Assess Content Validity Research Articles

Development of a scale for measuring psychosocial vulnerability in disaster-prone areas

IntroductionDisaster vulnerability is a complex concept influenced by both natural forces and societal factors, including psychosocial aspects that shape an individual's resilience to natural hazards. Despite technological advancements, assessing psychosocial vulnerability remains challenging, necessitating specialized scales. This study attempted to develop a psychosocial vulnerability assessment scale, recognizing the intricate interplay of physical, psychological, and social factors. MethodsThe study was conducted in two disaster-prone wards in Cuttack, India, susceptible to cyclones, earthquakes, and floods. The scale development process involved two stages: instrument design and judgmental evidence. During the instrument design phase, qualitative data on psychosocial vulnerabilities were gathered through Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). These insights led to the generation of 44 items, which were subsequently refined to 35 items through expert consultation. The judgmental evidence phase included content validity assessment, internal consistency analysis, and test-retest reliability estimation. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) identified the instrument's factor structure, with items retaining factor loadings exceeding 0.4. Data collection involved 400 individuals selected through multistage sampling, with strict adherence to ethical considerations. ResultData collected in the initial instrument design stage revealed key psychosocial vulnerability themes. These themes informed the creation of a 35-item scale categorized into three domains: Physical, social, and psychological vulnerability. The instrument underwent rigorous validation processes, demonstrating strong content validity agreement among experts. Internal consistency analysis revealed good reliability, as indicated by the Kuder-Richardson coefficient (KR20 = 0.904). Test-retest reliability further established the stability of responses over time, with an ICC of 0.82. EFA confirmed the scale's three-factor structure, explaining 60 % of the variance. After removing three items with low factor loadings, the scale proved reliable and valid, effectively categorizing vulnerabilities into these distinct domains. ConclusionThe scale developed in this study offers a comprehensive tool for understanding the unique challenges people living in disaster-prone areas face. It addresses the often-overlooked psychosocial components of vulnerability, filling a critical gap in existing research and measurement scales. Its application helps in planning psychosocial interventions and improving disaster risk reduction strategies.

Examining the content validity of the Comprehensive Assessment of Functioning for Mental Illness-Subjective Version (CAMI-S) with reference to the framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF).

To support the achievement of life goals and social participation of persons with mental illness, based on the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF), we generated items, identified domains, and examined the content validity of the Comprehensive Assessment of Functioning for Mental Illness-Subjective Version (CAMI-S). The purpose was to assess patients' strengths and weaknesses by incorporating the patient and public involvement perspective. Focus group interviews on the items to be included were conducted with Group A. A draft scale was constructed by extracting articles mentioning factors for social participation and recovery for each ICF component from PubMed. Group B participants rated themselves using the draft and highlighted items they considered inappropriate. Experts then rated the importance of the items through the Delphi method. Lastly, Group C participants evaluated whether the draft scale would help in understanding their strengths and weaknesses. The interviews revealed subjective experience items. The draft scale had 81 items (physical and mental functions, 10; activities, 23; participation, 24; environment, 12; individuals, six; and subjective experience, six). Through the Delphi method, the number of items was reduced to 34 in six domains. Most participants (N = 50) indicated that it helped them ascertain patients' strengths and weaknesses (mean = 2.11 ± .714). Completion time for the scale was 56 min, including the 60-item face sheet (20-110 min). The CAMI-S helped participants ascertain patients' strengths and weaknesses. Its reliability and validity will be verified through a large-scale survey in the future.

Translation and cultural adaption of the control preference scale across various care settings in a Danish hospital

BackgroundIn recent decades, there has been a growing emphasis on involving patients in healthcare decision-making, driven by political, ethical, and research considerations. Although patient involvement is associated with improved health outcomes, understanding patient preferences regarding their role in decision-making is crucial for effective interventions. The Control Preferences Scale (CPS) measures patient preferences along a continuum from passive to active participation. However, its application in Denmark necessitates translation and cultural adaptation.MethodologyThis study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the CPS for Danish use across diverse healthcare settings: acute care, cancer care, elective surgery, chronic medical treatment, and parental involvement in pediatric care. Following a cross-sectional design, the translation process was systematically planned and executed using Beaton’s guidelines, including the five stages: forward and back translation, synthesis, expert review, and pre-testing.ResultsThe translation and adaption process was carried out successfully. Few linguistic challenges were identified and resolved by the expert review. The findings of the pre-testing indicated high acceptability and usability of the adapted CPS among 152 Danish patients and parents. The collaborative role emerged as the most preferred across settings (69.8%), with passive roles more prevalent among cancer patients (30%) and parents waiting with their child to see a pediatrician (23.3%). Notable, more women preferred collaborative or active roles (83.9%) than men (73.9%). The content validity assessment yielded positive feedback, affirming the relevance and comprehensiveness of the CPS.ConclusionsIn summary, the adaptation and validation of the CPS for Danish use proved successful, providing a valuable tool for assessing patient’s role preferences in healthcare decision-making. However, future studies are recommended to ensure construct validity and reliability through psychometric testing.

Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Mandarin Version of the Dysphagia Handicap Index.

This study aimed to develop the Dysphagia Handicap Index-Chinese Mandarin (DHI-CM) and to assess its reliability and validity. This prospective study was conducted in China with individuals who speak Mandarin. The DHI-CM was developed according to a five-stage process. 264 patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) and 187 healthy individuals completed the study. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's α and test-retest reliability. Differences between healthy participants and patients with OD were analyzed for instrument validity. Convergent and concurrent validity were assessed using the Swallowing Quality of Life Questionnaire (SWAL-QoL) and Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), respectively. The Content Validity Index (CVI) was used to assess content validity. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses (EFA and CFA, respectively) were used to assess structural validity. The Cronbach's alpha was > 0.9 for the total score and every individual subscale. The Pearson and intraclass correlation coefficients were both > 0.8. The patients with OD showed significantly higher scores in the DHI-CM and its subscales than the healthy individuals. Significant correlations were found between most subscales of the DHI-CM and both the SWAL-QoL and FOIS. The CVI of the DHI-CM was 0.892 and ranged between 0.878 and 1.000 for the subscales. The EFA identified three components that explained 24.33%, 23.99%, and 22.73% of the variance, respectively. The scale showed good structural validity through CFA. Conclusions. The DHI-CM demonstrated good reliability and validity among Mandarin-speaking Chinese adults.

Validation of A 3D-printed simulator for training in endoscopic injection of bulking agent for vesicoureteral reflux: a pilot study

BackgroundSimulation-based training plays a significant role in surgical education, especially in minimally invasive pediatric surgery and urology. This study aimed to evaluate a novel 3D-printed model as training tool for endoscopic injection of bulking agent.MethodsForty-three attendees and ten teaching faculty members were invited to complete a post hoc questionnaire after completing training sessions using the Fish Tank Simulation Model (FTSM). The survey consisted of a 7-question 5-point Likert scale to assess the model’s realism (face validity) and its effectiveness as training tool (content validity).ResultsRegarding the training status, 20/53 (37.7%) participants were fellow and/or specialist in pediatric surgery and 33/53 (62.3%) were surgeons in training. Their level of confidence in endoscopic injection procedure was defined as novice (< 10 procedures per year) in 33/53 (62.3%), intermediate (10–20 procedures per year) in 10/53 (18.9%), and expert (> 20 procedures per year) in 10/53 (18.9%). Regarding both face validity and content validity assessments, no statistically significant differences were found between scores given by novice vs intermediate/expert groups. Similarly, no statistically significant differences emerged between scores given by participant vs faculty groups assessing the content validity of the FTSM. The FTSM was considered a good teaching tool for beginners by 44/53 (83%) and for pediatric surgeons/urologists by 38/53 (71.7%).ConclusionsThe 3D-printed Fish Tank Simulation Model proved to be a valuable, high-fidelity, easily accessible, cost-effective, hygienic, and domestic-use training tool for pediatric surgeons/urologists conducting the procedure. The model’s user-friendly design and realistic environment enhanced learning opportunities for trainees, regardless of their experience level or training status. Nevertheless, further development is necessary, particularly in enhancing the realism of the ureteral hiatus and reproducing more complex anatomy, to make it beneficial for the training of advanced surgeons.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and psychometric validation of the Malay version of the Assessment of Quality of Life—6 Dimensions (Malay-AQoL-6D) instrument among Malaysians living with chronic heart failure

BackgroundThis study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL)-6D into Malay (Malay-AQoL-6D), and assesses the instrument’s acceptability, reliability, and validity among Malaysians living with chronic heart failure (HF).MethodsThe translation and cross-cultural adaptation process adhered to international guidelines. The Malay-AQoL-6D underwent content and face validity assessments via expert review, and pretesting among healthy individuals and patients with chronic conditions. Subsequent psychometric validation utilised clinico-sociodemographic data and paired AQoL-6D and EQ-5D-5L data from a health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) survey involving Malay-speaking patients with HF, which encompassed assessments of Malay-AQoL-6D acceptability, internal consistency and test-retest reliability, as well as its construct, concurrent, convergent and divergent, and known-group validity.ResultsThe Malay-AQoL-6D was deemed acceptable among clinicians and local patients, achieving a 90.8% completion rate among 314 patients surveyed. The instrument demonstrated strong content validity (item-level content validity index [CVI]: 0.83–1.00, average CVI: 0.98), internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.72–0.89; MacDonald’s omega: 0.82–0.90, excluding the Senses dimension), and test-retest reliability (average intraclass correlation coefficients: 0.79–0.95). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the instrument’s two-level, six-factor structure (Satorra-Bentler [SB]-scaled χ2(df: 164): 283.67, p-value < 0.001; root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA]: 0.051; comparative fix index [CFI]: 0.945, Tucker-Lewis index [TLI]: 0.937; standardised root mean-squared error [SRMR]: 0.058). The Malay-AQoL-6D’s concurrent validity was evident through its good agreement with EQ-5D-5L. Multiple hypothesis tests further affirmed its construct and known-group validity. The Malay-AQoL-6D’s psychometric properties remained consistent across different missing data techniques.ConclusionThe findings suggest that Malay-AQoL-6D could be a culturally acceptable, reliable, and valid HRQoL measure for quantifying HRQoL among the local HF population. Future studies are necessary to further validate the instrument against other measures and confirm the instrument’s test-retest reliability and responsiveness, which are possible with the availability of the Malay-AQoL-6D.

Sleep-loss related to itch in atopic dermatitis: assessing content validity and psychometric properties of a patient-reported sleep-loss rating scale

BackgroundSleep loss is a key factor contributing to disease burden in people with atopic dermatitis (AD). Mitigating itch to improve sleep is an important outcome of AD treatment. This study explored the content validity and measurement properties of the Sleep-Loss Scale, a single-item rating scale for assessing itch interference with sleep in clinical trials of AD treatments.MethodsConcept elicitation and cognitive debriefing interviews were conducted with 21 adults and adolescents (12–17 years of age) with moderate-to-severe AD to develop a conceptual model of patient experience in AD and explore the content validity of the scale. Data collected from adults with moderate-to-severe AD enrolled in a phase 2b study (NCT03443024) were used to assess Sleep-Loss Scale’s psychometric performance, including reliability, construct validity, and ability to detect change. Meaningful within-patient change (MWPC) thresholds were also determined using anchor-based methods.ResultsQualitative findings from concept elicitation highlighted the importance of sleep-loss related to itch in AD. Debriefing analysis of the Sleep-Loss Scale indicated that the scale was relevant, appropriate, and interpreted as intended. Trial data supported good reliability, construct validity and ability to detect improvement. MWPC was defined as a 1-point improvement using trial data, a finding supported by qualitative data.ConclusionsThe Sleep-Loss Scale provides a valid and reliable patient-reported measure of the impact of itch on sleep in patients with AD, and can detect change, indicating it is fit-for-purpose to evaluate the efficacy of AD treatments in moderate-to-severe patients.

Development, validity, and reliability assessment of the Canadian Food Literacy Measure.

Food literacy is a growing area of interest given its potential to support healthy and sustainable diets. Most existing food literacy measures focus on nutrition and food skills but fail to address food systems and socio-environmental aspects of food literacy. Further, measures developed and tested in the Canadian context are lacking. The objective of this project was to develop and test the validity and reliability of a brief self-administered measure, in French and English, designed to assess multiple dimensions of food literacy among adults living in Canada. The 23-item Canadian Food Literacy Measure was developed through an iterative process that included assessment of face and content validity through expert review (n=20) and cognitive interviews (n=20) and construct validity and reliability, i.e., internal consistency through an online survey (n=154). The results indicate that the measure is well understood by both English- and French-speaking adults. The measure's construct validity is demonstrated by the observed differences in total scores in hypothesized directions by gender (p=0.003), age (p=0.007), education level (p=0.002), health literacy (p<0.001) and smoking status (p=0.001), and the significant positive correlation (r=0.29; p=0.002) between total scores and fruit and vegetable intake. The measure also has high internal consistency with a Cronbach's coefficient alpha of 0.80. This measure can be used in surveillance studies to provide insight into the food literacy of adults living in Canada and in epidemiologic research that aims to explore how food literacy is associated with a variety of health outcomes.

A Mixed Methods Study Exploring Patient Safety Culture at Four VHA Hospitals

BackgroundThe Veterans Administration (VHA) launched an enterprise-wide High Reliability Organization (HRO) transformation effort in February 2019. Yet, many gaps exist in understanding the mechanisms through which HROs achieve positive outcomes. The goal of this paper is to assess content validity of Patient Safety Culture (PSC) scale through a secondary analysis of qualitative data collected from four purposively sampled VHA hospitals concurrently with the employee survey administered in 2019-2020. Methods: We used a concurrent triangulation mixed methods design secondary analysis of the qualitative data collected between 2019-2020 from a larger study that focused on understanding HRO implementation efforts at 4 of the 18 VHA HRO lead hospitals. We combined qualitative data from our summary qualitative reports with quantitative ratings in a cross-hospital matrix to explore the extent and manifestation of each of the PSC factors. Results: Scores were significantly different between the 4 hospitals for all four PSC factors. Twelve of the twenty PSC items (60%) significantly differed across the 4 hospitals. Despite the high rate of statistically significant differences in PSC scores, many differences were small. Qualitative data revealed supporting evidence for 16 of 20 PSC individual items, suggesting good coverage and content validity for the quantitatively derived PSC factors. Conclusions: PSC is a central pillar of HRO maturity. This study shows a newly developed VHA PSC factor had good content validity based on a mixed methods analysis. Future research is needed to better understand the relationship of PSC factors to HRO process and clinical outcomes.

Establishment and content validity assessment of evaluation index system for development value of traditional Chinese medicine preparations in medical institutions

The development of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) preparations as an incubator for new drugs in medical institutions has flourished, while an evaluation index system remains to be established for comprehensively assessing the development value of these prescriptions. This study established an item pool through literature research, employed the Delphi method to determine the content of evaluation indexes, and adopted the superiority chart to determine the weight of each index. Two-level evaluation index system for the development value of TCM preparations in medical institutions was established, which included 7 first-level items and 36 se-cond-level items, demonstrating scientific validity. The first-level items(weight) were inheritance(10.61%), effectiveness(23.22%), safety(22.71%), innovation(13.21%), economy(10.00%), suitability(8.57%), and accessibility(11.68%). The top three second-level items in terms of weight distribution were adverse reaction monitoring(6.73%), evidence of therapeutic effect(5.71%), and clinical response rate(4.75%). The bottom three second-level items were production advantages(0.86%), medicinal dosage(0.48%), and medicinal smell or taste(0.18%). The content validity of the established system was assessed, which revealed that the index system was reliable, with the overall and average content validity indexes of 0.47 and 0.90, respectively. Furthermore, the established evaluation index system was used to evaluate six TCM preparations in a city-level hospital of TCM in Sichuan Province, which demonstrated that the system had operability. The results indicate that the evaluation index system is scientific, reliable, and operable, providing a reference for developers to selectively develop TCM preparations in medical institutions. In practical application, the system can be adjusted regarding the index weights according to actual conditions.

ESSENTIAL YOGA PRACTICES FOR FOOTBALL PLAYERS TO ENHANCE SPORTS PERFORMANCE

Football demands high levels of muscle strength, aerobic capacity, and anaerobic power to meet the sport's physical and physiological challenges. Yoga has been shown to enhance flexibility, stability, endurance, and cognitive function, benefiting both physical performance and mental well-being. Despite this, there is a notable absence of studies specifically focused on sport-specific yoga practices for football players. The study aims to identify essential yoga practices for football players based on input from subject matter experts. A total of 76 yoga practices were identified through a review of classical texts and supported by research evidence. To establish the validity of these practices, a panel of 30 subject matter experts (SMEs) was consulted. The data were analysed using Lawshe’s Content Validity Ratio (CVR) to assess content validity. Among the 76 integrated yoga practices subjected to validation, 38 practices achieved a CVR score of ≥0.33, signifying high content validity, while the remaining 38 practices had a CVR score of &lt;0.33, indicating low content validity. The 38 practices with a CVR score of ≥0.33 were deemed essential for football players. The study highlights the potential of yoga to improve overall athletic performance and reduce injury risk, emphasizing the need for incorporating sport-specific yoga programs.

Validation of the ViGaTu Immersive Virtual Reality Endoscopy Training System for Physicians and Nurses.

Endoscopy simulators are primarily designed to provide training in interventions performed during procedures. Peri-interventional tasks such as checking patient data, filling out forms for team time-out, patient monitoring, and performing sedation are often not covered. This study assesses the face, content, and construct validity of the ViGaTu (Virtual Gastro Tutor) immersive virtual reality (VR) simulator in teaching these skills. 71 nurses and physicians were invited to take part in VR training. The participants experienced an immersive VR simulation of an endoscopy procedure, including setting up the endoscopic devices, checking sign-in and team time-out forms, placing monitoring devices, and performing sedation. The actions performed by the participants and their timing were continuously recorded. Face and content validity, as well as the System Usability Scale (SUS), were then assessed. 43 physicians and 28 nurses from 43 centers took a mean of 27.8 min (standard deviation ± 14.42 min) to complete the simulation. Seventy-five percent of the items for assessing face validity were rated as realistic, and 60% of items assessing content validity and usefulness of the simulation for different learning goals were rated as useful by the participants (four out of five on a Likert scale). The SUS score was 70, demonstrating a high degree of usability. With regard to construct validity, experienced endoscopy staff were significantly faster in setting up the endoscope tower and instruments than beginners. This multicenter study presents a new type of interdisciplinary endoscopy training system featuring peri-interventional tasks and sedation in an immersive VR environment.

The Validity and Responsiveness of the Patient-Specific Functional Scale in Patients With First Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis

The purpose of this study was to assess the content, construct, and discriminative validity and responsiveness of the Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) in patients with thumb carpometacarpal arthritis. Data were collected at Xpert Clinics, comprising 34 outpatient hand surgery and hand therapy clinics in the Netherlands. We included 267 patients for content validity and 323 patients for construct validity and responsiveness. The PSFS items were classified into the International Classification of Function Core Set for Hand Conditions to assess content validity. We used hypothesis testing to investigate the construct validity and responsiveness. The Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire was used as a comparator instrument. The standardized response mean was calculated to evaluate the magnitude of change. For discriminative validity, we used independent t tests to discriminate between satisfied and dissatisfied patients. We classified 98% of the PSFS items in the International Classification of Function "activities" and "participation" domains, indicating good content validity. Two of six hypotheses for construct validity and three of six hypotheses for responsiveness were confirmed. The standardized response mean for the PSFS was 0.57 (0.46-0.68) and 0.47 (0.35-0.58) for the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire total score. The mean PSFS score showed good discriminative validity because it could distinguish between satisfied and dissatisfied patients at the 3-month follow-up. The PSFS scores showed good content and discriminative validity in patients with first carpometacarpal arthritis. Hypothesis testing for responsiveness and construct validity indicates that the PSFS measures a unique construct different from the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire. The PSFS may be a useful scale for measuring the patient-specific status of individuals with thumb carpometacarpal arthritis.

Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Cervical Cancer Knowledge Scale.

This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Turkish adaptation of The Cervical Cancer Knowledge Scale (CCKS-T). This scale was designed for the assessment of cervical cancer knowledge levels among women in the screening period. Research was conducted with 307 women aged 21-65 years, who satisfied the eligibility criteria and agreed to participate. Data were collected via an online survey conducted during July and August 2023, utilizing both a Descriptive Information Form and the CCKS-T. To confirm the validity of the scale, language and content validity assessments were conducted, in addition to confirmatory factor analysis. The scale's reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha, item-total correlation analysis, and a test-retest analysis. The scale consisted of eight items. The content validity index of the scale items was found to be 1.0 with excellent sensitivity. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the item factor loadings varied between 0.31 and 0.81 and the model had a good fit (x2/df = 2.200; GFI = 0.96; CFI = 0.96; RMSEA = 0.063). Cronbach's alpha of the Turkish version of the scale was found to be 0.80. The CCKS-T demonstrates both validity and reliability as an instrument for the assessment of Turkish women's knowledge about cervical cancer.

PCR24 Exploring the Content and Psychometric Validity of Clinical Outcome Assessments in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Versus the Patient Reported Symptoms and Impacts

PCR24 Exploring the Content and Psychometric Validity of Clinical Outcome Assessments in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Versus the Patient Reported Symptoms and Impacts

PCR76 Exploring the Content and Psychometric Validity of Clinical Outcome Assessments in Renal Cell Carcinoma Versus the Patient Reported Symptoms and Impacts

PCR76 Exploring the Content and Psychometric Validity of Clinical Outcome Assessments in Renal Cell Carcinoma Versus the Patient Reported Symptoms and Impacts

Translation, cultural adaptation and linguistic validation of the postgraduate hospital educational environment measure into Arabic

BackgroundAssessment of the clinical learning environment (CLE) is an essential step that teaching hospitals routinely undertake to ensure the environment is conducive, learning-oriented and supportive of junior doctors’ education. The Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environment Measure (PHEEM) is an internationally recognized tool for assessing the CLE with evidence of high reliability and validity. Translation of PHEEM into other languages such as Spanish, Japanese and Persian enabled wider adoption of the instrument in the world. However, in Syria and other Arabic countries, a validated Arabic translation of PHEEM is still not available, making it difficult to adopt it and use it in Arabic contexts. This study aims to translate and culturally adapt the PHEEM from English into Arabic.MethodsThis study followed the structured translation and validation process guideline proposed by Sousa & Rojjanasrirat 2010. First, the PHEEM went through forward translation by three translators, then reconciled with the aid of a fourth translator. Afterwards, two professional bicultural and bilingual translators conducted back translation into English and compared it with the original version. This formed the Pre-final Version (PFV) which was then pretested for clarity on a sample of medical residents in Damascus, Syria. Following appropriate modifications, the PFV was sent to a panel of experts for a comprehensive review of language clarity and to assess content validity.ResultsA total of thirty-five medical residents were recruited. Ten items with language clarity issues were identified and modified according to the elicited suggestions. Thereafter, the modified PFV was presented to ten subject experts who identified three items in need of revision. The item-content Validity Index (CVI) was over 0.78 for all of the 40 items; the calculated scale-CVI was 0.945.DiscussionThis study provided the first linguistically valid Arabic translation of the widely used PHEEM inventory. The next step is to conduct a full psychometric analysis of the Arabic PHEEM to provide further evidence of validity and reliability.

Psychometric Properties of a Psychological Measure of Indigenous Personality (Suryomentaram's Perspective): Initial Study

Background Character development is central in personality and developmental psychology, with strong character as a protective factor against psychological disorders. Given the importance of character assessment, this study explores the development and initial psychometric evaluation of an indigenous personality measure, the Suryomentaram Personality Scale (SPS), grounded in empirical research on individuals trained in Suryomentaram philosophies. Objective The study aimed to (1) develop the SPS and (2) evaluate its psychometric properties, including content validity, factor structure, and internal consistency reliability. Methods Three analytical methods were employed: content validity assessment by six subject matter experts (SMEs), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and reliability analysis. A convenience sample of 282 students participated in EFA and reliability analyses. Participants were recruited through social media announcements and provided informed consent before completing the SPS. Results Content validity analysis revealed eight items falling below the acceptable Aiken's V threshold (&lt; 0.8) out of 23 initially developed items. EFA of the remaining 15 items identified four relatively independent factors: perseverance, optimism, lack of worry and regret, and empathy. Internal consistency reliability estimates for each factor ranged from 0.482 to 0.716. Conclusion This initial study provides evidence for the adequate psychometric properties of the SPS based on content validity, EFA, and reliability analysis. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and explore the scale's convergent and discriminant validity.

International consensus panel for transurethral resection of bladder tumours metrics: assessment of face and content validity.

To develop performance metrics that objectively define a reference approach to a transurethral resection of bladder tumours (TURBT) procedure, seek consensus on the performance metrics from a group of international experts. The characterisation of a reference approach to a TURBT procedure was performed by identifying phases and explicitly defined procedure events (i.e., steps, errors, and critical errors). An international panel of experienced urologists (i.e., Delphi panel) was then assembled to scrutinise the metrics using a modified Delphi process. Based on the panel's feedback, the proposed metrics could be edited, supplemented, or deleted. A voting process was conducted to establish the consensus level on the metrics. Consensus was defined as the panel majority (i.e., >80%) agreeing that the metric definitions were accurate and acceptable. The number of metric units before and after the Delphi meeting were presented. A core metrics group (i.e., characterisation group) deconstructed the TURBT procedure. The reference case was identified as an elective TURBT on a male patient, diagnosed after full diagnostic evaluation with three or fewer bladder tumours of ≤3 cm. The characterisation group identified six procedure phases, 60 procedure steps, 43 errors, and 40 critical errors. The metrics were presented to the Delphi panel which included 15 experts from six countries. After the Delphi, six procedure phases, 63 procedure steps, 47 errors, and 41 critical errors were identified. The Delphi panel achieved a 100% consensus. Performance metrics to characterise a reference approach to TURBT were developed and an international panel of experts reached 100% consensus on them. This consensus supports their face and content validity. The metrics can now be used for a proficiency-based progression training curriculum for TURBT.

Development of a questionnaire for assessing the impact of children’s food marketing exposure on diet-related outcomes

IntroductionThe Government of Thailand has drafted legislation to protect children from the harmful impact of unhealthy food (including beverages) marketing. Local evidence on Thai children’s exposure to, and the impact...