Content Validity Of Questionnaire Research Articles

Content validity and test-retest reliability of a low back pain questionnaire in Zimbabwean adolescents

BackgroundIn Zimbabwe, a recent increase in the volume of research on recurrent non-specific low back pain (NSLBP) has revealed that adolescents are commonly affected. This is alarming to health professionals and parents and calls for serious primary preventative strategies to be developed and implemented forthwith. Early identification initiatives should be prioritised in order to curtail the condition and its progression. In an attempt to be proactive in minimising the prevalence of recurrent NSLBP, this study was conducted to evaluate the content validity and test-retest reliability of a survey questionnaire with the aim of proffering a valid and reliable questionnaire which can be used in non-clinical settings to identify adolescents with recurrent NSLBP in Harare, Zimbabwe and determine the possible factors associated with the condition.MethodsThe study was conducted in two parts. The first part assessed content validity of the questionnaire using four experts derived from academia and clinical practice. The second part evaluated the reliability of the questionnaire among 125 high school-children aged between 13 and 19 years in a test-retest study.ResultsTwenty-six (26) out of thirty questions in the questionnaire had an Item Content Validity index of 1.00, demonstrating complete agreement among content experts. Overall, the Scale Content Validity Index for the questionnaire was 0.97. Item completion for the reliability study was satisfactory. The questionnaire items had kappa values ranging from 0.17 (slight agreement) to 1 (perfect agreement). High levels of reliability were found for the questions on school bag use (k=0.94), sports participation (k=0.97), and lifetime prevalence (k=0.89).ConclusionExcellent content validity and slight to perfect test-retest reliability was found for the Low Back Pain (LBP) questionnaire. These results are comparable to findings of other studies evaluating the psychometric properties of LBP questionnaires. Cognisant of the limitations of the study, the results of this study suggest that the LBP questionnaire could be used in local studies investigating LBP among adolescents although questions enquiring on functional limitations and sciatica may need further consideration.

Respiratory Tract Problems among Wood Furniture Manufacturing Factory Workers in the Northeast of Thailand.

Wood furniture manufacturing factory workers are at high risk of exposure to wood dust in wood working processes. Wood dust exposure could cause respiratory symptoms, such as reduce lung function, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. The Northeast region of Thailand has many wood furniture manufacturing factories. However, limited studies were carried out to explore the effect of wood dust exposure on workers. This study aimed to assess the respiratory symptoms and determine factors associated with these symptoms among wood furniture manufacturing factory workers. This cross-sectional analytical research used a multistage random sampling to select 511 workers from three provinces in the Northeast of Thailand. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire interview. The content validity of questionnaire was tested by 3 experts and had a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.82. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regressions. The result indicated that 29.94% of these workers had respiratory symptoms, including coughing(18.79%), nasal secretion (15.66%), and stuffy nose (15.07%). Factors that were significantly associated with respiratory symptoms (p-value < 0.05) were (a) not always wearing mask (adjusted OR=2.26;95% CI=1.37-3.72), (b) low to medium level of knowledge on dust prevention (adjusted OR=1.83;95% CI=1.23- 2.73) and (c) contacted softwood dust (adjusted OR=1.97;95% CI= 1.06-3.64). About 30% of wood furniture manufacturing factory workers had respiratory symptoms with related to both personal preventive behaviors and their working environments. Therefore, the raising awareness for using personal protective equipment during work will help them to prevent from various respiratory track problems.

Development and study of self-efficacy scale in medication adherence among Iranian patients with hypertension.

BACKGROUND:This study was aimed at developing and studying the scale of self-efficacy in adherence to treatment in Iranian patients with hypertension.METHODS:A mix-method study was conducted on the two stages: in the first phase, a qualitative study was done using content analysis through deep and semi-structured interviews. After data analysis, the draft of tool was prepared. Items in the draft were selected based on the extracted concepts. In the second phase, validity and reliability of the instrument were implemented using a quantitative study. The prepared instrument in the first phase was studied among 612 participants. To test the construct validity and internal consistency, exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha were used, respectively. To study the validity of the final scale, the average score of self-efficacy in patients with controlled hypertension were compared with patients with uncontrolled hypertension.RESULTS:In overall, 16 patients were interviewed. Twenty-six items were developed to assess different concepts of self-efficacy. Concept-related items were extracted from interviews to study the face validity of the tool from patient's point of view. Four items were deleted because scored 0.79 in content validity. The mean of questionnaire content validity was 0.85. Items were collected in two factors with an eigenvalue >1. Four items were deleted with load factor <0.4. Reliability was 0.84 for the entire instrument.CONCLUSION:Self-efficacy scale in patients with hypertension is a valid and reliable instrument that can effectively evaluate the self-efficacy in medication adherence in the management of hypertension.

Content Validity of the Credibility and Expectancy Questionnaire in a Pain Rehabilitation Setting.

Content validity, the proper reflection of the concept to be measured, is yet unknown for the Credibility and Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ). It is frequently used in pain rehabilitation because treatment expectancy is influential on the outcome. To test and improve the content validity of the CEQ in a sample of patients with chronic pain in different phases of their treatment. A qualitative observational study design using the Three-Step Test-Interview method was used. Therein, data collection, analyses, and adaptations occur iteratively. Seventeen patients with chronic pain in different stages of treatment participated through convenience sampling from the mother sample of a randomized controlled trial. The main study parameter is content validity, which is defined as (1) interpretations and responses of the participants and (2) the identification of response problems operationalized, and resulting in changes in the CEQ. For patients waiting for treatment, the written instruction of the CEQ allowed different interpretations. After changing the instructions, the CEQ became an easy-to-understand and content-valid questionnaire. For patients who had already undergone treatment, changes regarding time frame and recall period were necessary to overcome interpretation and response problems to the CEQ. After small changes, the CEQ appeared to be a content-valid measurement instrument for patients waiting for treatment. However, for patients who had already undergone treatment, the content validity of the CEQ was less, and considerable changes were necessary.

Development and validation of the patient evaluation scale (PES) for primary health care in Nigeria.

Questionnaires developed for patient evaluation of the quality of primary care are often focussed on primary care systems in developed countries. Aim To report the development and validation of the patient evaluation scale (PES) designed for use in the Nigerian primary health care context. An iterative process was used to develop and validate the questionnaire using patients attending 28 primary health centres across eight states in Nigeria. The development involved literature review, patient interviews, expert reviews, cognitive testing with patients and waves of quantitative cross-sectional surveys. The questionnaire's content validity, internal structures, acceptability, reliability and construct validity are reported. Findings The full and shortened version of PES with 27 and 18 items, respectively, were developed through these process. The low item non-response from the serial cross-sectional surveys depicts questionnaire's acceptability among the local population. PES-short form (SF) has Cronbach's α of 0.87 and three domains (codenamed 'facility', 'organisation' and 'health care') with Cronbach's αs of 0.78, 0.79 and 0.81, respectively. Items in the multi-dimensional questionnaire demonstrated adequate convergent and discriminant properties. PES-SF scores show significant positive correlation with scores of the full PES and also discriminated population groups in support of a priori hypotheses. The PES and PES-SF contain items that are relevant to the needs of patients in Nigeria. The good measurement properties of the questionnaire demonstrates its potential usefulness for patient-focussed quality improvement activities in Nigeria. There is still need to translate these questionnaires into major languages in Nigeria and assess their validity against external quality criteria.

Determining the content validity, inter-rater reliability and usability of the Novita Switch Record Form

BACKGROUND: Accurate assessment and provision of switching technology allows children with physical and multiple disabilities the opportunity of reaching their full potential within chosen occupations, particularly schooling. Senior occupational therapists from Novita Children’s Services designed the Novita Switch Record Form (NSRF) to measure small changes in children’s switching skills over time. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to determine the content validity, inter-rater reliability and usability of the NSRF. METHODS: Six expert occupational therapists analyzed the NSRF by means of a content validity questionnaire. In addition, 24 occupational therapists watched a YouTube video of approx. 5 minutes of a child who used 2 different switches at the same time. No background information was available of the child and occupational therapist in the video. The occupational therapists used the NSRF to assess the switching skills of the child and completed a usability questionnaire that measured the usability of the NSRF. RESULTS: The NSRF has acceptable content validity in regards to its relevance and representativeness of switching skills, but has poor clarity. Poor inter-rater reliability was found. Feedback from usability testing indicated the NSRF was a useful tool that would assist therapists to assess switching skills. CONCLUSIONS: It is recommended that the NSRF, user guide and a training package be further developed and tested to improve clarity and reliability.

Studying the Effective Factors on Quality of Human Sources Training Plans (Case study: Employees of Iran's Saderat Bank- Tehran's West Superintendence)

The purpose of this paper is to study the effective factors on quality of human sources training plans. Current research in terms of purpose is applicable and in terms of nature, it is descriptive and correlation kind and in terms of method, it is a survey research. The statistical population includes all employees who work in Saderat Bank of Tehran's west superintendence that the total number was 200 persons. The sample size was selected 131 persons according to Cochran's formula and the sampling method was simple random. In order to collect the data, the researcher-made questionnaire with 37 items in the form of 5-degree Likert spectrum from too high to too low was used. The face and content validity of questionnaire was confirmed by some of the experts and knowledgeable persons. Since Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for the variables of curriculums (0.875), training environment (0.942), work environment (0.759), personality characteristics of trainees (0.901), quality of in-service training plans (0.867) was obtained higher than 0.7, therefore the reliability of the questionnaire is confirmed. In order to analyze the data, one-sample t-test and two-variable linear Regression with spss software were used. The results indicated the variables of curriculums with β coefficient of 0.068 percent, training environment with β coefficient of 0.379 percent, work environment with β coefficient of 0.762 percent and personality characteristics of trainees with β coefficient of 0.241 percent have the power of predicting the dependent variable changes of in-service training plans quality. The adjusted explanation coefficient was 0.980 that indicated 4 independent variables of the research have been able to predict 98 percent of dependent variable changes.

Studying the Effective Factors on Quality of Human Sources Training Plans (Case study: Employees of Iran's Saderat Bank- Tehran's West Superintendence)

&lt;span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"&gt;The purpose of this paper is to study the effective factors on quality of human sources training plans. Current research in terms of purpose is applicable and in terms of nature, it is descriptive and correlation kind and in terms of method, it is a survey research. The statistical population includes all employees who work in Saderat Bank of Tehran&lt;sup&gt;'&lt;/sup&gt;s west superintendence that the total number was 200 persons. The sample size was selected 131 persons according to Cochran&lt;sup&gt;'&lt;/sup&gt;s formula and the sampling method was simple random. In order to collect the data, the researcher-made questionnaire with 37 items in the form of 5-degree Likert spectrum from too high to too low was used. The face and content validity of questionnaire was confirmed by some of the experts and knowledgeable persons. Since Cronbach&lt;sup&gt;'&lt;/sup&gt;s Alpha coefficient for the variables of curriculums (0.875), training environment (0.942), work environment (0.759), personality characteristics of trainees (0.901), quality of in-service training plans (0.867) was obtained higher than 0.7, therefore the reliability of the questionnaire is confirmed. In order to analyze the data, one-sample t-test and two-variable linear Regression with spss software were used. The results indicated the variables of curriculums with β coefficient of 0.068 percent, training environment with β coefficient of 0.379 percent, work environment with β coefficient of 0.762 percent and personality characteristics of trainees with β coefficient of 0.241 percent have the power of predicting the dependent variable changes of in-service training plans quality. The adjusted explanation coefficient was 0.980 that indicated 4 independent variables of the research have been able to predict 98 percent of dependent variable changes.&lt;/span&gt;

Assessment of Middle age Women's Knowledge towards Household Hazards in AL –Amara City

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Objective: The aim of the study is assessing middle age women's knowledge toward household hazards, In primary health care centers at AL-Amara City. Methodology: A descriptive and analytic design is accomplish on non probability (Purposive sample) consisting of 150 middle age women select from four primary health care centers at AL-Amara City (AL-Uroba Primary Health Care Center,AL Zahraa Primary Health Care Center ,AL Hasen AL-Askerry Primary Health Care Center ,and Ali AL-Ridha Primary Health Care Center.) These centers are choose randomly from 21 primary health care centers in the first sector. The study is conduct from (1st November, 2013 to1st August, 2014).The questionnaire is consist of two main parts, including: part 1 socio-demographic characteristics, and part 2 women's knowledge toward household hazards consisted of two sections (knowledge toward household cleaners, Disinfectants, and food poisoning). Assesses women's knowledge( Adequate or In adequate) The content validity of questionnaires are determined through 17 panels of experts from different fields. Reliability of the questionnaire are determine through an application of spilt-half and computation of Cronbach's Alpha Correlation coefficients (r=0.83). The analysis of data is performed through the application of descriptive statistic and inferential statistical. Results: The findings of the study indicate that (31.3 %) of the study sample are in the age group (40-44) years, (24.0%) are able to read and write, (43.3%) are housewives, (54.0%) are married, (79.3%) are urban residency, (75.3%) are living in nuclear families and (42.7%) are from a moderate level of socio-economic status, Concerning women's knowledge have adequate knowledge toward household hazards, Recommendations: The study recommends: Raising women's awareness toward household hazards and reinforce the healthy behaviors, distributing of brochures and pamphlets for families include guidance concerning home safety hazards, and looking further studies increasing sampling size and focusing on women in bearing age.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEADERSHIP STYLES AND THINKING STYLES SUCCESSFUL COACHES IN KHUZESTAN PROVINCE

The research is aimed to investigate the relationship between humanistic and task-oriented leadership style with a five-thinking executive, legislative, judicial, liberal and conservative, with a success rate of successful coaches in Khuzestan province. Scale and Scale thinking style of leadership were used. After verifying the content validity of questionnaires by physical education teachers and management, validation questionnaires using Kronbach’s alpha coefficient, 0.73 and 0.657 calculated was used. The test used in this study was Friedman test and Spearman correlation coefficient. After studying the questionnaires filled by 23 coaches, it was concluded that there exists no significant relation between the task oriented leadership style and subscales of thinking styles of executive, legal, judicial, free and conservative. And that in terms of the relation between humanistic leadership style and subscales of thinking styles of legal, judicial and free and conservative; a significant relation exists only between the leadership style of humanistic and executive thinking style. Thus, due to the significant relationship between these two styles is suggested that coaches have two-way relationship with athletes and that they should express their goals to athletes in a clear and appropriate way. They should also have appropriate behaviors for realizing these goals through their team. In this regard, they will be able to achieve highest levels of success for themselves and their teams. Article visualizations:

The development and the reliability and validity test of the satisfaction evaluation questionnaire about humanistic caring of head-nurses to nurses

Objective In order to provide evidence for researches related to evaluating the humanistic caring ability of head-nurses, we developed the questionnaire and launched reliability and validity test for it. Methods Through analyzing in documents, theories and scales, launching a 2-round experts consultation for 19 experts, the questionnaire consists of 3 first-class indicators, 8 second-class indicators and 36 third-class indicators. A total of 217 nurses, from third-grade class-A hospital who had a more than 5-year clinical experience, were selected by convenient sampling. Finally, the reliability and validity of the questionnaire had been summarized. Results The Cronbach α was 0.937 for the total questionnaire and 0.743-0.898 for each sub-scales. The split half reliability coefficient for the total questionnaire was 0.801 and 0.748-8.872 for each sub-scales. Test result of questionnaire content validity demonstrate the CVI was 0.91 for the total factors and 0.83-1.00 for each factor.Through exploratory factor analysis, 8 common factors were abstracted and cumulative variance contribution rate was 65.852%. Conclusions The questionnaire, developed for evaluating the humanistic caring ability of head-nurses, shows acceptable reliability and validity, and it's worth to be popularizing and using in future. Key words: Head-nurses; Humanistic caring; Evaluate; Reliability; Validity

ELearning to facilitate the education and implementation of the Chelsea Critical Care Physical Assessment: a novel measure of function in critical illness

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of eLearning in the widespread standardised teaching, distribution and implementation of the Chelsea Critical Care Physical Assessment (CPAx) tool—a validated tool to assess physical function in...

Wrong Use of Internet and Neglect of Library by Nigerian University Students: An Implication for English Studies

&lt;p&gt;With the advent of Information Communication Technology (ICT) tools like mobile phones, computer, satellite TV, smartphones, internet, among several other devices, gross neglect use of libraries is very rampant among Nigerian students while a tremendous use of the ICT devices is on the increase. This has led to “Stereotyping” and “Xeroxing” of what ought to be a serious academic work as only a few students are regarded as ardent users of libraries. The population of the study consists of two government-owned universities and two privately owned universities in the North Central Zone of Nigeria. Random sampling technique was employed to select 25 male and 25 female students from each of the four universities, but only 196 students out of 200 made available their questionnaire that was used in computing the result. Two library experts and two English experts’ advice were sought on the questionnaire for content validity. The instrument was subjected to test re-test technique producing 0.57 at 0.05 alpha level of significant. The finding of the result showed that very high percentage of the respondents favoured the use of ICT related gadgets for their academic pursuit. Based on this, it was concluded that the use of ICT related gadgets now affects students’ serious academic work since they rely mostly on stereotype and Xerox kinds of studying. To this end, it was recommended among other things that teachers should, as a matter of seriousness, cross check all submitted assignments by students to make sure that they are devoid of stereotype or Xerox.&lt;/p&gt;

Developing the questionnaire on the causes of aggressive behavior in patients with schizophrenia: nurses' attitudes

Objective To develop a questionnaire suitable for China's cultural background on nurses' attitudes towards the causes of aggressive behavior in patients with schizophrenia, and to test its reliability and validity. Methods By literature review, semi-structured interview and combining with the China's conditions, the draft of the questionnaire item pool was formed, which was evaluated by the experts. Then the reliability and validity of the questionnaire were tested by investigating 340 nurses. Results The effective questionnaires were 312 copies. The questionnaire included 4 dimensions and 29 items. Exploratory factor analysis extracted 4 factors, the total explained variance was 56.175%. The Cronbach alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.909, and the dimensions' Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.812-0.896. The testretest reliability of the questionnaire was 0.897, and the dimensions' test-retest reliability was 0.742-0.886. The average of total questionnaire's content validity index was 0.968 and the average of the dimensions' content validity index was 0.943-0.978. Conclusions The questionnaire has good reliability and validity, which can be used to investigate nurses' attitudes towards the reasons of the aggressive behavior in patients with schizophrenia. Key words: Nurses; Schizophrenia; Questionnaires; Aggressive behaviors; Causes

A compilation of consumers' stories: the development of a video to enhance medication adherence in newly transplanted kidney recipients.

To describe the design, development and evaluation of a consumer-centred video, which was underpinned by the Theory of Planned Behaviour and it was created to educate newly transplanted kidney recipients about the importance of medication adherence. Kidney transplantation is a treatment whereby medication adherence is critical to ensure long-term kidney graft success. To date, many interventions aimed to improve medication adherence in kidney transplantation have been conducted but consumers remain largely uninvolved in the interventional design. Qualitative sequential design. Twenty-two participants who had maintained their kidney transplant for at least 8months and three participants who had experienced a kidney graft loss due to non-adherence were interviewed from March-May 2014 in Victoria, Australia. These interviews were independently reviewed by two researchers and were used to guide the design of the story plot and to identify storytellers for the video. The first draft of the video was evaluated by a panel of seven experts in the field, one independent educational expert and two consumers using Lynn's content validity questionnaire. The content of the video was regarded as highly relevant and comprehensive, which achieved a score of >3·7 out of a possible 4. The final 18-minute video comprised 15 sections. Topics included medication management, the factors affecting medication adherence and the absolute necessity of adherence to immunosuppressive medications for graft survival. This paper has demonstrated the feasibility of creating a consumer-driven video that supports medication adherence in an engaging way.

Development and Validation of a Survey Form for Adverse Events Associated with Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Objectives : To develop and validate a survey form for adverse events(AEs) associated with acupuncture and moxibustion treatment. Methods : The 1st version of a survey form consisting of 9 categories was developed and modified based on the analysis of questionnaires from previous studies on AEs. To evaluate content validity of the 1st version, a Delphi survey where experts in acupuncture and moxibustion, and research methodology were invited, was conducted alongside a separate content validity questionnaire. The content validity indices for each item and total scale were calculated as the proportion of the number of experts judging each item or scale valid to the number of total experts. Results : After the Delphi round 1, the content validity of 2 items and total scale was rated as inadequate. The 1st version was modified accordingly, and the 2nd version of the survey form was developed. The content validity of the 2nd version was assessed in the Delphi round 2 and the final version was completed after incorporating the expert comments. The final version consists of 13 questions regarding practitioner/patient information, condition/disease, intervention, treated body parts, safety issue and AE occurrence related with practitioner's behavior or instruments, AEs associated with treatment and emergency actions taken if necessary, time to AE occurrence, outcomes, serious AEs or death, and time to AE disappearance. Conclusions : This newly developed and validated survey form will serve to collect AEs associated with acupuncture and moxibustion treatments in Korea and contribute to establishing the evidence on safety of Korean acupuncture treatment.

Differences in personal and lifestyle characteristics among Zimbabwean high school adolescents with and without recurrent non-specific low back pain: a two part cross-sectional study.

BackgroundRecurrent non-specific low back pain (NSLBP) is increasingly becoming common among adolescents worldwide. A recent study in Zimbabwe showed a relatively high prevalence (28.8 %) among high school students. Influential associated factors, however, remain unclear. This is a significant shortcoming. The aim was to determine personal or lifestyle-related factors associated with recurrent NSLBP among high school adolescents in Harare, Zimbabwe.MethodsThis study was part of a large epidemiological study conducted in two continuous parts. Part one sought to determine self-reported associated factors among 532 participants (mean age =16 ± 1.72 years) drawn randomly from selected government schools using a reliable and content-validated questionnaire (Kappa coefficient, k = 0.32–1). Part two purposively identified adolescents (N = 64, median age =17 years, interquartile range, IQR = 15–18 years) with a history of ‘severe’ recurrent NSLBP from part one based on a specific eligibility criteria and compared body mass index, relative school bag weight and hamstring flexibility with matched adolescents without NSLBP. Data was analysed using Statistica version 11. Independent t-tests or χ2 tests of association were used for continuous and categorical data, respectively. The statistical significance was set at p < .05.ResultsRecurrent NSLBP was associated with self-reported factors such as perceptions of a heavy school bag [χ2 (1) = 85.9, p < 0.001]. A significant proportion of adolescents with recurrent NSLBP spent over 30 min carrying the school bag to and from school [χ2 (1) =32.2, p < 0.001]. It was also associated with prolonged sitting (p < 0.001), not playing sports [χ2 (1) =5.85, p = 0.02] and tight hamstrings [χ2 (1) =7.6, p = 0.006].ConclusionsAlthough conclusions from this study are hesitant because of the cross-sectional nature of the study and the relatively small sample size in follow-up study, recurrent NSLBP is associated with perceptions of a heavy school bag, duration of school bag carriage, no sports participation, prolonged sitting on entertainment activities, and tight hamstrings. These findings add to the importance of promoting physical activity at school or home especially aimed at improving muscle flexibility.

A Comparative Study of Present Situation and Desirable Plan in Performing of Educational Course in Universities Program of Training for the Staves in Islamic Azad University

The Purpose of this syudy was studying A comparative study of present situation and desirable plan in performing of educational course in universities program of training for the staves in islamic Azad University. On the based on research goals, the type of current Research is applied research and in terms of research methodology is the type of descriptive Research. A Researcher made questionnaire was used as main tools for gathering data. The face and content validity of questionnaire were confirmed by panel of university experts. Also the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed through calculating the Cornbach's coefficient ∝=0.87. The statistical Population of Current study included 915 people from the region 11 Islamic Azad University personal.248 people were selected as the sample based on using cronbach Formula. Data processing was performed using SPSS estatistial software, as well as descriptive estatistics (Central and inferential indexes) and analytical statistices (Krosakal wallis test). The Results Show that there is a significance diffrences between situation and desirable program and plans in lerning course for employees.

An Investigation into Effective Factors on Human Resources Productivity (Case Study: Region 11, Islamic Azad University, Iran)

The Purpose of this syudy was studying the effective factors on human resources Productivity from the region 11 Islamic Azad University personal point of view. On the based on research goals, the type of current Research is applied research and in terms of research methodology is the type of Casual – Relative Research. A Researcher made questionnaire was used as main tools for gathering data. The face and content validity of questionnaire were confirmed by panel of university experts. Also the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed through calculating the Cornbach's coefficient ∝=0.87. The statistical Population of Current study included 800 people from the region 11 Islamic Azad University personal.150 people were selected as the sample based on using cronbach Formula. Data processing was performed using SPSS estatistial software, as well as descriptive estatistics (Central and inferential indexes) and analytical statistices (Correlation coefficients analysis and multiple regression method). The results showed that variables such as the personal training relationship, knowledge and skill, benefits and salary, experience and work experience, work desire, using the suitable way of punishing and encouraging by the managers, the rate of decision participation, presence of level of evaluation standards, intimate relationship whit the managers, job security, and freedom in action and independence, these all have direct and meaningful relationship whit productivity. Using multiple regression findings, a model has obtained in which three variables including, job security, personnel training and managers support from the personnel successful have performance have embedded. Positive coefficients of these three variables closely control, the rate of productivity will increase, in the way that the impact of these three variables mentioned in regression, show the (%63.9) change in the rate of productivity.

Development and content validity testing of a patient-reported outcomes questionnaire for the assessment of hereditary angioedema in observational studies.

BackgroundHereditary Angioedema (HAE), a rare genetic disease, manifests as intermittent, painful attacks of angioedema. Attacks vary in frequency and severity and include skin, abdominal and life-threatening laryngeal swellings. This study aimed to develop a patient reported outcome (PRO) tool for the assessment of HAE attacks, including their management and impact on patients’ lives, for use in clinical studies, or by physicians in general practice.MethodsThe results of open-ended face to face concept elicitation interviews with HAE patients in Argentina (n = 10) and the US (n = 33) were used to develop the first draft questionnaire of the HAE patient reported outcomes questionnaire (HAE PRO). Subsequently, in-depth cognitive debriefing interviews were performed with HAE patients in the UK (n = 10), Brazil (n = 10), Germany (n = 11) and France (n = 12). Following input from eight multinational clinical experts further cognitive interviews were conducted in the US (n = 12) and Germany (n = 12). Patients who experienced abdominal, cutaneous or laryngeal attacks of varying severity levels were included in all rounds of interviews. Across the rounds of interviews patients discussed their HAE attack symptoms, impacts and treatments. Cognitive debriefing interviews explored patient understanding and relevance of questionnaire items. All interviews were conducted face to face following a pre-defined semi-structured interview guide in the patient’s native language.ResultsPatients reported a variety of HAE symptoms, attack triggers, warning signs, attack impacts and treatment options which were used to develop the HAE PRO. The HAE PRO was revised and refined following input from patients and clinical experts. The final 18-item HAE PRO provides an assessment of the HAE attack experience including symptoms, impacts, treatment requirements, healthcare resource use and loss of productivity caused by HAE attacks.ConclusionsPatient and expert input has contributed to the development of a content valid questionnaire that assesses concepts important to HAE patients globally. HAE patients across cultures consider the HAE PRO a relevant and appropriate assessment of HAE attacks and treatment.