Content Validity Research Articles

Chronic and contextual identity salience: Assessing dual-dimensional salience with the Identity Salience Questionnaire (ISQ)

ABSTRACT Identity Salience is a common construct within social identity research. However, researchers note that it is poorly defined and inconsistently operationalized. We posit that identity salience comprises two elements: chronic (perpetually thinking about the identity) and contextual (only thinking about the identity when prompted) salience. We present evidence for this claim through the development and validation of the dual-dimensional Identity Salience Questionnaire (ISQ). Studies 1-2 (Ns=414; 1,069) provide exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic evidence of the ISQ among LGBTIQA+ participants. Study 2 also provides evidence of measurement invariance, convergent, predictive, and discriminant validity, and internal reliability. Study 3 (N=318) indicates strong test-retest reliability. Study 4 (N=107 social psychologists) confirms the ISQ’s content validity. Future research for the ISQ is discussed.

Development and validation of Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health- Knowledge, Attitude, and Self-Efficacy Questionnaires (ASRH-KASeQ).

The tools to measure knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy related to adolescent sexual and reproductive health have been developed, but with adolescent subjects over 15 years old and with specific topics. The needs and focus of SRH education in adolescents are different from those of young adults. This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable tool to measure adolescents' knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy regarding SRH. A total of 100 items were developed based on a literature search, focus group discussion, and expert panel encompassing three domains: knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy. The Adolescent Sexual andReproductive Health- Knowledge, Attitude, and Self-Efficacy Questionnaires (ASRH-KASeQ) then underwent a validation process that included content validity, face validity, and internal consistency reliability. This study was conducted on adolescents aged 12-15 years in secondary school in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. All statistical methods were analyzed using STATA software. The average content validity (S-CVI/Ave) and face validity (S-FVI/Ave) for knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy demonstrated good validity with scores of 0.93 and 0.94, 0.92 and 0.96, and 0.95 and 0.96, respectively. The internal consistency reliability using Cronbach's alpha for the knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy domains exceeded 0.6, with results of 0.7, 0.81, and 0.89, which were considered acceptable. The final set of ASRH-KASeQ consisted of 100 items measuring knowledge (40 items), attitude (30 items), and self-efficacy (30 items) of adolescents SRH. ASRH-KASeQ was shown to be a reliable and valid tool for Indonesian adolescents, especially those aged 12-15 years.

Introduction and validation of the open symptom framework: a public domain modular framework for patient-reported measurement of symptoms related to cancer and its treatment.

We provide an initial description and validation of some public domain patient-reported outcome (PRO) items to assess cancer symptom burden to address immediate barriers to symptom assessment use in clinical practice and facilitate future research. We created the Open Symptom Framework (OSF), a flexible tool for clinicalcancer-related symptom assessment. The items comprise six components: recall period, concept, symptom, qualifier(s), a definition, and a 5-point Likert-type response. We recruited patients receiving cancer therapy in the United States and United Kingdom. We assessed external construct validity by comparing OSF scores to the PRO-CTCAE measure and assessed reliability, scalability, dimensionality, and item ordering within a non-parametric item response theory framework. We tested differential item functioning for country, age, gender, and level of education. We developed a framework alongside clinical and psychometric experts and debrieifed with 10 patients. For validation, we recruited 331patients. All items correlated with the PRO-CTCAE equivalents (r = 0.55-0.96, all p < 0.01). Mokken analysis confirmed the scalability and unidimensionality of all symptom scales with multiple items at the scale(Ho = 0.61-0.75) and item level (Hi = 0.60-0.76). Items are interpreted consistently between demographic groups (Crit = 0 for all groups). The public domain OSF has excellent psychometric properties including face, content, and criterion validity and can facilitate the development of flexible, robust measurements to fulfil stakeholder need.The OSF was designed specifically to support clinical assessmentbut will function well for research. Further work is planned to increase the number of symptoms and number of questions per symptom within the framework.

A typology of validity: content, face, convergent, discriminant, nomological and predictive validity

PurposeResearch serves to elucidate and tackle real-world issues (e.g. capitalizing opportunities and solving problems). Critical to research is the concept of validity, which gauges the extent to which research is adequate and appropriate in representing what it intends to measure and test. In this vein, this article aims to present a typology of validity to aid researchers in this endeavor.Design/methodology/approachEmploying a synthesis approach informed by the 3Es of expertise, experience, and exposure, this article maintains a sharp focus on delineating the concept of validity and presenting its typology.FindingsThis article emphasizes the importance of validity and explains how and when different types of validity can be established. First and foremost, content validity and face validity are prerequisites assessed before data collection, whereas convergent validity and discriminant validity come into play during the evaluation of the measurement model post-data collection, while nomological validity and predictive validity are crucial in the evaluation of the structural model following the evaluation of the measurement model. Additionally, content, face, convergent and discriminant validity contribute to construct validity as they pertain to concept(s), while nomological and predictive validity contribute to criterion validity as they relate to relationship(s). Last but not least, content and face validity are established by humans, thereby contributing to the assessment of substantive significance, whereas convergent, discriminant, nomological and predictive validity are established by statistics, thereby contributing to the assessment of statistical significance.Originality/valueThis article contributes to a deeper understanding of validity’s multifaceted nature in research, providing a practical guide for its application across various research stages.

Validation of a national leadership framework to promote and protect quality residential aged care: protocol for a Delphi study

IntroductionAustralia’s ageing population is driving an increased demand for residential aged care services, yet concerns about the quality and safety of such care remain. The recent Royal Commission into Aged...

Validity and Reliability of the German Vocal Fatigue Index in Adults With Voice Disorders.

Vocal fatigue-related symptoms, frequent in patients with voice disorders, are reliably quantifiable with the Vocal Fatigue Index (VFI) in several languages. The main aim of this work was to investigate the content and construct validity of the German Vocal Fatigue Index (VFI-D) by comparison with the German Voice Handicap Index 9 international (VHI9i) and the Vocal Tract Discomfort Scale (VTD). Moreover, the scale and retest reliability were investigated. In a prospective cohort study at two tertiary care hospitals, 93 adults with all types of voice complaints filled out the VFI-D, the VHI-9i, and the VTD. Eighty-one adults (Mage = 53.5 years, SD = 15.7) completed them one time, and additional 12 patients (Mage = 53.8 years, SD = 15.6) did a test-retest, completed them twice at an interval of 1 week. The validity was assessed by Spearman's rho and Mokken scaling and the reliability by a factor analysis and a two-tailed t test. Mokken scaling has proven the VFI-D as one-dimensional questionnaire (one cluster, r = .95). All VFI-D items could be assigned to one of three factors according to principal component and principal axis factor analysis. Although Factor 1 related best to the VHI9i (∅ rs = .76) and Factor 2 to the VTD (∅ rs = .74), Factor 3 correlated moderately with the VHI9i (rs = .34) and weakly with the VTD (rs = .25). Results from the first and second VFI-D completion agreed strongly (t = -1.78, p = .10). In this study, the content and construct validity of the VFI-D were confirmed. Also, both scale reliability with identical factors as those in the original study and retest reliability were verified. The VHI9i and VTD were highly indicative of VFI-D Factors 1 and 2, respectively. No correlation between Factor 3 and the other questionnaires was determined. Future research should evaluate which characteristics are specific to vocal fatigue versus general voice disorder-related symptoms.

Translation and psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the ageism scale for dental students (ASDS-Ar): A multi-institutional validation.

Ageism represents an important barrier to high-quality healthcare for older adults. The present study sought to translate and validate the Arabic version of the Ageism Scale for Dental Students (ASDS-Arabic). The 27-item ASDS tool was translated from English into Arabic following recommended cross-sectional forward and backward translation guidelines. The translated version was subjected to the content validity ratio (CVR) and sent to dental students in 21 institutes from 10 different Arab countries. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to assess the dimensionality of the scale, and Cronbach's alpha was used to determine internal consistency reliability. The discriminant validity of the scale was assessed using the independent t-test. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was also undertaken. Based on CVR, three items were removed. The 24-item Arabic version was completed by 3284 dental students. PCA and CFA retained 17 items in six components, explaining 50.3% of the total variance, with acceptable reliability, validity and discrimination. The first component "Adherence of older patients with dental treatment and instructions," included four items with a Cronbach α of 0.64 and scored 4.3 ± 0.8. The second component "Feasibility of the treatment plan," included three items with a Cronbach α of 0.66 and scored from 2.6 ± 1.2 to 2.9 ± 1.1. The third component "Cost of and responsibility for the dental treatment" included four items with a Cronbach α of 0.47 and scored 4.4 ± 0.8 to 4.5 ± 0.8. The fourth component "Medical history of older patients" included two items with a Cronbach α of 0.70 and scored 4.0 ± 1.0 to 4.1 ± 1.0. The fifth Component "Feeling towards older patients" included two items with a Cronbach α of 0.672 and scored 2.6 ± 1.2 to 2.0 ± 1.4. The sixth Component "Confidence and experience in treating older patients" included two items with a Cronbach α of 0.33 and scored 4.4 ± 1 to 4.6 ± 1. This preliminary validation of the ASDS-Ar resulted in a new 17-item scale with six components with acceptable validity, reliability and discrimination.

Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Intensive Care Experience Questionnaire (ICE-Q).

Background and Purpose: It is important to assess the experience of patients who have been admitted to an intensive care unit to provide the best treatment and nursing care possible. Therefore, a valid and reliable tool is necessary for measurement. This study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Intensive Care Experience Questionnaire (ICEQ) for open-heart surgery patients. Methods: The study was conducted in four steps: translation, face and content validity, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability assessment. The adapted questionnaire was administered to 200 Iranian cardiac surgery patients who had received treatment in an intensive care unit within the past month. Results: In the final Persian version of ICEQ, there are 4 factors and 21 items. Following the translation and cultural adaptation process, the content validity was evaluated. Three items had content validity ratio < 0.6, so they were deleted. Scale-level content validity index/Average was 0.81 and more than 0.7 for each item on the scale. This scale was validated through confirmatory factor analysis using fit indicators (comparative fit index, normalized fit index, root mean square error of approximation, and chi-square). There was Cronbach's alpha of 0.71-0.85, and intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.82-0.93 for subscales. Conclusions: The Persian version of ICEQ showed appropriate psychometric properties. This scale may be useful to inform the development of effective interventions to improve subsequent outcomes for Iranian open-heart surgery patients.

Development and validation of a patient-reported outcome measure for hair loss treatment: The HAIR-Q.

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for hair loss focus mainly on Alopecia Areata. We created a PROM (i.e., HAIR-Q) that is applicable to any hair loss condition. The HAIR-Q measures satisfaction with hair. Concept elicitation interviews were conducted and analyzed to develop a draft scale. Content validity was established through multiple rounds of patient and expert input. Psychometric properties of the scale were examined in an online sample (i.e., Prolific) using Rasch measurement theory (RMT) analysis. Test-retest reliability and tests of construct validation were examined. Content validity of a 22-item draft scale was established with input from 11 patients, 12 experts and an online Prolific sample of 59 people who had a variety of hair loss treatments. In the RMT analysis (n = 390), 8 items were dropped. Data for the 14-item scale fit the Rasch model (χ2 = 89.85, df = 70, p = 0.06). All 14 items had ordered thresholds and good item fit. Reliability was high with person separation index and Cronbach alpha values ≥0.91, and intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.94 based on a sample of 97 participants. Higher (better) scores on the scale were associated with having more hair, looking younger than ones' age, satisfaction with hair overall, being less bothered by hair loss, and for those who had a hair loss treatment in the past year, being more satisfied with their hair now than before treatment (p < 0.001). The HAIR-Q evidenced reliability and validity and can be used in research and to inform clinical care to measure satisfaction with hair from the patient perspective.

Development and Validation of Psychoeducational Module for Empowering B40 Youth’s Resilience and Family Functioning

This research aims to develop a psychoeducational module to empower B40 youth’s resilience and family functioning. There were three phases implemented in this study: (1) needs analysis, (2) module design and development study and (3) experimental pre-and-post design for module evaluation. First, the Brief Psychological Well-being Scale (PWB), the Malaysian Family Functioning Scale (MFFS), and the Resilience Scale (RS) were used to collect data from 315 youths from the B40 families in various settings such as schools, higher education institutions and PPR/PPRT flats/communities. Results revealed the need for a psychoeducational module to empower youth’s resilience and family functioning. The development of the psychoeducational module adopted Sidek’s model, a Malaysian-based framework for module content development. The module prototype was sent to 11 experts to validate its content. Results showed that the psychoeducational module scored a high content validity value of 89.87%. Finally, the psychoeducational module was implemented and evaluated for its effectiveness before and after a 2-day-1-night programme on youth empowerment. Results revealed that the module effectively empowers the youth's resilience and family functioning. Implications of research for counselling practices are included in the discussion.

Nurses' attitudes towards telehealth: The development and validation of the nurses' attitudes towards the use of telehealth scale.

To develop the nurses' attitudes towards use of a telehealth scale (NATUTS) and evaluate its psychometric properties. This methodological study involved two stages: the development of the NATUTS and the testing of the psychometric properties of NATUTS. We followed STROBE guidelines when reporting the study (File S1). Items for NATUTS were created using evidence from the literature and presented to eight experts. The scale was tested in a methodological study conducted through a face-to-face survey with nurses working in outpatient and inpatient units of a tertiary hospital in Türkiye. Psychometric properties of the scale, such as structural validity, content validity and internal consistency reliability, were tested. The sample, consisting of 630 nurses, was divided into two separate random groups. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted with the data of the first 330 people, and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted with the data of the remaining 300 people. A 19-item, three-factor structure (Satisfaction, Rejection, Development) was obtained in the newly developed scale. In NATUTS, Factor 1 (α = .93), Factor 2 (α = .86) and Factor 3 (α = .87) measured 64.4% of the total variance. The entire 19-item acceptability survey showed good internal consistency. NATUTS is a brief survey based on research evidence validated in a large Turkish sample. Findings show that NATUTS has acceptable content and structural validity and is reliable in measuring nurses' attitudes towards the use of telehealth. Further research can be conducted to develop the scale and strengthen its validity. No Patient or Public Contribution.

Content Validity Analysis of the PISA-Science Literacy Test for SMP Unismuh Makassar Students on the Topic of Optical Instruments

This research aims to analyse the content validity of the PISA-science literacy test on the topic of optical instruments. The design of this test aims to measure the scientific literacy abilities of eighth grade students at SMP Unismuh Makassar. The design of this test was developed based on core competencies and basic competencies and adapted to scientific literacy indicators, especially in science learning material on the topic of Optical Instruments which includes aspects of explaining scientific phenomena, evaluating and designing scientific research, as well as aspects of interpreting scientific data and evidence which are then formulated into 5 questions in the form of essay questions. The method used in this research is the descriptive analysis method as content validity analysis based on Lawshe’s formula calculations which have become known as the CVR and I-CVI coefficients. Content validity data was obtained from validation results from five experts with different expertise backgrounds in the field of science education. The expert validation results were then analysed to determine the level of content validity of the PISA-science literacy test which was developed using the Lawshe’s formula. The research results showed that the CVR coefficient value obtained was 0.99 with a total of five expert judgments, so it was declared accepted. Further analysis was obtained by obtaining an I-CVI coefficient value of 0.99 with the appropriate category. Based on the CVR and I-CVI coefficient values, it can be concluded that the content validity of the PISA-science literacy test developed is in the appropriate category and supports the entire content of the test as a whole.

Adaptation and validation for use in Brazil of the Confusion, Hubbub, and Order Scale (CHAOS)

BackgroundThe Confusion, Hubbub, and Order Scale (CHAOS in English Version) was originally developed in the USA by Matheny et al (Bringing order out of chaos: psychometric characteristics of the confusion, hubbub, and order scale. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 16(3):429–444, 1995) to measure chaos in the family environment, characterized by confusion, lack of routine, and organization.ObjectiveTo present evidence of content validity, internal structure validity, and validity based on relationships with external measures of an adapted version of the CHAOS into Brasilian Portuguese with adolescents sample in São Paulo - Brasil.MethodStudy 1 involved the translation/back-translation and adaptation of the scale into Brazilian Portuguese [here named “Escala de Confusão, Alvoroço e Ordem no Sistema familiar” (CAOS)], assessed by 5 judges. In Study 2, we conducted an exploratory factor analyses (EFA) to determine the scale’s factor structure (N = 180 adults). In Study 3, we carried out confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to confirm the internal validity of the scale, along with complete structural equation modeling to explore convergent validity in another sample (N = 239 adolescents).ResultsThe CAOS scale displayed content validity, and the EFA and CFA showed a unifactorial structure (with some scale adjustments) with an acceptable fit. The family chaos latent factor was associated with externalizing symptoms and perceived stress in adolescents.ConclusionOverall, the Brazilian version of the scale presented evidence of construct, internal, and concurrent validity that indicate its usefulness in Brazil.

Capturing patient-reported sleep disturbance in atopic dermatitis clinical trials

BackgroundPatient-focused approaches to capturing day-to-day variability in sleep disturbance are needed to properly evaluate the sleep benefits of new treatments. Such approaches rely on patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures validated in the target patient population.MethodsUsing atopic dermatitis (AD) as an example of a disease in which sleep is commonly disturbed, we developed a strategy for measuring sleep disturbance in AD trials. In developing this strategy, we conducted a targeted literature review and held concept elicitation interviews with adolescents and adults with AD. We subsequently identified potentially suitable PRO measures and cognitively debriefed them. Finally, we evaluated their psychometric properties using data from phase 2b (NCT03100344) and phase 3 (NCT03985943 and NCT03989349) clinical trials.ResultsThe literature review confirmed that sleep disturbance is a key impact of AD but failed to identify validated PRO measures for assessing fluctuations in sleep disturbance. Subsequent concept elicitation interviews confirmed the multidimensional nature of sleep disturbance in AD and supported use of a single-item measure to assess overall sleep disturbance severity, complemented by a diary to capture individual components of sleep disturbance. The single-item sleep disturbance numerical rating scale (SD NRS) and multi-item Subject Sleep Diary (SSD)—an AD-adapted version of the Consensus Sleep Diary—were identified as potentially suitable PRO measures. Cognitive debriefing of the SD NRS and SSD demonstrated their content validity and their understandability to patients. Psychometric analyses based on AD trial data showed that the SD NRS is a well-defined, reliable, and fit-for-purpose measure of sleep disturbance in adults with AD. Furthermore, the SD NRS correlated with many SSD sleep parameters, suggesting that most concepts from the SSD can be covered using the SD NRS.ConclusionsUsing these findings, we developed an approach for measuring sleep disturbance in AD trials. Subject to further research, the same approach could also be applied to future trials of other skin diseases where itch causes sleep disturbance.

Product Positioning Evaluation and Exploitation of Nigerian Solid Mineral Resources: A Vile for Transformation Agenda for Third World Countries

The study focused on product positioning and exploitation of Nigerian solid mineral resources towards transforming third world countries. The specific objectives of the study were to examine the effect of product price, product quality and product differentiation on Nigerian solid mineral resources; Data were collected through a primary source. The population of the study was 218 which consisted of final year students of Marketing from University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. These respondents were used due to their background knowledge in Marketing. The study utilized simple random sampling technique to select sample of 80 respondents for the study. 5-point likert scale option of structured questionnaire was used in the study to obtain respondents’ response. Content validity was used to determine the validity of the instrument by giving to research experts who modified and made the necessary correction to measure the instrument. Simple linear regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis. Three hypotheses were tested in line with the objectives of the study and it was revealed that there was a significant relationship between product price, product quality and product differentiation, and Nigerian solid mineral resources. The study suggested some recommendations as follows: Government agencies and major stakeholders affiliated with solid mineral resources in Nigeria should imbibe product price strategy in order to encourage high patronage for Nigerian solid mineral resources. Product quality should be embraced because it attracts foreign buyers to patronise Nigerian solid mineral resources. Government agencies and major stakeholders in charge of solid minerals in Nigeria should embark on product differentiation among mineral resources in Nigeria to command high patronage from foreign buyers.

Development and validation of a mental hyperactivity questionnaire for the evaluation of chronic stress in higher education

BackgroundExamination and understanding of neural hyperactivity are some of the greatest scientific challenges faced in the present day. For this reason, the present study aimed to examine this phenomenon in the context of higher education.MethodLikewise, this work will enable an instrument to be created to appropriately and reliably estimate neural hyperactivity associated with chronic stress in university students undertaking a Physiotherapy degree.ResultsAnalysis of content validity was carried out according to agreement and consensus between nineteen experts with Education Science or Psychology degrees, via the Delphi method. On the other hand, face validity was established by administering the questionnaire to a sample of 194 university students aged between 18 and 45 years (M = 30.48%; SD = 13.152).ConclusionThe final self-report measure, denominated mental hyperactivity, was composed of 10 items which showed adequate fit with regards to face and content validity (α = 0.775). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the questionnaire was unidimensional.

Validity and reliability of the Greek Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MSQ Version 2.1-GR)

BackgroundTo assess the validity and reliability of the Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire 2.1 (MSQv.2.1) in a group of Greek migraineurs.Design—sample—methodsThe Greek version of MSQv.2.1 (MSQv.2.1-GR), a self-report measure with 14 items in 3 domains (Role Restrictive (RR), Role Preventive (RP) and Emotional Function (EF)), was administered during a cross-sectional study to 141 Greek adult migraineurs and 135 controls without migraine or any other primary headache disorder, along with Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS) and Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) to assess validity. MSQv.2.1-GR was re-administered in a group of participants with migraine two weeks afterwards to assess reliability. Content and construct validity was assessed using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), Spearman rho, McDonald’s omega, Cronbach’s alpha. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test the latent structure of the MSQv.2.1-GR in migraineurs.ResultsA total of 276 adults participated in the study. Internal consistency of the three MSQv.2.1-GR scales RR, RP and EF yielded a range of McDonald’s omega from 0.832 to 0.923 (Cronbach’s alpha from 0.814 to 0.923). CFA confirmed the proposed three-factor MSQv.2.1-GR latent structure with acceptable goodness of fit indices and factor loadings. Correlations were established between MSQv2.1-GR component and MIDAS scores, showing moderate and statistically significant relationships (from − 0.519 to −0.562, all p < 0.001) for RR, RP and EF. Correlations between MSQv2.1-GR and SF-12 component scores were identified, with values from 0.1 to 0.4, indicating low to moderate associations. ICC was calculated at 0.997, indicating a high level of reliability between the measures. Notably, all MSQv2.1-GR scores (RR, RP, EF) were significantly higher in the controls compared to migraineurs (p < 0.001 for all scales). These findings suggest that MSQv2.1-GR is internally consistent, shows significant correlations with relevant measures, and is effective in discriminating controls from migraineurs.ConclusionMSQv2.1-GR is a valid and reliable tool to determine the effect migraine has on the quality of life of Greek-speaking migraineurs.

Development of Web-Based Modules to Improve Digital Literacy and Learning Outcomes in Science Learning

This study aims to produce e-modules for science lessons that are valid, practical, and effective to improve junior high school students' digital literacy and learning outcomes. This study used research and development methods with the ADDIE model. The data collection techniques were observation, interviews, validation sheets, student activity sheets using e-modules, learning outcomes tests, digital literacy assessment rubrics, student response questionnaires, and documentation. The data analysis techniques used in this study were validity test techniques, practicality tests and effectiveness tests. The results of the validation data analysis obtained a validation value of 91% with a very valid category, including aspects of content and construct validation. The practicality analysis results obtained a value of 91.20% with an efficient category. The results of the effectiveness analysis were based on the increase in learning outcomes, which resulted in an n-gain of 0.61 with a moderate category. Meanwhile, the results of the effectiveness analysis based on the ability of digital literacy indicators got an n-gain of 0.71 with a high category. The results of the effectiveness analysis were seen from student questionnaires, which scored 83.23% in the excellent category. Thus, the e-module product that has been developed is said to be feasible to be implemented in junior high school science learning to improve digital literacy and learning outcomes of junior high school students.

The Spanish Adaptation of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia Heart: Psychometric Evidence in Cardiac Rehabilitation Patients.

The factor structure of the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia Heart version has rarely been adequately analyzed. We aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of this scale through a variety of exploratory and confirmatory factorial approaches. To perform a translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and psychometric evaluation of the Spanish version of the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia Heart in patients attending Cardiac Rehabilitation (TSK-SPA). Cross-sectional study. A Cardiac Rehabilitation unit. Adults with the principal diagnosis of coronary artery disease (83%) who were referred to Cardiac Rehabilitation (N.=194; mean age, 64.28±9.2; 15% women). We performed a translation and a cross-cultural adaptation of the TSK-SPA. The psychometric properties of validity comprising the face, content, and construct validity were then tested. Five factorial models were proposed to analyze the data structure. We examined the validity evidence of the TSK-SPA based on the relationships with other analyzed variables using the SF12 quality of life Questionnaire, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. The reliability tests included internal consistency and stability over time. The results suggested a four-dimensional structure. Models with more than 1 dimension exhibited undesirable factor loadings or inadequate fit indices. Based on these results, a short version of the scale with 13 items is proposed. In terms of reliability, the TSK-SPA Heart was found internally consistent (α=0.79) and stable over time (test-retest = 0.82). An Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) analysis provided an acceptable fit for a hypothesized 4-factor model with the inclusion of a method factor: the root mean squared error of approximation was <0.05 (RMSEA = 0.046), and the comparative fit indices were >0.95 or close (CFI=0.994, TLI=0.934). Significant positive correlations were observed between the TSK-SPA scores and the measures of anxiety and depression, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.35 to 0.48. A best-fitting model was identified, and the proposed 13-item TSK-SPA Heart showed sufficient evidence of validity and reliability for Spanish patients with cardiovascular disease. The scale's overall reliability is deemed acceptable, although the factor reliability could be further enhanced. Using this questionnaire on fear or avoidance of movement will improve our understanding of cognitive-behavioral factors in patients with cardiovascular disease, aiding their rehabilitation and optimizing their prognosis.

Nurse judgements of hospitalized patients' safety concerns are affected by patient, nurse and event characteristics: A factorial survey experiment.

To test the influences of patient, safety event and nurse characteristics on nurse judgements of credibility, importance and intent to report patients' safety concerns. Factorial survey experiment. A total of 240 nurses were recruited and completed an online survey including demographic information and responses to eight factorial vignettes consisting of unique combinations of eight patient and event factors. Hierarchical multivariate analysis was used to test influences of vignette factors and nurse characteristics on nurse judgements. The intraclass coefficients for nurse judgements suggest that the variation among nurses exceeded the influence of contextual vignette factors. Several significant sources of nurse variation were identified, including race/ethnicity, suggesting a complex relationship between nurses' characteristics and their potential biases, and the influence of personal and patient factors on nurses' judgements, including the decision to report safety concerns. Nurses are key players in the system to manage patient safety concerns. Variation among nurses and how they respond to scenarios of patient safety concerns highlight the need for nurse-level intervention. Complex factors influence nurses' judgement, interpretation and reporting of patients' safety concerns. Understanding nurse judgement regarding patient-expressed safety concerns is critical for designing processes and systems that promote reporting. Multiple event and patient characteristics (type of event and apparent harm, and patient gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and communication approach) as well as participant characteristics (race/ethnicity, gender, years of experience and primary hospital area) impacted participants' judgements of credibility, degree of concern and intent to report. These findings will help guide patient safety nurse education and training. STROBE guidelines. Members of the public, including patient advocates, were involved in content validation of the vignette scenarios, norming photographs used in the factorial survey and testing the survey functionality.