Content Standards Research Articles

How to Improve the Performance of Public Elementary Schools? an Empirical Evidence from Indonesia

This study aims to assess the construct validity of public elementary school performance from the proposed performance theory so that the observed variables can form a latent variable. This study used a quantitative approach with a measurement model in the form of First Order Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The sample in this study amounted to 233 principals of public elementary schools. Meanwhile, the location in this study is Brebes Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. Then, the data analysis in this research starts with developing the theoretical model, making a causality relationship path diagram, selecting the input matrix and obtaining the model estimate, assessing the identification of the structural model, and assessing the criteria of Goodness of Fit. This study reveals variables for measuring school performance, such as content standards, process standards, graduate competency standards, educator and education staff standards, facilities and infrastructure standards, management standards, financing standards, and education assessment standards, indicating that three observational variables are not significant and invalid in forming school performance latent variables, namely standards of educators and educational staff, standards of facilities and infrastructure, and standards of financing. In this regard, this research makes a practical contribution, namely that there is a need to change the orientation of fulfilling national education standards, which leads to school assessment based on performance appraisal based on curriculum development and implementation, teacher professional development, and optimizing the responsibility of stakeholders to improve educational quality so that schools able to provide optimal performance in providing services to the community.

Teacher Development Management in Kindergarten

The background in this study is seen from the Standards for Level of Achievement of Child Development, Standards for Content, Standards for Processes, Standards for Assessment, Standards for Educators and Education Personnel, Standards for Facilities and Infrastructure, Standards for Management and Standards for Financing. The purpose of this research is to find out the challenges, strategies, inhibiting and supporting factors in the development of teaching staff at Tk Al-Ikhlas Kel. Padang Bulan Kec. North Rantau Kab. Labuhanbatu, North Sumatra. The method in this study uses a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach. Methods of data collection through observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the management of teaching staff development at Tk Al-Ikhlas Kel. Padang Bulan Kec. North Rantau Kab. Labuhanbatu, North Sumatra regarding the challenges and constraints that are often encountered, such as the discrepancy between the academic qualifications of teaching staff and the ability of educators to educate and the difficulty of carrying out teaching staff development activities. The development of teaching staff is carried out programmatically through the school's annual program plan. Besides that, the teaching staff development program designed by the school, educators are also included in development activities outside of school learning hours.

A Creative Thinking Process of Junior High School Students in Solving Story Problems Viewed from Field Dependent – Field Independent Cognitive Style

Giving math subjects is very important in life. This is in line with content standards in Permendiknas No. 22 of 2006 that mathematics subjects need to be given to train and teach thinking skills, one of which is creative thinking. The purpose of this study was to describe the creative thinking processes of junior high school students with field dependent and field independent cognitive styles in solving problems on the material surface area of geometric figures. The subjects in this study were one student each with field dependent and field independent cognitive styles who had high and equal mathematical abilities and were male. The research instruments used were GEFT sheets to classify cognitive styles, Mathematical Ability Test (MAT) sheets to classify students' mathematical abilities, Problem Solving Task sheets (PST) and interview guidelines to find out in detail the students' creative thinking processes. Based on the results of the research conducted, the creative thinking process of students with field dependent cognitive style at the preparatory stage read the questions twice to understand the questions, at the incubation stage field dependent students needed 15 minutes to get out of this stage. At the illumination stage, field dependent students were not fluent in solving problems and only had one solution idea. At the verification stage, field dependent students are unsure of their answers and have no other solution ideas. The thinking process of students with field independent cognitive styles in the preparation stage of field independent students read the questions twice to understand the questions. At the incubation stage, independent field students managed to get out of this stage and found ideas to solve questions for 5-10 minutes. In the illumination stage, field independent students smoothly solve problems and have several ideas for solving them. At the verification stage, field independent students are very confident with their answers and have other solutions.

Course Development to Address Gaps in Horticulture Content Standards for Students in an Agricultural Education Undergraduate Degree Program

Agricultural Education teacher licensure programs face a growing list of coursework needed to meet requirements with a shrinking number of credit hours available. A new course – ‘Greenhouse and Landscape Fundamentals for Educators’ was developed at Purdue University with an Agricultural Education Teacher Licensure B.S. degree program. Data utilized in creating the course included: 1) an evaluation of current Agricultural Education coursework; 2) a review of state and national Agricultural Education content and academic standards; and 3) a survey of current Indiana Agriculture teachers. Responses from the survey (n=72) of high school teachers of horticulture and/or landscape management show 61% of respondents had teaching greenhouses at their schools, and 62% reporting they were not confident with operating and maintaining a greenhouse based on bachelor level coursework they took. Respondents indicate needing more coursework in several topics: greenhouse management landscape design, landscape installation and maintenance, and plant identification. Results pointed to gaps in existing required coursework. The new course was specifically tailored to meet the needs of the Agricultural Education undergraduate students, and equip them with information and resources to call upon when they begin their teaching careers.

Do Subject Matter Experts’ Judgments of Multiple‐Choice Format Suitability Predict Item Quality?

AbstractTo assemble a high‐quality test, psychometricians rely on subject matter experts (SMEs) to write high‐quality items. However, SMEs are not typically given the opportunity to provide input on which content standards are most suitable for multiple‐choice questions (MCQs). In the present study, we explored the relationship between perceived MCQ suitability for a given content standard and the associated item characteristics. Prior to item writing, we surveyed SMEs on MCQ suitability for each content standard. Following field testing, we then used SMEs’ average ratings for each content standard to predict item characteristics for the tests. We analyzed multilevel models predicting item difficulty (p value), discrimination, and nonfunctioning distractor presence. Items were nested within courses and content standards. There was a curvilinear relationship between SMEs’ ratings and item difficulty such that very low MCQ suitability ratings were predictive of easier items. After controlling for item difficulty, items with higher MCQ suitability ratings had higher discrimination and were less likely to have one or more nonfunctioning distractors. This research has practical implications for optimizing test blueprints. Additionally, psychometricians may use these ratings to better prepare for coaching SMEs during item writing.

Selenium application during fruit development can effectively inhibit browning of fresh-cut apples by enhancing antioxidant capacity and suppressing polyphenol oxidase activity

Browning is a crucial factor affecting the quality of fresh-cut apples. A safe, simple, and effective method to inhibit browning is urgently needed in fresh-cut apple production. We carried out this study to explore the effect mechanism of exogenous selenium (Se) fertilizer on fresh-cut apple browning. During the development of apples, 0.75 kg/plant Se fertilizer was exerted on the ‘Fuji’ apple tree at the critical stage of the young fruit stage (late May), early fruit expansion stage (late June), and fruit expansion stage (late July), an equal amount of Se-free organic fertilizer was used as control. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities, phenolic and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, antioxidant enzymes activity, and DPPH free radical scavenging rate of the apple at different development stages were investigated. The highest Se accumulation efficiency was observed in apple fruit one month after applying Se fertilizer, which was 41.1%. Se-rich apples exhibited a more remarkable ability to resist browning than control after fresh-cut. The anti-browning effect of the fertilization group (M7) was the best, the PPO activity decreased to 0.5 × 103 U kg−1, and the browning index was 28.6. The total Se content (TSC) of 331.4 μg kg−1 DW and organic Se content (OSC) of 292.0 μg kg−1 DW were the highest in the apple samples, reached the classification standard of Se content in Se-rich food. The correlation analysis found that fresh-cut apple browning was closely related to antioxidant capacity and PPO activity. The stronger the antioxidant capacity of fresh-cut apples treated with Se fertilizer, the lower their browning degree. Therefore, exogenous Se can alleviate fresh-cut apples browning by improving antioxidant capacity and reducing PPO activity. Se-rich apples could increase the Se content of the human essential trace element and inhibit the browning of fresh-cut apples, which would become a new, safe and effective way to solve the fresh-cut apples browning.

When School Wasn’t “School”: Developing Culturally Responsive Practice during the COVID-19 Lockdowns

This article emerged from my study of three alternative-certification teachers, or teacher learners as they tried to enact culturally responsive practices while navigating their first year of teaching and taking graduate courses for initial certification. These teacher learners worked to develop their understanding and capacities to enact a culturally responsive pedagogy but found that standardization of content and conceptions of what constitutes “good students”, appropriate classroom conduct, and micro-managed professional learning communities all created environments hostile to their attempts to develop as equity-minded educators and culturally responsive practitioners. However, their experiences changed once the COVID-19 pandemic closed these teacher learners’ schools to in-person instruction and sent them home to instruct online for the remainder of the spring 2020 semester. Free from the constrictive macro-structures and socio-political contexts in their physical workplaces, their planning showed them employing more culturally responsive practices and considering those practices more deeply. Once outside the cultures of practice, formed around neoliberal conceptions of success and measuring learning, these teacher learners became the sole mediators of the conflicting knowledge sources of their jobs and their university methods courses. On their own they began to confront the ways educational institutions stubbornly cling to hegemonic concepts of their communities and valorize work centered on concepts of knowledge and ways of knowing that bear little resemblance to society’s current reality. Away from the wider cultures of their schools during the COVID-19 lockdown and aided in mediating their own development using a dialogically structured lesson planning template inspired by—the Heuristic for Thinking About Culturally Responsive Teaching (HiTCRiT)—the teacher learners focused their instruction on their students making both their students’ learning and their own conceptions of CRP more real and their students’ learning more equitable.

우리나라와 미국의 초등 교양 농업 교육 프로그램 내용 비교 분석

The purpose of this study was to investigate the implications for practical arts education in Korea through the analysis of the contents of agricultural literacy education programs in Korea and the United States. Comparative criteria were set to achieve the purpose of the study, wherein the system and contents of agricultural literacy education programs were compared and analyzed according to these criteria. As a result of the analysis, implications for practical arts education in Korea are as follows.
 First, it is necessary to present the educational contents of the agricultural literacy education programs in two grades in terms of formality and to address the level in detail. In the case of elementary schools, it is necessary to present content standards by grade group, while it would be effortless to present middle and high schools in general. Second, in the development of practical arts curriculum in Korea, an integrated area approach is needed rather than one in a specific area. Rather than emphasizing the practical arts and content areas, such an integrated approach to areas (e.g., integrating agriculture and diet) will be essential in the long run.
 Based on the hereby demonstrated results, the present paper offers the following suggestions.
 First, research on the curriculum of various countries that might offer new ideas in elementary agricultural education is continuously needed.
 Second, it is rather difficult to explore the characteristics of current elementary agricultural education being conducted in the curriculum document. Therefore, studies on the actual cases of elementary agricultural education in these countries are needed.

Comparison of Historical Materials for High School and Vocational School in 2013 Curriculum and the Emergency Curriculum

As a result of the covid epidemic, high schools shifted from using the 2013 curriculum to using the emergency curriculum. The purpose of this research was to examine and contrast the emergency curriculum implemented during the pandemic with the high school and vocational school history content from 2013. This research was qualitative in nature, employing a case study approach. The purpose of this study is to investigate the Emergency Curriculum's content standards for high school Indonesian history courses, namely its core competencies and fundamental competencies. There was no discernible shift in the outcomes when comparing the Covid-19 Pandemic Emergency Curriculum to the Core Competencies of Indonesian History in the 2013 Curriculum. This demonstrates that the 2013 Curriculum's key skills served as a foundation for the development of the Covid-19 Pandemic Emergency Curriculum's core competencies. In this situation, there is no significant variation in the kind of competence that students at each grade level in senior High School are expected to acquire. There were ten fewer KD heads in class XI. This occurred because the ideal conditions for learning at a distance were not met. Five KD in competency success indicators tailored to distant learning development is sufficient for pupils to pass class XII of the Covid-19 Pandemic Emergency Curriculum.

Comparison of Standardization of Ash Content of Butterfly Pea Simplicia (Clitoria ternatea L.): A Systematic Literature Review

Butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) has been used extensively in traditional medicine due to its various health benefits. The ash content in the butterfly pea simplicia can provide important information about the mineral content and residues present in the material. This study aimed to carry out a systematic review in order to explore a comparison of the standardization of ash content of the butterfly pea flower simplicia. The literature search process was carried out on various databases (PubMed, Web of Sciences, EMBASE, Cochrane Libraries, and Google Scholar) regarding the comparison of standardization of ash content of Clitoria ternatea. This study follows the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) recommendations. Several studies have shown variations in the ash content of butterfly pea flowers (Clitoria ternatea L.). The ash content of the butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) is in the range of 3.8 ± 0.42 mg/100 gram dry weight to 10.93 ± 0.29 mg/100 gram dry weight. Each plant has unique chemical characteristics, including different mineral content. Therefore, the ash content may vary between different plant species.

SPIRAL PROGRESSION APPROACH IN TEACHING MATHEMATICS: ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN THE PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOL

The study aimed to evaluate the extent of implementation of spiral progression approach in teaching mathematics in the public secondary in the context of new normal. Quantitative was utilized in the conduct of the study. The quantitative descriptive research method was used to determine teachers understanding about spiral progression approach in terms of its background and content standards, to evaluate the extent of implementation of spiral progression approach in terms of lesson planning, instruction, assessment and teaching strategies, as well as to determine if there is a significant relationship between the two variables: teachers understanding and implementation of spiral progression approach. Percentage of the Correct response, Mean, Pearson r were used to determine teachers understanding and the extent of implementation of spiral progression approach. The findings of the study show that teachers moderately understood spiral progression approach. The extent of the implementation of SPA exceeded the expectations which results to a positive outcome of the feature of the curriculum. Findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between teachers understanding and the implementation of Spiral Progression Approach and Project ETISPA (Enhanced Teachers Implementation of Spiral Progression Approach) to be proposed as an extension project. To improve this study, there should be a promotion of advocacy that supports the sustainability and effectiveness of spiral progression approach, further orientation on the roles and responsibilities of teachers and school heads, and enrichment activities like benchmarking and brainstorming, wide dissemination, and implementation of the proposed programs.

IMPLEMENTASI TAKSONOMI BLOOM DALAM DOKUMEN STANDARD KURIKULUM DAN PENTAKSIRAN (DSKP) PENDIDIKAN ISLAM SEKOLAH MENENGAH: SATU ANALISIS

Islamic Education teachers still do not fully understand the components found in Curriculum and Assessment Standard Document (DSKP). This shows that GPI less emphasize on the details of DSKP including the application of Bloom's Taxonomy from the cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects. Therefore, this article aims to explain in detail the components found in the DSKP including the domains of Bloom's Taxonomy applied in the DSKP as well as analyse the appropriateness of Bloom's Taxonomy used in the Islamic Education DSKP in secondary schools. Based on content analysis from primary and secondary sources, the study found that there are 7 components in DSKP of Islamic Education besides 3 main domains of Bloom's Taxonomy which are cognitive, affective, and psychomotor that applied in the DSKP through content standards, learning standards and performance standards. The findings of the study also show that Bloom's Taxonomy is suitable for implementation in the DSKP of Middle School Islamic Education. However teachers need to be creative in adapting teaching and assessment methods according to the fields of Islamic Education. It is hoped that this article will be able to provide a comprehensive overview of secondary school Islamic Education DSKP as well as provide ideas to GPI in implementing Islamic Education teaching and learning by applying all components in DSKP. The implication of the study is to help GPI, especially novice teachers in understanding DSKP which is the main reference for teachers in the planning and implementation of teaching and learning.

Institutional Homogenization through McDonaldization in the Digital-Based Minimum Service Standards Reporting System (e-monev SPM)

Digital-based governance transformation is needed to respond to dynamic global challenges. This article aims to analyze institutional isomorphism through Mcdonaldization in a digital-based minimum service standard reporting system (e-monev SPM). Various studies show that governance needs to be dynamic, collaborative and innovative to achieve an efficient system by utilizing technological developments. In contrast to previous studies, this article argues that the transformation of governance in the reporting system for the implementation of digital-based Minimum Service Standards (e-monev SPM) indicates the occurrence of McDonaldization which is characterized by changes in rationality as a feature of modern society by utilizing technological developments that lead to the occurrence of institutional homogenization. This article uses a qualitative approach with multiple methods. Data were obtained from in-depth interviews, literature studies, secondary data, official documents and digital data. The findings of the data show the occurrence of McDonaldization in 4 (four) dimensions, namely Efficiency seen from changes in reporting mechanisms and speed, Calculability seen from the ability to be used periodically for interested parties, Predictability seen from content standardization and reporting time, and Control seen from e -monev as a digital-based tool to ensure regional compliance in reporting. The institutional homogenization efforts are indicated by the occurrence of Coercive Isomorphism related to the implementation of mandates regarding changes in the reporting system, Mimetic Isomorphism which is shown through the adoption of technology in the reporting system, and Normative Isomorphism which can be seen from organizational professionalization efforts related to increasing human resource capacity, facilities and infrastructure, cooperation, and budget. However, there is also an irrational dimension of McDonaldization rationality, which is related to the readiness of infrastructure and human resources. This article contributes to efforts to improve the quality of governance by utilizing technological developments through a digital-based reporting system .

Dissemination of CDASH eCRFs via the CDISC Electronic Case Report Form (eCRF) Portal and the OpenClinica Electronic Data Capture system

Electronic Data Capture (EDC) study designers can benefit from the adoption of high-quality content and study design standards. However, in practice there is often a significant lack of standardization and re-use of Electronic Case Report Form (eCRF) content, including data element naming conventions; question text and order; controlled terminologies; and overall design across organizations or across studies within an organization. We describe the implementation of validated case report form (CRF) content using the Clinical Data Acquisition Standards Harmonization (CDASH) obtained from the Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) eCRF Portal (https://www.cdisc.org/kb/ecrf) within an eCRF content library in the OpenClinica EDC system.The implementation of validated CDASH form content obtained from the CDISC eCRF Portal within an eCRF content library in the EDC system is intended to enhance the efficiency of study designers and to promote greater adoption of high-quality standards. With core content design standardized, more focus can be place on study-specific forms. Potential benefits discovered:Greater alignment between data points that are captured in eCRFs and those expected by statisticians and scientists. This can mean fewer delays in design and study implementation and fewer protocol amendments.Faster implementation times and lower study start-up costs, including reduced testing and validation times.Greater re-usability of data because of widely adopted naming conventions, data structures, and controlled terminologies.Out-of-the-box eCRF content that represents expert consensus yet is still easy to customize to the needs of each research program/trial.

Kinerja Pengawas Dalam Meningkatkan Profesionalisme Guru di SMA Negeri 1 Pacet

The focus of this research is on the performance of supervisors in improving the professionalism of teachers at SMA Negeri 1 Pacet and the results of their performance in enhancing the professionalism of teachers at SMA Negeri 1 Pacet. This study adopts a qualitative approach with a descriptive design, and the location of the research is at SMA Negeri 1 Pacet. The data collection methods include interviews, observation, and documentation. Data analysis is conducted using the Mathew Miles and A. Michael Huberman model, which involves data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing (verification). The results indicate that the performance of supervisors at SMA Negeri 1 Pacet has not met the expected standards, as they have not been able to carry out their duties to the fullest. This includes monitoring the content and process standards, handling counseling problems, and providing professional training for teachers and the school principal. The professionalism of teachers at SMA Negeri 1 Pacet is also lacking or has not met expectations. Indicators of this lack of professionalism include inadequate skills in lesson planning and management. Furthermore, the performance of supervisors in enhancing the professionalism of teachers at SMA Negeri 1 Pacet has not been effective. The indicators include the lack of impact of supervisors' performance on enhancing teachers' skills in lesson planning, implementation, and assessment. The factors hindering the performance of supervisors include their lack of professionalism and some teachers' reluctance to follow the guidance provided by supervisors. The solution to these issues is to enhance the professionalism of supervisors and improve communication with the teachers they supervise.

ՍԻԼԻՑԻՈՒՄԻ ՀՆԱՐԱՎՈՐ ԲԱՐԵՆՊԱՍՏ ԱԶԴԵՑՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆ ԱՌՈՂՋՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՎՐԱ

Silicon is one of the most common elements in the earth’s crust. It is always present in water and food in varying amounts. Higher amounts of Si are found in plant-based foods. About 20% of the total amount of silicon ingested with food and water comes with drinking water and drinks (including beer, which contains in average 20–25 mg/l of silicon)․ For higher animals and humans, silicon is generally not considered to be an essential nutrient. However, the importance of this element for human health is now supported by increasing research evidence. The biological role of silicon in human organism is still not clear, but it assumed to be necessary for processes of bone mineralization, collagen synthesis. It has a positive effect on the skin, hair, and nails, contributes to the prevention of atherosclerosis and Alzheimer disease. In the population of most Western countries, dietary Si intakes range from 20 to 50 mg/day. In addition to the beneficial effect of Si on health, questions regarding the adverse effect of this element on the body are also discussed in the literature. First of all, we are talking about the Russian authors’ researches in the field of drinking water hygiene. At present, the adequate and maximum admissible levels of Si consumption have not yet been established. Taking into account the results of research on humans and animals, some scientists have suggested a dietary intake of Si of about 25 mg/day. As for the standards of silicon content in drinking water, it is not regulated in the drinking water quality guidelines of the WHO and the European Union, as well as in the national normative documents of different countries. In the Russian Federation, as well as in the Republic of Armenia, in the hygienic requirements for water quality, Si is normalized according to the sanitary-toxicological index, with the value of the maximum admissible concentrations in drinking water amounting to 10 mg/l.

AI를 활용한 발명영재 교육 프로그램 개발 및 효과

Objectives The purpose of this study is to develop an AI education program for gifted students who are inventive and to verify the effectiveness of the program. Through this program we can understand the concept of AI, recognize the value of AI technology and AI-related intellectual property rights, and then product some inventions by applying ideas gained from using AI technology.
 Methods After a draft on the Invention Education Program for the gifted by using AI was designed by investigating the previous studies related to Invention Education for the gifted and AI Education from May of 2021 to December of 2021, non-face-to-face real-time expert councils were held six times through Zoom, and one face-to-face council was held to develop an invention education program for the gifted by using AI. To analyze the effectiveness of this program, the test paper for investigating the effectiveness of an AI education, which consists of sub-scale measures such as value recognition for AI, efficacy against AI, and AI literacy was used on the experimental object of the 55 gifted students at elementary school in G Metropolitan City. Pre- and post-testing were performed on both the experimental group and the comparative group. The effectiveness in the amount of changes was verified to be meaningful through the Mann-Whitney test.
 Results As the result of this study, the twelve periodic lesson plans for the Invention Education Program for the gifted by using AI were developed to enable learners to flip-learn, based on the previous researches related to AI and the content standard of the Invention Education for the gifted. After experimenting to verify the effectiveness of AI education by applying this developed program to the gifted students who are inventive for 6 weeks, the overall average of the changes between the experimental group and the comparative group showed a significant difference in the pre-test and the post-test. However, among the sub-scale measures, there was no significant difference in the amount of changes between the two groups in the value perception of A, while in the sub-scale measures such as efficacy against AI and AI literacy there was a significant difference in the amount of changes between the two groups.
 Conclusions In this study it was found that the Invention Education Program for the gifted by using AI had positive effects on the gifted students who are inventive in terms of AI educational effectiveness, on the condition that the program consists of sub-scale measures such as value perception of AI, efficacy against AI, and AI literacy. The program developed in this study can be applicable to the education of the gifted students who are inventive. In addition, educational environments should be created through network construction, device, and teaching aids for teachers to give artificial intelligence classes in the field education. In further studies, the contents of this program need to be more adjusted in conjunction with the invention curriculum for application to general students, and more researches should be conducted to investigate the differences in educational effectiveness comparing other characteristics of the gifted students such as regions and genders.

Analisis Kedalaman Materi Metabolisme Sel pada Mata Pelajaran Biologi SMA Kurikulum Nasional 2013

The curriculum is a set of plans and Settings on purpose, content, and study materials and ways used as a guide to the learning activities arrangements to achieve specific goals. The lesson materials intended in the curriculum need a means to get to the learners. These are possible in various forms, one of which is in the form of a textbook. A good textbook covers all KD and conforms to established content standards. The worthiness of the text book's contents can be judged by the material completeness, the breadth of the material, and the depth of the material contained within it. This observation is intended to analyze the depth of the cell's metabolic materials on the biological subjects of the 2013 national curriculum of the high school, based on a basic competence of the 2013 curriculum from the breadth and depth of matter. The observation method used is the study of literature by searching for information on the matter of observation to be discussed. Based on analysis of some literature studies, it was obtained that the depth of discussion of metabolic materials in common biological subjects in high schools is quite deep. However, the depth varies from one school to another.

Conceptual framework and documentation standards of cystoscopic media content for artificial intelligence

BackgroundThe clinical documentation of cystoscopy includes visual and textual materials. However, the secondary use of visual cystoscopic data for educational and research purposes remains limited due to inefficient data management in routine clinical practice. MethodsA conceptual framework was designed to document cystoscopy in a standardized manner with three major sections: data management, annotation management, and utilization management. A Swiss-cheese model was proposed for quality control and root cause analyses. We defined the infrastructure required to implement the framework with respect to FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) principles. We applied two scenarios exemplifying data sharing for research and educational projects to ensure compliance with FAIR principles. ResultsThe framework was successfully implemented while following FAIR principles. The cystoscopy atlas produced from the framework could be presented in an educational web portal; a total of 68 full-length qualitative videos and corresponding annotation data were sharable for artificial intelligence projects covering frame classification and segmentation problems at case, lesion, and frame levels. ConclusionOur study shows that the proposed framework facilitates the storage of visual documentation in a standardized manner and enables FAIR data for education and artificial intelligence research.

Nutrient density and oral processing properties of common commercial complementary porridge samples used in Southern Africa: effect on energy and protein intakes among children aged 6-24 months.

Child malnutrition is an endemic public health problem in Africa. Infants are supposed to receive complementary foods from about six months onwards, as breastmilk alone no longer provide adequate nutrients. Commercially available complementary foods (CACFs) form an important part of baby foods in developing countries. However, systematic evidence on whether they really meet optimal quality specifications for infant feeding is limited. Some CACFs commonly used in Southern Africa and other parts of the world were investigated to establish if they meet optimal quality standards for protein and energy content, viscosity, and oral texture. For the energy content, most CACFs for 6-24-month-old children both in the dry and ready-to-eat forms (range: 372.0 kJ/100 g - 1816.0 kJ/100 g), were below Codex Alimentarius guidelines. The protein density of all CACFs (0.48-1.3 g/100 kJ) conformed with Codex Alimentarius requirements, but some (33%) were below the minimum World Health Organization (2019a) target of 0.7 g/100 kJ. Most CACFs had high viscosity values even at high shear rate of 50 s-1 , and were too thick or thick, sticky, grainy, and slimy, which may limit nutrient intake in infants, potentially causing child malnutrition. There is a need to improve the oral viscosity and sensory texture of CACFs for better nutrient intake by infants. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.