selected and sampled using census method. Cronbach's alpha test method was used to examine reliability, and confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate construct validity (RMSEA=0.062). Results: In checking face validity, changes were made in the questionnaire, and some items were removed in content validity evaluation by calculating content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI). In reliability analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.74 for functional literacy, 0.82 for interactive literacy, and 0.84 for critical literacy. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit to measure the construct validity. Conclusions: Based on the results obtained, the CM-NLS questionnaire with 33 items, is a valid and reliable tool and can be used to measure the nutrition literacy of high school students.

Identification and Validation of an Instrument to Measure Physicians‘and Nurses' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Stewardship

Background: In Italy, the presence of a suitable instrument to measure the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of intensive care physicians and nurses with respect to antibiotic resistance and antimicrobial stewardship could not be identified Objectives: To validate the Italian version of the Ashiru-Oredope tool used by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) in 2019 to investigate intensive care nurses' and physicians' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding antibiotic resistance. Methods: Content validity was assessed using the Item-Content Validity Index (I-CVI), Scale Level-Content Validity Index/Universal Agreement (S-CVI/UA) score, Scale Level-Content Validity Index/Average (S-CVI/Ave) score, and Average Content Validity Ratio (CVR). Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was then carried out together with cluster analysis (CA) to check the correspondence of the items with the eight subdivision domains of the scale. Results: The final version consisted of 55/60 deemed relevant items, with Item-Content Validity Index (I-CVI) scores ranging from 0,625 to 1. The Scale Level-Content Validity Index/Universal Agreement (S-CVI/UA) score was 0.43; the Scale Level-Content Validity Index/Average (S-CVI/Ave) 0.90. The mean CVR of the scale was 0.43. The inter-rater reliability (Cohen's K) was between good and excellent. The combination of MCA and CA confirmed the correspondence of the items with the domains. Conclusion: The Italian version is a reliable and valid instrument for investigating antibiotic resistance and antimicrobial stewardship among Italian intensive care nurses and physicians.

Learning Innovation: PBL-STEM 4H Ecobrick material Teaching for 7th Graders to Enhance Ecoliteracy

Teaching materials that accommodate innovative learning to improve environmental literacy are currently essential. Development research has been conducted to develop and examine the effectiveness of ecobrick theme teaching materials in improving student ecoliteracy. The teaching materials are packaged with the PBL-STEM 4H model (project based learning- science, technology, engineering, and mathematics - head, heart, hand, and harmony). The research employs research and development method and ADDIE design (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation). This research uses interview guidelines, observation questionnaire sheets, and environmental literacy instruments as research instruments. In the development stage, this research employs several science teachers in the Sukabumi Regency, as determined by purposive sampling. In the implementation stage, 7th-grade students of one secondary school in West Java were tested to evaluate the effectiveness of the teaching materials in improving eco-literacy. Teaching materials were developed using PBL-STEM learning steps characterized by 4H values. The teaching materials' validation results show high validity with a feasibility score of 87.2, including a very valid category. The CVI (content validity index) and CVR (content validity ratio) indexes of 0.995 and 0.990 are included in the valid category. Teacher response to teaching materials reaches 90.05, including the outstanding category. The implementation results show that using the developed teaching materials during learning can improve student eco-literacy.

Establishing the effects of training and development on performance monitoring for implementation of performance contracting in the government ministries in Kenya

The study aimed to establish the effect of training on performance monitoring for implementation of performance contracting in the government ministries in Kenya. A mixed-method type of design was adopted. In sampling staff to be interviewed, top and middle-level management totalling 831 were identified. Thirty per cent of the 831 (249 staff members) considered it to be representative enough. The study adopted descriptive and inferential statistics. The study used ANOVA, regression analysis, and correlation to analyse the relationship between variables. Reliability of instruments was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, whose alpha value is equal to or greater than 0.70, which is considered sufficient. Content Validity Ratio (CVR) was calculated for each item, and items with a CVR value below 0.99 were eliminated. The final instrument comprised 22 items with CVR values ranging from 0.99 to 1.00. The study found that a unit standard deviation increase in effective training and development was likely to increase the standard deviation of performance monitoring by 0.096 on implementation of performance contracting. The study concludes that training and development have an effect on performance contracting in government ministries in Kenya. The study further recommends that transfer of training and development be included in the next review of the policy.

Consensus Statement: Postoperative Management after Balloon Dilation of the Eustachian Tube.

Balloon dilation of Eustachian tube (BDET) has been widely used as a minimally invasive treatment for obstructive Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD). We used a Delphi consensus methodology to explore recommendations for clinical management of BDET in obstructive ETD. A Delphi panel of 26 expert physicians of otology participated in two rounds of anonymous, iterative questionnaires. Consensus is defined as ≥ 70% of panelists agree with recommendation and disagreement as < 70% agree. The responses from the Delphi study were analyzed using both the content validity ratio and Kendall's coefficient of concordance. The panel finally evaluated 26 topics, agreed 9 and did not reach consensus on 17 topics after 2 rounds. Although no consensus was reached on the postoperative follow-up period, a period of 12 months was most adopted. The Valsalva maneuver and questionnaire responses showed the highest agreement as postoperative assessment tools after BDET. Consensus was reached on some of the recommendations for the management of BEDT in obstructive ETD. The resultant agreement will provide directions for future research to describe standard postoperative management of BDET.

Development, validation, and reliability testing of the standard treatment workflow checklist

Background: Standard Treatment Workflows (STWs) are systematically developed documents designed to enhance clinical care and patient outcomes. Validating these workflows is essential for their adoption across diverse clinical settings. This study aimed to develop and validate a checklist for evaluating STWs. Methods: The study was conducted in three phases. Initially, items were generated through a comprehensive literature review and expert consultations, followed by pre-testing (N=50). In the second phase, content validation (N=43) was performed using the Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) to assess the relevancy and essentiality of each item. Item-level (I-CVI) and scale-level (S-CVI) indexes were calculated. Items were accepted, modified, or rejected based on these scores. In the third phase, pilot testing (N=30) assessed the checklist's reliability and calculated Cronbach's alpha. Results: The final checklist comprised 33 close-ended and one open-ended items. Each item was deemed relevant and essential, with I-CVIs ranging from 0.96 to 1.00 and S-CVI/UA and S-CVI/Ave values of 0.83 and 0.99, respectively. CVR values ranged from 0.85 to 1.00, with an average CVR of 0.97. Reliability testing yielded Cronbach’s alpha values of 0.863 and 0.961 for the two parts of the checklist. Conclusions: The developed checklist is valid and reliable, with satisfactory CVI, CVR, and Cronbach’s alpha values. It can be used as a standard tool for assessing STW validation and effectively capturing essential aspects of STW evaluation.

Adaptation and Validation of Decision-Making Questionnaire Among Physicians of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Abstract: Introduction: Healthcare decision-making is a critical yet understudied aspect of medical education. It holds significant importance among healthcare professionals and influences their overall behavior. We adapted and validated the Decision-Making Questionnaire, which measures factors affecting decision-making among obstetricians and gynecologists. Methods: We used a cross-sectional survey design to establish the construct validity of the DMQ. We established content validity using the Lawshe content validity ratio and conducted a survey to establish the construct validity. Results: Exploratory factor analysis ( n = 150) revealed three factors, task-related, context-related, and individual-related, having eigenvalues greater than 1 and adequate alpha reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis ( n = 197) found adequate model fit indices. We assessed the reliability coefficient of the Decision-Making Questionnaire using Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s Omega coefficient, which showed an acceptable range (0.86–0.90). Hence, the scale appears to be psychometrically sound and a practical measure for obstetricians and gynecologists. Discussion: The Decision-Making Questionnaire demonstrated convergent validity by positively correlating with the Team Decision-Making Questionnaire and divergent validity by showing correlations with the measure of professional quality of life. The scale is useful for practitioners and researchers to measure factors affecting decision-making in naturalistic settings.

Improving students’ responsibility in tennis courses: “The Silent Movement” model for physical education programme

Background: Tennis courses are a mandatory component prepared for prospective physical education teachers in universities. However, many students do not achieve optimal learning outcomes due to the irresponsible attitude of students, which can hinder the learning process. Research Objective: The purpose of this study is to develop and produce a tennis learning model (Silent Movement Tennis) for increasing the sense of personal and social responsibility in students. Silent Movement Tennis is the latest model in tennis learning, and there has been no previous research. Method: This research used the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) method in producing a learning model called “Silent Movement Tennis,” which consists of 4 movement skill activity posts that must be carried out by every student with a sense of responsibility. The respondents of this study are all 4th semester students (academic year 2023-2024), totalling 30 people, consisting of 9 females and 21 males at a university in the city of Palembang. The Silent Movement Tennis model was also validated by 3 experts consisting of 1 learning planning expert, 1 tennis practitioner, and 1 developmental psychologist and analysed using the Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR). Finding/Result: The results of validation by experts who have been analysed show the value of the Content Validity Index (CVI) shows an average score of 3.63, and the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) analysis shows an average score of 0.27, which means the model developed is appropriate, relevant, or good, and also high content validity to increase the sense of social and personal responsibility for students. Conclusion: Silent Movement Tennis model as an alternative model to improve basic tennis skills and student responsibility. Future research efforts must focus on the design and implementation of sports values programs, namely by developing learning games and other sports based on the TPSR model to foster and develop a sense of personal and social responsibility that is important for students to become an adaptive and resilient generation, which ultimately contributes to their future success.

Validity and reliability of the new NIMHANS intellectual disability screening instrument (NID-Screener) for children and adolescents in India

IntroductionThere is a gap in tools specifically designed for assessing Intellectual Disability (ID) in Indian settings. To address this, the NIMHANS intellectual disability screening instrument (NID-Screener) was developed by the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences. MethodsTen non experts/language and ten experts rated face and content validity of NID-Screener respectively. Content validity was measured by Content Validity Ratio, Content Validity Indices (I-CVI, S-CVI) and Modified Kappa statistics. Construct validity was calculated by performing Exploratory Factor Analysis(EFA) on responses from 275 parent(s)/guardian(s) of children and adolescents (6–17 years). Criterion Validity was tested against Brief Intellectual Disability Scale (BIDS) and Clinical Diagnosis by Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist. Kappa Statistics was used to calculate inter – method and inter-Rater Reliability. Cronbach’s alpha was used to assess Internal Consistency. This study was approved by NIMHANS ethics committee. ResultsFindings revealed that NID-Screener has good face and content validity (S-CVI/Average = 0.917). Criterion Validity was excellent (Kappa Value=0.862, p-value<0.001) when compared with BIDS. Sensitivity and specificity were found to be 84.7 %, 89 % respectively against Clinical Diagnosis. On EFA, only one underlying factor with Eigen value > 1 was identified (55.8 % of total variance). Kappa value was found to be 0.971 and 0.942 for inter- rater and inter –method reliability respectively(p-value<0.001). NID-Screener has good internal consistency [Cronbach’s alpha = 0.841]. ConclusionsNID-Screener is a reliable and valid tool for screening ID among children and adolescents in India, facilitating its early detection through diagnostic assessments and subsequent interventions.

An Instructional Module for Functional Dissociative Seizures (FDS) in Hindi: Enhancing Communication and Management in India.

Functional dissociative seizures (FDS) are very common in neurology clinics, they straddle both neurology and psychiatry. In India, scarce resources and guidelines are available for effectively conveying their diagnosis and management, which leads to a substantial gap in care. We aimed to provide an instructional module for FDS, tailored to clinicians, patients, and caregivers in Hindi, to enhance communication of diagnosis and facilitate suitable management strategies. The instructional module development process was based on clinical settings and expert opinions. A standard translation process was performed to ensure the linguistic and cultural equivalence. Validation was carried out by a panel of 15 validators, comprising 13 neurologists and two psychiatrists, to identify key psychoeducation components and their significance. They were provided a questionnaire consisting of five questions that were related to completeness, understandability, legibility, clarification, and usefulness of educational material for clinicians, patients, and caregivers. Items were rated using a 5-point Likert scale. There was agreement on four items (Q1, Q3, Q4, and Q5), whereas approximately 85% of the validators agreed on the remaining one item (Q2). The instructional module demonstrated high content validity as indicated by both item level-content validity index (0.98) and scale-level content validity index (0.97), alongside content validity ratio and modified kappa statistics. The developed Hindi instructional module for FDS serves as a valuable tool to enhance the communication of FDS diagnosis and dispel misconceptions. This offers a comprehensive resource for clinicians, patients, and caregivers in India, potentially bridging gap in FDS care.

Design and Psychometrics of the Sexual-Reproductive Needs and Concerns Scale of Iranian Never-Married Women Over 35.

The purpose of the present study was to design the Farsi Scale of Sexual-Reproductive Needs and Concerns of never-married women over 35 and to assess its psychometric properties. This mixed method research had two phases. The first phase was qualitative (Conventional Content Analysis). We interviewed never-married Iranian women over 35; from their responses, we extracted specific statements which to be used as questionnaire items. To validate the questionnaire psychometrically, we tested its validity (face, content, and structure) and reliability (internal consistency and stability). For qualitative face validity, 15 never-married women and 5 experts commented on the style of sentences. For quantitative face validity, we used the impact score. For qualitative content validity, 15 experts commented on the items based on their appropriateness, and for quantitative content validity, we performed the Content Validity Ratio and Content Validity Index. Exploratory Factor Analysis was used to Construct Validity. To evaluate structural validity, a cross-sectional sample of 240 never-married women over the age of 35 completed the questionnaire. Cronbach's Alpha was used for internal consistency. In addition, the test-retest method and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient were used to ensure stability. The Sexual-Reproductive Needs and Concerns Scale of Iranian Never-Married Women over 35 was developed with 15 items and three dimensions (Emotional burden; Sexual needs; Stigma). Cronbach's alpha for the instrument was 0.81 and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient was 0.98. The results of the study showed that the developed scale has acceptable validity and reliability, and thus can be used to assess the sexual-reproductive needs and concerns of never-married Iranian women of 35 and over.

Scan of the postgraduate educational environment domains questionnaire: a reliable and valid tool for the evaluation of educational environment in postgraduate medical education

BackgroundThe educational environment plays a critical role in shaping learners’ perceptions and experiences in medical education. Evaluating and enhancing the quality of this environment is essential for the continuous improvement of medical training programs. The Scan of the Postgraduate Educational Environment Domains (SPEED) is a concise instrument that assesses three domains of the educational environment. This study aimed to translate the SPEED questionnaire into Persian and evaluate its validity and reliability in the context of postgraduate.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with 200 first and second-year medical residents. The Persian translation of the SPEED questionnaire was assessed for content validity, and confirmatory factor analysis was performed to evaluate its structural validity. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated to assess internal consistency reliability.ResultsThe Persian-translated SPEED questionnaire demonstrated satisfactory content validity, with all items exceeding the minimum acceptable values for content validity ratio and index. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated an acceptable fit for the 3-dimensional structure of the SPEED instrument. Internal consistency reliability analysis showed high reliability for the content, atmosphere, and organization domains.ConclusionThe Persian-translated version of the SPEED questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the domains of the educational environment in postgraduate medical education.

Psychometrics assessment of clinical reasoning competency scale in nurses of critical care units

BackgroundNurses play a crucial role in identifying patients’ needs and assessing their clinical conditions to provide adequate and timely interventions. However, evaluating the clinical reasoning competence of nurses requires valid, specific, and comprehensive tools. The present study aimed to translate and psychometrically assess the Persian version of the Clinical Reasoning Competence Scale (CRCS) for nurses in special care units in Iran.MethodsThis cross-sectional, multi-axis methodological study involved 630 nurses from critical care departments in 11 Iranian hospitals. The original version of the Clinical Reasoning Competency Scale for Nurses (CRCSN) was translated into Persian using the forward and backward translation method. The psychometric properties of this scale were assessed using COSMIN criteria.ResultsEach item’s content validity ratio (CVR) ranges from 0.69 to 1, the Item content validity index (I-CVI) ranges from 0.82 to 1, while the S-w was 0.95. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the items load on three distinct dimensions—“plan setting,” “intervention strategy regulation,” and “self-instruction”—with loadings ranging from 0.621 to 0.912. These dimensions collectively explain 74.32% of the variance. Confirmatory validity was affirmed without necessitating the removal or reordering of items during the exploratory phase. The scale’s reliability was established with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.91 and a test-retest reliability coefficient of 0.92. Factor analysis was also conducted.ConclusionThe Persian version of CRCSN has been found to be valid and reliable in critical care units. Therefore, nursing managers can confidently use this tool to evaluate the clinical reasoning competence of nurses. They can also implement appropriate strategies, such as educational interventions, to improve their clinical reasoning skills.

Validating the Persian Version of the Self-stigma of Seeking Help (SSOSH) Scale

Background: Stigma presents significant barriers to mental health treatment, influencing treatment decisions and recovery outcomes. Standardized rating scales play a crucial role in assessing Self-stigma, which is essential for intervention efforts aimed at improving mental health outcomes globally. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the internal consistency, face validity, content validity, and factor structure of the Persian version of the Self-stigma of Seeking Help (SSOSH) scale in a group of people with mental health disorders referred to the outpatient clinics of Roozbeh Psychiatry Hospital and several private clinics in Tehran, Iran. Methods: First, a bilingual psychiatrist translated the scale into Persian. Content and face validity were then evaluated by six psychiatrists. A pilot test was conducted with ten patients to assess comprehensibility. A back translation into English was performed by a non-professional, and the result was compared to the original version by a bilingual psychiatrist. The final Persian version of the questionnaire was administered to 347 patients with various mental health disorders, recruited from Roozbeh Hospital, a referral psychiatry hospital, and several private clinics in Tehran. Demographic characteristics were collected via questionnaires, and the type of disorder was determined based on the specialist's evaluation. This process was conducted from October 2023 to May 2024. The Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) were calculated, and internal consistency was analyzed using Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald's Omega tests. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were performed to explore and understand the data structure. Results: The Persian version demonstrated reasonable comprehensibility and translation equivalence, ensuring both semantic and content equivalence. The SSOSH achieved a CVI &gt; 0.8 and CVR &gt; 0.96. All items obtained an acceptable score (greater than 1.5) for face validity. The internal consistency of the total score was good (α = 0.733, ω = 0.818). The EFA revealed that the Persian version had three factors accounting for 57% of the total variance, and the CFA suggested this model fits the data reasonably well, though there is room for improvement. Conclusions: The Persian SSOSH scale exhibits good internal consistency and acceptable face and content validity for use in Persian-speaking patients with mental health disorders. While the three-factor structure identified by the EFA requires further investigation, the application of this tool among other Iranians warrants additional evaluation.

Cross-cultural Adaptation, Validity, and Reliability of the Persian Version of Back Pain and Body Posture Evaluation Instrument for Adults

Background and Objectives: Back pain and neck pain are prevalent health concerns, emphasizing the importance of identifying effective risk factors for prevention. This study aimed to cross-culturally adapt and validate a tool assessing back and neck pain in adults, with a specific focus on body posture, to the Persian language. Methods: A methodological study was conducted involving forward and backward translation of the original English questionnaire into the Persian language. Face validity was evaluated with feedback from 30 participants, and content validity was determined using content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index based on expert opinions from 10 physiotherapy specialists. A total of 237 participants were involved in the study, with 90 completing the questionnaire again after one week for test re-test reliability assessment. Results: The Persian version of the questionnaire demonstrated high content validity with a CVR above 0.6. The Persian version had suitable face validity. Test re-test reliability, assessed using percentage agreement and the Kappa coefficient, revealed satisfactory results, with all percentages above 70%. Notably, the intraclass correlation coefficient for questions 16 and 20 was 0.898 and 0.878, respectively. Conclusion: The Persian version of the tool exhibits high validity and reliability, making it a valuable instrument for use within the Persian-speaking community.

Development of an Integrated Physiotherapy Treatment Protocol for Desk Job Personals: A Pilot Research

Objectives: To develop an Integrated validated Physiotherapy Treatment Protocol for Desk Job personnel along with an assessment of its effectiveness. Methods: The research was conducted utilizing a mixed-method methodology. Interviews with thirty computer professionals (having more than five years of experience) and a thorough in-depth literature research were conducted to identify various symptoms which are commonly seen among computer professionals. Search engines such as Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Pubmed, and EBSCO CINAHL were used with terms such as Neck Problems in Computer Professionals(cs), Treatment Techniques used in Cervical Spondylitis, and Motor or Sensory issues in Computer Professionals. The treatment protocol was created with the help of identified symptoms and validated using the Delphi technique. After the protocol was developed, a randomized control trial was conducted with thirty samples in each group. A developed and validated regimen was provided to the participants. Findings: Item level CVI ranges from 0.79 to 1. The Kappa results demonstrated the protocol's strong content validity, which ranged from 0.79 to 1. In comparison to day 1, there was a decline in both groups' scores of NDI and NPRS on day 30, and there was an even more noticeable decrease on day 60. The experimental group showed a much greater reduction in neck pain and disability when compared to the control group. Novelty: The study has focussed on a new category of occupational health issues, namely computer-related health issues, for which there is no established set of Physiotherapy Protocol that can either prevent or treat the issues. Keywords: Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Neck Disability Index (NDI), Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI), Integrated Physiotherapy Treatment Protocol (IPTP)

Effectiveness of jigsaw puzzle assisted visual reinforcement technique on toothbrushing knowledge, practices and clinical parameters of hearing and speech-impaired adolescents: A single-blind randomized controlled trial.

Oral health education (OHE) for hearing and speech-impaired (HSI) adolescents relies heavily on sign language. However, it is not effective in conveying oral health concepts due to communication barriers, resulting in suboptimal oral health outcomes. This study aims to evaluate the impact of the jigsaw puzzle assisted visual reinforcement (JPVR) technique on toothbrushing knowledge, practices, and clinical parameters among HSI adolescents. The study was carried out as a single-blind randomized controlled trial in a public school in Belagavi, India for a period of three months. The study included 95 participants who were randomly allocated into two groups. One group received sign language with JPVR technique, and the other group received only sign language. A self-designed 15-item closed-ended questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha value of 0.88; content validity ratio=0.85) was developed to assess the knowledge, and practices at baseline and 3 months. Plaque and gingival indices were also recorded. At the end of 3 months, the knowledge gained and practices improved in JPVR group were significantly higher compared to sign language group (p=.001). The mean plaque score was significantly lower in JPVR group than that in the sign language group (p=.001); however, gingival index did not show any statistically significant difference at 3 months. The current study demonstrated that OHE utilizing JPVR technique led to significant improvements in toothbrushing knowledge, practices, and plaque scores compared to that of conventional sign language. This promising strategy has the potential to be cost-effective and does not incorporate specialized sign language training for health professionals.