Content Validity Method Research Articles

Factor structure and validation of the electronic form of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire in patients with COVID-19

Background and Objectives: Background and Aim: Validity Scale Validation can help identify coronavirus disease patients; therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the validation of the electronic form of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire in patients with COVID-19. Methods: This study is instrumental psychometrics that the statistical population includes all patients in 19 cases in Tehran. The number of samples was determined based on psychometric criteria to be 100 for the predictive validity section and 251 for the convergence validity section. Samples were selected by cluster sampling. Research data were collected electronically through two questionnaires of happiness (Oxford) and happiness of positive psychological characteristics by sending the questionnaire link to the participants' mobile phones. To evaluate the validity of the scale, content validity, convergence, and factor analysis methods were used. The reliability of the scale was assessed by internal consistency methods and class reliability. Results: The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the researcher-made questionnaire consists of three factors and has good validity and reliability. The second-order confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed the three-factor model. This questionnaire was administered along with the short form of the Oxford Happiness Scale, which had 13 items of good reliability and validity. Conclusion: The Oxford Happiness Scale in COVID-19 patients can be used to assess happiness in COVID-19 patients.

Efficiency of small business: the case of Nigeria

The concept of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) has been widely discussed through previous studies in entrepreneurship, so it can be considered as one of the main topics in this field, and the most commonly used measure of entrepreneurial behaviour. The main objectives of the study were to determine the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on small and medium sized enterprises and also to examine the effect of innovative performance on EO. The study population refers to selected SMEs that were registered with the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN) in Ogun State, Nigeria. The primary data was generated through the field survey using structured questionnaire as a major research instrument. Taro Yamani scientific formula was adopted to determine the sample size. Correlation statistical analytical, Pearson Product Moment correlation Coefficient method and content validity method was applied. The study used Analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation efficiency, and regression analysis for this study. The research found that there is a significant effect of entrepreneurial orientation on small and medium sized enterprises performance in Nigeria. Moreover, the results of the study indicated that EO affects innovative performance. The study recommends that small and medium sized enterprises should embrace the entrepreneurial orientation dimensions of autonomy, pro-activeness, risk taking, competitive aggressiveness and innovativeness to increase business performance and SMEs operators should adopt autonomy by encouraging employees to be autonomous and be free to take initiative for the best interest of the organization and use periodic appraisal to monitor them.

Key Factors for Student Startup Success: Insights from Higher Education Professors

The study aims to identify and analyse the key factors of student start-ups from the perspective of higher academic institution professors. Entrepreneurial students in higher education face challenges such as limited funding, scarce resources, lack of business experience and struggling to balance academic commitments with their start-up ventures. Additionally, they struggle with navigating complex business regulations and often lack access to proper networks or mentorship. This research contributes to a better understanding of how the entrepreneurial ecosystem in higher education institutions can support student start-up initiatives to succeed. For the research, a survey was conducted targeting ten experts from higher education institutions engaged with business or entrepreneurial study programmes. The research used the content validation method and descriptive statistical analysis to evaluate the responses, focusing on measures of central tendency and variability to determine the degree of consensus among respondents regarding the 36 statements provided. The study results revealed that while respondents agreed on the importance of student attitudes towards failure and self-confidence, there was strong disagreement among them regarding the belief that non-business students have a lesser chance of creating a successful startup. Also, experts suggested that entrepreneurship education should place more emphasis on the development of students' entrepreneurial mindset, which is considered to be an essential quality for the uncertain journey of entrepreneurship. Finally, the survey results indicated that networking and experiential learning are crucial for startup development. This underscores the importance of scientific debate not only on innovative funding models but also on non-financial support systems that surpass traditional educational methods in higher education environments.

IMPACT OF FORENSIC ACCOUNTING ON FRAUD DETECTION IN NIGERIAN DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS

This study investigated the impact of forensic accounting on fraud detection in deposit money banks within Benue State, Nigeria, utilizing a cross-sectional research design. The population consisted of 145 employees from three deposit money banks operating in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State. A census sampling technique was employed, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire validated through content and construct validity methods, achieving a Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient of 0.872. The study employed binary logistic regression to estimate the impact of forensic accounting variables on fraud detection. The findings reveal that Engagement of Forensic Accountants (EFA) significantly enhances fraud detection, with a coefficient (B) of 1.671 (SE = 0.414), Wald statistic of 9.830 (p 0.001), and odds ratio (Exp(B)) of 3.911. This implies a 291.1 increase in the likelihood of fraud detection with the engagement of forensic accountants, underscoring their pivotal role in improving financial transparency and accountability. Conversely, Litigation Support Skills (LSA) did not show a statistically significant impact on fraud detection (B = 0.541, SE = 0.378, p = 0.152), suggesting limited effectiveness in this context. However, Forensic Investigative Professional Skills (FIS) demonstrated a significant positive impact (B = 1.203, SE = 0.406, p = 0.015), increasing the likelihood of detecting fraud by 104.4. The study recommends that banks prioritize the integration of forensic accountants into internal audit processes to bolster fraud detection capabilities effectively. Furthermore, continuous professional development in forensic investigative techniques should be emphasized to enhance staff skills and readiness in identifying and mitigating complex fraud schemes.

Evaluation of the relationship between the establishment of the safety, health and environment management system on the performance of employees of the coking complex and refineries - Iranian Zarand Steel Company

Introduction: The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the establishment of safety, health and environment management system on the performance of coking complex employees and refineries of Iranian Zarand Steel Company. Therefore, at first, the dimensions and issues of establishing the safety, health and environment management system and the performance of employees were identified, and then the relationships between the identified variables were presented. Materials and Methods: Two standard questionnaires were used to collect data related to the measurement of research variables, which in total include 2 structures, 3 dimensions, and 20 questions. The content validity method was used to check the validity of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.863, which indicated the reliability of the questionnaire. The statistical population of this research includes the employees and experts of Iranian Zarand Steel Company. After ensuring the validity and reliability of the designed scales based on the calculations, the questionnaires were distributed to a sample of 260 people. To check the demographic data, descriptive statistics, K-S test to determine the normality of the data using SPSS24 software, to determine the construct validity using the confirmatory factor analysis test and for the relationships between the variables using the structural equation model using statistical software 3 SMART-PLS was performed. Results: The establishment of the safety, health and environment management system on the performance of employees with a factor load of 0.623 and the T-statistic of the test 9.803, as well as the safety, health and environment management system on the dimensions of employee performance, including increasing knowledge and quality of work, a better relationship with Colleagues, improvement of individual characteristics, development of skills and better supervision, improvement of creativity and improvement of customer orientation of Zarand Iranian Steel Company with factor loading of 0.555, 0.664, 0.430, 0.436, 0.424 and 0.461 respectively and the T-statistics of the test have a significant relationship of 8.086, 12.337, 5.069, 5.792, 5.055 and 6.629. Conclusion: The findings show that the establishment of the HSE management system has a significant effect on the performance of employees and its dimensions, including the quality of occupational health and safety rules, practical compliance with the law, management and cooperation, workplace processes, the use of personal protective equipment and empowering the behavior of managers and employees.

Investigation of the Psychometric Characteristics of the Turkish Version of the Pediatric Nurse Parent Partnership Scale for Pediatric Nurses.

The objective of this study was to adapt the pediatric nurse parent partnership scale into Turkish and assess its validity and reliability. A methodological and correlational research methodology was employed. The study was performed with 348 pediatric nurses between January and March 2023. Data collection measures were a "Personal Information Form" and the "Pediatric Nurse Parent Partnership Scale." Content and structure validity, internal consistency, and item analysis methods were utilized to establish the validity and reliability of the measure. The adapted measure was found to have 19 items, explaining 71.60% of the total variance, and a four-sub-dimensional structure. According to the explanatory factor analysis findings, factor loads varied from 0.509 to 0.854, and item-total score correlation values of 0.509- 0.750 were obtained. The goodness of fit indices obtained from the confirmatory factor analysis were CMIN/DF=3.845, GFI=0.87, CFI=0.92, NFI=0.89, TLI=0.90, and RMSEA=0.091. The confirmatory factor analysis of the four-factor measure structure showed that these index figures were acceptable. Cronbach's α was 0.939 for the total scale and varied from 0.845-0.893 for the sub-dimensions. The Pediatric Nurse Parent Partnership Scale was an effective and trustworthy measure that could be used in the Turkish sample to evaluate the partnerships reported by pediatric nurses and parents in the field.

Building international standards for Islamic education teacher candidates with reference to CAEP guidelines

PurposeThis paper aims to develop precise statements (standards) to describe the knowledge and skills that should be possessed by Islamic education (IE) teacher candidates who receive their initial preparation in various international higher-education institutions. These statements must be compatible with the requirements and guidelines for building specialized standards set by the Council for Accreditation of Educator Preparation (CAEP), so that they can be used for accreditation and improving quality.Design/methodology/approachTwo panels of IE experts participated in developing and validating the standards, using a combination of Delphi and content validity methods. Alongside this research activity, management activity ensured that the process ran smoothly, as the researcher coordinated panels, allocated resources and tracked progress during standard development.FindingsTwenty-six components divided into five standards were developed into a final list based on the panels.Originality/valueThis study provides standards for the preparation of IE teachers in higher-education institutions that can be applied in different countries and geographical regions. Furthermore, it aims to make the subject of IE more comparable with other academic disciplines, and appropriate for CAEP accreditation.

Validating a theory of planned behavior questionnaire for assessing changes in professional behaviors of medical students.

Teaching professionalism is a fundamental aspect of medical undergraduate education, delivering important domains of professional attitudes, ethics, and behaviors. The effects of educational interventions can be assessed by measuring the change in such domains, but validated assessment tools for these professionalism domains are lacking. In this study, we constructed and conducted expert validation of a modified theory of planned behavior (TPB) questionnaire to assess changes in professional behaviors (PBs) in medical students. To validate that, we modified an existing TPB questionnaire, and an 18-item questionnaire was subjected to expert panel evaluation using the content validation method. The clarity and relevance of items were assessed using a four-point rating scale (i.e., 1 = not relevant to 4 = highly relevant). Ratings of experts and free-text comments were analyzed. Quantitative evaluation of relevance and clarity was undertaken through analyses of the Item-level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and Scale-level Content Validity Index (S-CVI). A qualitative assessment of the comments of experts was conducted to refine items, any disagreements were discussed, and a consensus decision was developed among authors for item changes. Quantitative evaluation of the Item-level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) scored 0.9-1 for relevance and 0.7-1 for clarity. Qualitative evaluation resulted in (i) changes to the wording of items (e.g., choices such as "worthless/worthwhile" were replaced with "not important/important"); and (ii) suggestion of the addition of social media in the construct of subjective norms. The proposed tool exhibits content validity and can assess TPB constructs in professionalism education. This study of content validity may help to ensure the modified TPB questionnaire accurately measures the TPB constructs, ensuring its effectiveness in accurately measuring the TPB constructs for PB in diversified educational medical institutions.

Investigating the Factor Structure and Validation of the Multidimensional Scale of Acceptance of Collective Violence Among Teenagers: An Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Background: Collective violence is a significant social issue that impacts individuals' and groups' mental and physical health, social relationships, and educational levels. However, there is currently no valid and reliable scale to measure the acceptance of collective violence among adolescents. Objectives: This study aimed to validate the Multidimensional Scale of Acceptance of Collective Violence (MSACV). Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used to validate the MSACV among teenagers in Tehran in 2022. The sample included 840 teenagers selected through random cluster sampling. Data were collected electronically using MSACV and the Aggression Scale (AS), with the questionnaire link sent to participants' mobile phones. Content validity, concurrent validity, and factor analysis methods were used to assess scale validity. Scale reliability was evaluated through internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and split-half reliability. Results: The content validity ratio (CVR) values ranged from 68% to 91%, and the Content Validity Index (CVI) values ranged from 70% to 94% for the relevant, clarity, and simplicity indices. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed that the MSACV questionnaire had 7 factors, explaining a total variance of 58.97%. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) also supported the 7-factor structure of the MSACV questionnaire. The concurrent validity of MSACV with AS was positive and significant (P < 0.001). Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the overall scale was 0.91, and subscales ranged from 0.70 to 0.94. Test-retest reliability was 0.86, and split-half reliability was 0.74. Conclusions: This study's findings demonstrate that the MSACV is a valid and reliable scale for measuring the acceptance of collective violence among adolescents. This scale can assist researchers and interventionists in the prevention and treatment of collective violence.

Psychometric evaluation of a new instrument to hookah tobacco smoking-related factors in the Iranian female university students based on the Extended Parallel Process Model.

The higher prevalence of hookah tobacco smoking (HTS) has become worrisome in women. Thus, it is essential to identify and measure the perceptions associated with this unhealthy behavior as well as the type of response to risk messages to design the effective programs. This study aimed to psychometric evaluation of a new instrument, named the Extended Parallel Process Model-Hookah Tobacco Smoking Questionnaire (EPPM-HTSQ), for female university students. This methodological study was conducted in 2019-2020 in central and western Iran. The first version of the instrument was developed with 97 items. Face, Content, and construct validity methods were used to assess the EPPM-HTSQ validity. The data viability for factorability was guided through Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sample adequacy (Values >0.7) and Bartlett's test of Sphericity (P < 0.05). The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) method with varimax rotation and SPSS software was performed to identify the main factors of the questionnaire and interpretable factors. The internal consistency and external reliability were determined. The test-retest was used for evaluating the stability of tools. During the assessment of the face and content validity 71 items remained in the questionnaire. EFA led to the extraction of nine dimensions: "Focusing on superior rewards," "Response Efficacy," "Perceived physical threat," "Perceived social threat," "Self-efficacy," "Fear control," "Attitude," "Fear," and "Intention" Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test (0.957) and Bartlett's test (P < 0.001). Cronbach's alpha (0.871-0.951) and ICC (0.985-0.998) were approved for scale dimensions. Important findings of the present study were the development and validation of the EPPM-HTSQ for measuring EPPM variables in relation to HTS; introducing a new variable "focusing on superior rewards"; as well as, the new classification of the concept of "perceived threat." The final version of the EPPM-HTSQ is a valid and reliable tool, but it is suggested to be re-evaluated in other studies with different populations and sample sizes.

Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire

Objective: Gastroesophageal reflux is a disease that is common in society and affects quality of life. The aim of the present study was to test the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Quality of Life scale.&#x0D; Methods: A total of 161 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease who applied to the gastroenterology outpatient department of a university hospital between July 2017 – October 2017 constituted the sample of this study. The study was a methodological and descriptive study. In the validity and reliability studies, the language validity, content validity, internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient) and confirmatory factor analysis methods were used.&#x0D; Results: The Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient of the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Quality of Life scale was α = 0.885, while its content validity ranged between 0.84-0.92. According to confirmatory factor analysis, the 4-factor structure of the scale, consisting of 16 items, generally had good fit.&#x0D; Conclusion: The Turkish version of the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Quality of Life scale was found to be a valid and reliable scale that can be used to measure the quality of life of individuals diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Competitive Strategies and Performance of Kenya Airways Limited in Nairobi County, Kenya

Kenya Airways has experienced significant financial losses over a prolonged period, which has led to the requirement of a government bailout and the adoption of a restructuring initiative. Kenya Airways is a major player in the Kenyan aviation sector but has struggled to stay profitable compared to Ethiopian Airlines. Ethiopian Airlines has reported consistent profits for several years, in contrast. Kenya Airways is adopting competitive tactics to improve its performance, but there is a dearth of empirical research on the subject. The objective of this study was to analyse the impact of competitive strategies on the performance of Kenya Airways. The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of differentiation, cost leadership, focus, and innovation on the performance of Kenya Airways Limited. This study was anchored on the following theories: porter’s generic strategies model, dynamic capabilities, resource-based view, strategy-structure-performance, and balanced score card. This study employed a descriptive inquiry approach. The focus group for the study was comprised of a total of 180 staff members of Kenya Airways Limited. The sample size consisted of 124 employees, who were selected using a basic random sampling technique. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data. This research assessed the accuracy of the research tool by utilizing the viewpoints of experts through a content validity method. Cronbach's alpha co-efficient was utilized to evaluate the dependability of the research instrument, and a minimum threshold of 0.7 was established. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics using means and standard deviations and inferential statistics. The study made use of correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis to deduce connections among different variables. Differentiation strategy had a positive and significant effect on performance of Kenya Airways of (β= 0.513, p &lt; 0.05). Cost leadership strategy had a positive and significant effect on performance of Kenya Airways of (β=0.458, p &lt; 0.05). Focus strategy had a positive and significant effect on performance of Kenya Airways of (β= 0.540, p &lt; 0.05). Innovation strategy had a positive and significant effect on performance of Kenya Airways of (β=0.651, p &lt; 0.05). The study concluded that differentiation strategy improves the performance of Kenya Airways. Cost leadership strategy helps to improve the performance of Kenya Airways Limited. Focus strategy enhances performance of Kenya Airways Limited and innovation strategy helps to improve performance of Kenya Airways Limited. The study recommended that the company should continue to offer unique features that sets it apart from other airlines. The company should operate efficiently in order to keep costs low.

Expert-Type Content Validity Applications to Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects.

Background: Developing rigorous doctor of nursing practice (DNP) projects continues to challenge faculty and doctoral students. To address project rigor, expert content validity methods have been applied to clinical projects. Students implement expert content validity processes to literature-based project components. Objectives: The objectives of this study are to describe some of the developmental phases of DNP projects during the courses of one DNP program and to explore one strategy for increasing the rigor of DNP projects, review details on expert-type content validity methods, and examine literature for projects implementing an alternate application of expert-type content validity and scoring approaches to components of DNP projects. Methods: Expert content validity methods are described for DNP projects, such as guidelines, teaching plans, support groups, and algorithms. They are used to judge components generated from initial content analysis strategies. Types of expert panelists and descriptions of scoring ranks on project components are presented to represent different expert content validity strategies. Results The steps are presented to support expert content validity processes. Conclusions: DNP projects challenge faculty and students to create systematically constructed quality improvement projects on important and interesting clinical problems. The expert context validity process is one approach of enhancing project rigor. Implications for Nursing: An outline offers steps to establish expert content validity for translational DNP projects.

Human Resource Outsourcing and Performance of Deposit Money Bank in Anambra State, Nigeria

The study investigates human resources outsourcing and performance of deposit money bank in Anambra State, Nigeria. Four research questions and four hypotheses guided the study. Relevant conceptual, theoretical and empirical literature were reviewed taking cognizance of the problem of the study. The study is anchored on resources-based view theory of outsourcing. Survey research design was adopted in this study. The study was carried out in Anambra State. The population of the study comprised of 2633 employee of money deposit bank in Anambra State, Nigeria, while the sample consists 517 employee of money deposit bank in Anambra State. Borg and Gall was used to obtain the sample size. Face and content validity method was used to ensure validity of the instrument. The reliability of the instrument was achieved through test re-rest method and Cronbach’s Coefficient of 0.73 was obtained. Simple percentage analysis was employed to answer the research questions. Linear regression analysis was used in testing the hypotheses. The result of the analyses showed that human resource outsourcing for reduction of cost has a significant positive effect on return on net profit of deposit money bank. Human resource outsourcing for employee competence has a significant positive effect on return on owner equity in deposit money bank. Human resource outsourcing for knowledge transfer has a significant positive effect on operational effectiveness in deposit money bank in Anambra State Nigeria. Therefore, the study concluded that human resource outsourcing has a significant positive effect on the performance of deposit money bank in Anambra State Nigeria. The study recommended that banking industries should offer better terms of service and proper training to help improve employee competence and reduce costs of outsourcing its human resources functions for better performance. Banking industries should outsource only necessary aspects of business to avoid reduction in profit levels. Banking industries should investigate background check before knowledge transfer outsourcing and organizations should have a backup system to avoid losing vital data as a result of incompetence on the part of the external supplier.

Effect of Dissemination of Agricultural Information through Radio on Crop Output

The study examined the effects of dissemination of agricultural information through radio on crop output in northern Adamawa Agricultural Zone I. Specifically, effects of disseminating agricultural information through radio on crop output, effects of disseminating information via different radio channels and constraints faced from obtaining information via radio were examined. Data for this study was obtained majorly from primary source which were collected with the aid of structured questionnaire administered to the respondents in the study area via the use of Kobo Collect installed on mobile devices. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used as analytical tools for this study. The target population for this study were all the food crop farmers in the five LGAs in the Zone. Two hundred and forty (240) food crop farmers were served as sample size for the study. The content validity method was used to ascertain the strength of the research instrument. On the other hand, the test- re-test method was used to check the reliability of the instrument. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used as analytical tools. The study was anchored on the communication and diffusion of innovation theory by Rogers, 1962 and Rogers and Everest in 1971. The study revealed that agricultural knowledge gained through radio programs, particularly in the context of herbicides/pesticides application if the main effect of dissemination of agricultural information through radio on crop output. Radio stations, such as BBC Hausa, have a significant positive influence on crop output when tuned in by farmers. However, other radio stations, including FM Poly Mubi, NAS FM Mubi, Voice of America (VOA), and Radio France, had no statistically significant impacts on crop production. Critical role of timing, consistency, program diversity, and accessibility in ensuring the efficacy of radio-based knowledge dissemination were the major challenges faced by farmers regarding radio programs. The study recommended that policymakers and agricultural program developers should consider these results when designing information campaigns to support local farmers in improving crop production outputs.

Development, Validity, and Reliability Assessment of the Professional Ethics Scale for Faculty Members of Farhangian University

Purpose: Given the educational mission of universities in Iran, paying attention to the ethical component in the education and training of human resources is essential. Therefore, the preparation and validation of a native instrument for assessing the professional ethics of the educational staff appears to be necessary. The aim of this study was to construct and normalize a scale for assessing the professional ethics of faculty members at Farhangian University. Methodology: The present study was a sequential exploratory mixed method research. For this purpose, a sample of 267 faculty members and staff of Farhangian University in the northwest of the country was selected using a cluster sampling method. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire. For data analysis, in addition to descriptive indices, Cronbach's alpha and retest methods were used to assess reliability, and factor analysis, content validity, and convergent validity methods were used through SPSS-V22 and Lisrel-V8.8 software. Findings: Based on the results of the exploratory factor analysis, using varimax rotation, honesty, justice, respect, responsibility, adherence to laws, loyalty, and preservation of human dignity were identified as components of professional ethics among faculty members of Farhangian University. Conclusion: Overall, the results showed that this scale has satisfactory reliability and validity in assessing the professional ethics of faculty members.

Cross-cultural content validation (CCCV) method: description and illustration on hofstede’s value survey model 2013 (VSM-2013) in the context of Afghanistan

ABSTRACT The aim of this research is to describe and illustrate the cross-cultural content validity (CCCV) method. The CCCV method was employed to examine the content validity of the Value Survey Model-2013 (VSM-2013) in Pashto (one of Afghanistan’s official languages). Consisting of 24-items, the VSM-2013 is an instrument designed to explore culture on six dimensions: power distance, individualism – collectivism, masculinity – femininity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term – short-term orientation, and indulgence – restraint. Using CCCV’s two-phase approach, first the original VSM-2013 was translated from English to Pashto and then back-translated to English. Secondly, the back-translated version was compared with the original version in terms of two measures: (1) comparability of language and (2) similarity of interpretability. The results showed that the Pashto version of the VSM-2013 was both comparable in language and similar in interpretation to that of the original VSM-2013. Out of the 24 items, no item received a mean score of less than 5.

Relationship Marketing and Customer Loyalty of Deposit Money Banks: A Post Covid-19 Pandemic Survey in Calabar, Nigeria

This study examined relationship marketing and customer loyalty of deposit money banks: A post-COVID-19 pandemic survey in Calabar, Nigeria. It was carried out to determine the effects of building trust, customer care, customer communication and customer commitment on customer loyalty to deposit money banks in Calabar after the pandemic. Cross-sectional survey research design was used for the study. Judgmental sampling technique was applied and primary data were obtained from 248 deposit money banks’ customers in Calabar using a structured questionnaire. Content validity method was applied to validate the structured questionnaire, while Cronbach’s alpha method was adopted to confirm the instrument’s reliability. Data obtain from the study were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The findings of the study revealed that building trust, customer care, customer communication and customer commitment had significant positive effects on customer loyalty of deposit money banks after the COVID-19 pandemic in Calabar. The study recommended that deposit money banks should consistently strive to boost customers’ confidence in their ability to deliver satisfactory banking services amidst disruptive pandemics like COVID-19 by using technology and human efforts to strengthen service quality delivery; deposit money banks should deploy customer-friendly technologies to deliver customer care services.

Validation of the exercise protocol satisfaction questionnaire by content validation method

The Exercise Protocol Satisfaction Questionnaire is designed to ascertain whether patients are satisfied with the exercise protocol tailored for them without taking into account any generalized regimen. This questionnaire encompasses approximately 10 domains and contains 40 items. It has been presented to the expert panel. Subsequently, the content validation form was disseminated among the chosen expert panel from MPT ortho and MPT sports, which consisted of 50 academicians and 50 non-academicians. An overview of the questionnaire and general guidelines regarding the content validation form were provided to the selected expert panel. The statistical analysis report indicates that all items and questions within the questionnaire seem to be pertinent, with an I-CVI value exceeding 0.79. Scale Content Validation Index: The S-CVI/Ave value was determined by averaging the I-CVI values and is 0.89, denoting outstanding content validity. Cronbach’s alpha reliability test: The Cronbach’s alpha value stands at 0.907, signifying a high degree of internal consistency or reliability for the questions or items featured in the questionnaire. The research outcome infers that every item in the questionnaire is relevant to the questionnaire’s construction. It achieves the objective it aims to measure and is recognized to possess a high item content validation index. Hence, it can be concluded that the Exercise Protocol Satisfaction Questionnaire has a commendable level of content validity and reliability.

Validation of Nursing Outcomes Classification: Knowledge and Self-management for Cardiac Disease.

The Nursing Outcomes Classification provides two outcomes, Knowledge: Cardiac Disease and Self-management: Cardiac Disease, to assess knowledge and self-management behaviors of adults with cardiac disease. The purpose of this study was to validate the two nursing-sensitive outcomes to establish content validity. A methodological design was used using the Delphi technique. A total of 13 nurse experts in two domains participated in this study: five in standardized nursing terminologies and eight in self-management. Descriptive statistics and the Nurse-Patient Outcome Content Validity method were used to validate four aspects: definition adequacy of each outcome, clinical usefulness of measurement scales, importance of outcome indicators, and content similarity between the two outcomes. The definition adequacy, clinical usefulness, and content similarity of both outcomes were acceptable. A total of 81 indicators from the two outcomes were validated, and 60 were designated as critical. Nurses can evaluate cardiac patient outcomes effectively and accurately using these validated outcomes. The validated Nursing Outcomes Classification outcomes will also support the clinical decision-making of nursing students when they learn about patients with cardiac disease.