Y2O3 Content Research Articles

Enhancing mechanical properties of 2024-Aluminium Alloy Matrix Composite strengthened by Y2O3 ceramic particles

The development of high-strength, low-weight composite materials has been a high-priority demand in the structural, aerospace, automotive, renewable energy, and sports equipment sectors. Micro-particle size Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) has been utilized to enhance the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of the 2024-Al alloy. The stir-casting technique is employed to prepare 2024-Al alloy and aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) with different Y2O3 weight fractions (1 %, 2 %, and 3 %). Scanning electron microscope ESM with EDS analysis and optical microscope imaging have been used to assess the development in the microstructure of AMCs. Furthermore, optical microscope images have been analyzed by using image processing software, ImageJ to evaluate development in microstructure grain size. Vickers' micro-hardness, tensile strength, elongation, and wear-resistant tests were conducted to assess the mechanical properties of AMCs. AMC image analysis results demonstrated a significant reduction in microstructure grain size. The highest reduction in grain size was recorded when adding 2 wt. % of Y2O3, which was approximately 22.5 % smaller than that of the plain alloy. Other mechanical test results demonstrated an increase in the hardness and tensile strength of AMCs compared with the plain alloy by approximately 58 % and 116 %, respectively, upon the addition of 2 wt. % of Y2O3, also tensile test shows increasing of AMCs elongation at failure point with increasing Y2O3 content, 132 % upon adding 3 wt. %. Finally, wear tests show a decrease in the AMC wear rate with an increasing Y2O3 weight fraction compared to the plain alloy.

Influence of Y2O3 doping on the aging behavior and mechanical properties of ATZ ceramics

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the Y2O3 content on the mechanical properties and aging behavior of ATZ ceramic. For this purpose, an ATZ ceramic consisting of 80 wt% stabilized ZrO2 and 20 wt% Al2O3 with varying Y2O3 stabilizer content between 2 and 3 mol% was prepared. The samples were analyzed regarding their sintered density, grain size, hardness and fracture toughness. The results show an increase in fracture toughness and a decrease in hardness with decreasing Y2O3 content. In addition, the aging stability was assessed by analyzing the phase composition determined by X-ray diffraction after aging the samples for up to 150 hours in steam atmosphere at 134 °C and 2 bar. The aging stability decreases with decreasing stabilizer content. Nevertheless, by producing a very fine-grained material, high aging stability can be achieved despite reduced Y2O3 content.

Effect of Y2O3 content on the corrosion behavior of Cu-10W composites prepared by spark plasma sintering

Cu-W composites with good mechanical properties, electrical properties and corrosion resistance are still rare. In this study, Y2O3 reinforced Cu-10W composites were prepared by spark plasma sintering. The effects of different Y2O3 contents on the corrosion resistance of Cu-10W composites were studied by static immersion corrosion and electrochemical corrosion. The results show that, the incorporation of Y2O3 makes the microstructure of Cu-10W composites dense and grain refinement. The minimum weight loss value can be obtained when Y2O3 content is 2 wt%. Y2O3 can effectively increase the self-corrosion potential and corrosion current density of Cu-10W composites and enhance the electrochemical impedance level. And Y2O3 can increase the resistivity ring radius, which leads to the increase of charge transfer resistance Rct and the decrease of Warburg impedance Zw.

Coloring Multilayer Zirconia May Affect Its Optical and Mechanical Properties

The coloring process of monolithic dental zirconia caused considerable debate on the possible effects of different coloring methods. The main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of pigments in 3 multilayer 5-mol% yttria partially stabilized zirconia (5Y-PSZ) disks (Lava Esthetic A2 [Zr-AGG_A2] and Bleach [Zr-AGG_BL], both 3M Oral Care, and Katana STML A2 [Zr-NoAGG], Kuraray Noritake). The influence of pigment addition on the translucency parameter (TP00), fracture toughness, Vickers hardness, biaxial strength, and hydrothermal stability was assessed and correlated with the microstructure and phase composition. The pigment composition and distribution were evaluated by light and fluorescence microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and nano–scanning electron microscopy. The chemical and phase composition and aging behavior were assessed using X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction, respectively, while the aging sensitivity of the pigments was evaluated using micro-Raman spectroscopy. In contrast to Zr-NoAGG, possessing a typical 5Y-PSZ microstructure, the pigment additions in both Zr-AGG_A2/BL zirconia resulted in large yellow and blue fluorescent Er-, Hf-, and Al-containing agglomerates composed of small grains (0.57 µm and 0.38 µm, respectively, vs. 0.92 µm for the surrounding grains) with lower Y2O3 content. Zr-AGG_A2 had the lowest aging resistance, with transformation degradation occurring exclusively within the pigment agglomerates. All zirconia grades had a high Y2O3 content (4.2%–5.7 mol%) tetragonal ZrO2 phase and a high (42%–55 wt%) cubic ZrO2 phase content. Although no statistical differences were measured for hardness and toughness, Zr-NoAGG had a significantly higher TP00, higher flexural strength, and lower mechanical reliability compared to both Zr-AGG_A2/BL zirconia. The rare-earth oxide-containing zirconia agglomerates that were added as pigments to the multilayered monolithic Zr-AGG_A2/BL zirconia are the cause for their lower optical and mechanical properties and reduced aging resistance.

Impact of nano-Y2O3 on the physical, microstructure, and mechanical characteristics of Cu composite fabricated via powder metallurgy

This investigation focused on optimizing the adhesion of Y2O3 nanoparticles for uniform distribution within a copper matrix. Five samples were prepared with varying Y2O3 content (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% by weight). To enhance bonding, a 5% nano silver coating was applied to the Y2O3 particles. The electroless deposition of copper nanoparticles onto the Y2O3 surface ensured even distribution within the matrix. The composite powders were then compressed at 700MPa and sintered at 950 °C for 140minutes. Density verification and microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy revealed a uniform distribution. Increasing the Y2O3 content gradually improved hardness, while wear rate measurements using a pin-on-disc method indicated a decrease with higher Y2O3 ratios. Additionally, electrical and thermal conductivity, along with the coefficient of thermal expansion, showed reductions with increasing Y2O3 content. This comprehensive approach provided valuable insights into the structural, mechanical, and conductive properties of the synthesized materials.

Design, fabrication, and features investigations of high concentration of Yttrium Oxide doped germanate tellurate borate glass system for optical and radiation shielding application

Yttrium Oxide (Y2O3) is a well-known material that could change the glass density and optical properties. For this reason, a set of Y2.5, Y5.0, and Y7.5 have been fabricated with a composition formula of (35-x) B2O3-20TeO2-10GeO2-35MgO-xY2O3, where x = 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5, all in mol%. A temperature of 1100 °C for 20 min was used to melt the glass, while 350 °C for 5 h was chosen for annealing. The Y7.5 sample was examined by XRD (X-ray diffraction) to ensure the glassy amorphous structure of the glasses since it contains the highest concentration of Yttrium Oxide (Y2O3). Optical absorption using UV–visible was measured for all Y2.5, Y5.0, and Y7.5 samples to study their optical properties. Radiation shielding properties were investigated for all samples. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) was highest at 0.0395 MeV, with the value of 8.121 cm2/g for Y7.5, 7.927 cm2/g for Y5, and 7.716 cm2/g for Y2.5. The transmission factor (TF) at low energy levels was minimal, reaching as low as 0.0004 for Y7.5. The results highlight Y7.5 as the most effective sample for radiation shielding among all samples due to its high Y2O3 content and density.

Topological models of yttrium aluminosilicate glass based on molecular dynamics and structure characterization analysis

AbstractTopological constraint theory (TCT) and molecular dynamics simulations (MD) are utilized to study the effect of Y2O3/SiO2 substitution on the short‐ and medium‐range structures and properties in aluminosilicate glasses containing Y2O3. Experimental methods have been applied to characterize the structures of the as‐prepared glasses to verify the accuracy of MD simulations. It was found that the Y–O bond distance is around 2.38 Å and the Y average coordination number is around 5.78. The introduction of Y2O3 disrupts the Si–O and Al–O bonds in the network structure and elevates the proportion of non‐bridging oxygen. Meanwhile, the calculation results of Si–O and Al–O bond distances show Y shortens the distance between Si, Al cations and oxygen ions, improving the network structure tightness. Furthermore, the glass transition temperature (Tg), Vickers hardness (HV), and elastic modulus (E) of glass increase with the increase of Y2O3 content, while the viscosity decreases. TCT was used to analyze the relationship among glass compositions, structures, and properties, and the properties prediction models for Tg, HV, and E were established. The effectiveness of TCT prediction models was proved by the comparison between the results predicted by the models and the data reported in the literature.

Effects of Y2O3 Content on the Microstructure and Tribological Properties of WC-Reinforced Ti-Based Coatings on TC4 Surfaces

To extend the safety service life of aviation TC4 alloy, the composite coatings of TC4 + Ni-MoS2 + WC + xY2O3 (x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 wt.%) were prepared on TC4 by coaxial powder feeding laser cladding technology. The results showed that all the coatings had the same generated phases which mainly consisted of TiC, Ti2Ni, Ti2S, matrix β-Ti, and unfused residual WC. Y2O3 formed co-dependent growth relationships with TiC, Ti2S, and Ti2Ni. Meanwhile, TiC-Ti2S, TiC-Ti2Ni, and Ti2S-Ti2Ni coherent composite structure phases were effectively synthesized in all the coatings. With the increase in the Y2O3 content, the exposed area of the matrix increased and other phases refined progressively. When the Y2O3 content in the coatings were 3 and 4 wt.%, the degree of phase refinement in the coatings was consistent and the phases grew along grain boundaries, but microstructure segregated in the 4 wt.% Y2O3 coating. The microhardness of all the coatings was higher than that of TC4 and decreased with the increase in the Y2O3 content. Higher friction coefficients and lower wear rates both appeared in all the coatings than in the substrate, and they presented a trend of decreased first and then increased with the addition of Y2O3, in which the 3 wt.% Y2O3 coating had the lowest friction coefficient and optimal wear resistance. The research found that the Y2O3 could not change the types of phases in the coatings and could serve as a heterogeneous nucleation center for the refinement of the TiC-Ti2S-Ti2Ni coherent structure phase. Meanwhile, except for the matrix phase, Y2O3 could attract other phases to pinning on the grain boundaries of the coatings. The content of Y2O3 was negatively correlated with the hardness and wear resistance of the coating and it had the optimal tribological properties with the moderate amount of Y2O3. The wear mechanism of all coatings was abrasive wear.

Effect of Y2O3 on thermophysical parameters and mechanical properties of Al-Al2O3 composites and compatibility with high temperature Al-Si alloys

Abstract Al-Al2O3 is a crucial encapsulation composite used in solar thermal storage systems. This study utilized Al and Al2O3 powders as raw materials, with Y2O3 serving as a sintering aid, to prepare Al-20Al2O3-xY2O3 composites (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 wt%) through the cold pressure sintering method. The latent heat, thermal conductivity, and bending strength of the Al-20Al2O3-xY2O3 composites were measured. The compatibility of the composites with Al-12 wt%Si alloys was analyzed. Furthermore, the relationships between thermophysical parameters, mechanical properties, compatibility, and microstructure were explored. The oxidation mechanism of Al and the wetting angle of the composites with Al-12Si were simulated using LAMMPS software. It was concluded that with an increase in Y2O3 content, the bending strength, thermal conductivity, and compatibility of the composites initially increased and then decreased. The Al-20Al2O3-0.2Y2O3 composite exhibited the least porosity, highest bending strength (76.32 MPa), and thermal conductivity (46.82 W/(m·K)). In compatibility testing, the diffusion distance of Si atoms was shortest (90 μm) in the Al-20Al2O3-0.2Y2O3 composite. Moreover, this composite had the largest wetting angle (88°) with the Al-12Si alloy, resulting in good compatibility between them.

Gamma ray shielding ability of Y3+ doped borophosphate glasses

Abstract Four selected Y2O3 doped borophosphate glass samples are prepared using melt quench technique. The structural properties such as density and molar volume are measured. The density (ρ) increases from 3.1384 to 3.4613 g/cm3 whereas molar volume (Vm) decreases from 60.84 to 55.00 cm3 mol−1 with addition of Y2O3 cm3 mol−1 content. The lattice of the glasses has been tested via X-ray diffraction which is a good technique for confirming the structural properties of these glasses and FTIR spectra. In addition, radiation shielding parameters for glasses were performed theoretically utilizing XCOM program for various gamma ray energy and experimentally using NaI(Ti) scintillation detector, The glasses were irradiated using energies 0.664, 1.174 and 1.334 MeV emitted by Cs-137 and Co-60 radioactive point sources respectively. Shielding parameters as leaner (μ), mass attenuation coefficients (μ/ρ) and half value layer (HVL), tenth value layer (TVL) and mean free path (MFP). The concentration of Y2O3 increases the (μ/ρ) increases, the HVL, TVL, and MFP values have inverse way. Superior radiation shielding is confirmed by the glass sample containing (3%, mole) of yttrium oxide. The results show that the borophosphate glasses doped with Y2O3 can be used to shield gamma rays.

Influence of Y2O3 content on the properties of Ni-Y2O3-MgO nanocomposite coatings prepared by pulse electrodeposition

This research examines the influence of yttrium oxide (Y2O3) nanoparticles as reinforcing particles on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of Ni-Y2O3-MgO composite coatings deposited by pulse electrodeposition. Varying Y2O3 contents are prepared on the Q235 steel substrate using the composite electrodeposition technology. The efficacy of the coatings was evaluated using a range of analytical methods, including SEM, EDS, XRD, wear investigation, and electrochemical testing. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of Y2O3 nanoparticles has a substantial effect on refining the grains of the composite coating, thereby improving its surface flatness and density. Particularly, the coating demonstrated the highest surface quality and the smallest particle size at 10 g/L Y2O3 content which may be associated with the fact that the high surface activity and large specific area of the Y2O3 nanoparticles promote the nucleation rate and inhibit the crystal growth during the deposition process of the composite coating. The presence of Y2O3 in the coating increased the self-corrosion potential and decreased the self-corrosion current density, thereby improving its corrosion resistance. Particularly, the composite coating containing Y2O3 at a concentration of 10 g/L exhibits the most effective resistance against corrosion. Furthermore, the inclusion of Y2O3 (10 g/L) effectively decreases the wear volume of the coating while simultaneously enhancing its hardness and wear resistance. This study provides a new way for the preparation and characterization of metal-based nanocomposite coatings.

Optimizing additive Y2O3 concentration for improving corrosion resistance of ceramic coatings formed by plasma electrolytic oxidation on Zr-4 alloy

Abstract The corrosion resistance of ceramic coatings developed by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) can be improved by embedding particles. Optimizing the concentration of particles in the electrolyte is essential to obtain the best coating performance. This work aims to optimize the concentration of Y2O3 embedded in the PEO coatings on Zr-4 alloy to obtain the best corrosion resistance. Nanoparticles Y2O3 was suspended in the PEO electrolyte at a concentration of 2, 3 and 4 g l−1. The particles were successfully embedded in the PEO coating composed of ZrO2–SiO2. The electrochemical test in an aqueous solution and oxidation test at 600 °C revealed a consistent result that the best corrosion resistance was obtained in the coating formed in the 3 g l−1 Y2O3-containing electrolyte. At the corresponding optimum concentration, the coating contained high SiO2 and tetragonal (t) ZrO2 phase, which potentially formed a stable solid solution ZrO2–SiO2. The improved coating stability enhanced the corrosion resistance during both aqueous solution and high temperature exposure.

High-temperature tribological performance of Y2O3-Doped Cu-Zn self-lubricating composite by SPS

The rare earth oxide Y2O3 exhibits excellent wear resistance and stability in engineering applications. Copper-zinc-based wear-resistant composites with varying Y2O3 contents were prepared using spark plasma sintering. Their mechanical tribological properties were studied over a wide temperature range from room temperature to 300 °C. The results indicated that the composites have good densification, and uniformly distributed matrix components. Adding an appropriate amount of Y2O3 can significantly refine the grain and improve the matrix's mechanical and tribological properties. In the above temperature range, the friction coefficient and wear rate appear the lowest values when the concentration is 1 %, and the wear mechanism changes from abrasive wear to adhesive wear with the increase of temperature.

Mechanism Analysis of the Reduction Process of the NiO-YSZ Anode of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell by Hydrogen

Abstract Reduction of the nickel oxide-yttria stabilized zirconia (NiO-YSZ) anode is a significant step before the operation of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). However, phenomena which occur during the reduction and their mechanism analyses are not summarized sufficiently. In this study, we investigated the influence of the hydrogen concentration, water vapor concentration of the reduction gas, Y2O3 content of the YSZ material of the anode, and temperature on the reduction process. The results showed that water vapor added to the hydrogen during reduction caused a temporary stasis period of the open circuit voltage. The length of the temporary stasis period was almost irrelevant to the water vapor concentration. During reduction, the length of the temporary stasis period of the open circuit voltage was negatively associated with hydrogen concentration and temperature, but positively associated with Y2O3 content of the YSZ material of the anode. After reduction, the SOFC showed better initial performance when the hydrogen concentration or the water vapor concentration during the reduction were higher. The classical shrinking core model can be used to explain these phenomena.

Optimizing rheological characterization for extrusion-based additive manufacturing of Zirconia ceramic inks with varied Yttria content stabilization

This study explores the rheological properties of zirconia-based ceramic inks, focusing on TZ-3YSB alongside newer variants such as Zpex, Zpex-4, and Zpex-smile, distinguished by their varying Y2O3 content. Through comprehensive analysis, it was found that these ceramic inks exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, which is notably influenced by the ceramic loading content and particle aggregation. Moreover, the shear-thinning nature observed in these inks proves advantageous, as it enables easier extrusion through smaller nozzles at reduced pressure levels. The implications of these findings are discussed in detail, shedding light on the complex interplay between rheological properties and ceramic ink composition, thus offering valuable insights for optimized three-dimensional printing (3DP) production processes - contributing to strengthening crowns, bridges, and implants, enhancing aesthetics, and ensuring biocompatibility for dental prostheses.

Influence of Y2O3 Doping on Phase Evolution and Dielectric Characteristics of ZrO2 Ceramics.

Improvements in phase stability and dielectric characteristics can broaden the applications of zirconia in ceramics. Herein, a series of Y2O3-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramics are synthesized using solid-state sintering, followed by an investigation into their phase evolution, grain size, dielectric constant, and breaking field. As the Y2O3 content increases from 0 wt% to 4 wt%, the as-grown YSZ ceramics undergo a distinct phase transformation, transitioning from monoclinic to monoclinic + tetragonal and further to monoclinic + tetragonal + cubic, before finally returning to monoclinic + cubic. Significant changes occur in the internal microstructure and grain size of the ceramics as the phase composition alters, resulting in a reduction in grain size from 3.17 μm to 0.27 μm. Moreover, their dielectric constants exhibit an increasing trend as the Y2O3 content increases, rising from 3.92 to 13.2. Importantly, the dielectric breakdown field of these YSZ ceramics shows a similar variation to the phase evolution, ranging from 0.11 to 0.15 MV/cm. This study sheds light on the phase evolution and dielectric properties of YSZ ceramics, offering an efficient strategy for enhancing their dielectric performances.

Ablation behavior of Y2O3 modified HfC-based coatings for carbon/carbon composites above 2200°C

To improve the ablation resistance of C/C composites, Y2O3 with different contents modified HfC-MoSi2 multi-phase coating was prepared by supersonic atmospheric plasma spraying. The microstructural and phase compositional evolution of as-prepared coating was studied both before and after ablation. The effect of Y2O3 content on the ablation resistance and behavior of the coating was investigated in detail. The results showed that the incorporation of Y2O3 enhances the high-temperature stability of SiO2 oxide films and suppresses their volatilization at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the formation of Y2Hf2O7 and Y2Si2O7 through the reaction between Y2O3, HfO2 and SiO2 promotes the development of a compact oxide scale, effectively inhibiting gas diffusion into the interior of the coating. Consequently, these improvements contribute to enhanced ablation resistance of the coating.

Characterization of Al/B4C–Y2O3 hybrid composites produced by vacuum hot pressing combined with Al2O3–Y2O3 interaction

In this study, the Al/B4C/Y2O3 hybrid composites were produced by Al2O3 and Y2O3 interaction via hot pressing. Moreover, the influence of Y2O3 on the properties of Al/B4C 10 wt% was investigated. The hot pressing was performed at 600 °C with pre-oxidized aluminium powder to produce the composites. The microstructure analyses revealed that Al/B4C/Y2O3 hybrid composite production was achieved by Al2O3 and Y2O3 interaction, and the Y4Al2O9 (YAM) phase was obtained in the Al–B4C/Y2O35 % sample. The Y2O3 addition increased the porosity content of the Al/B4C structure. However, wear rate and corrosion resistance of the Al/B4C were enhanced owing to the presence of Y2O3. The wear rate of Al/B4C was reduced from 26.55·10−7 cm3/Nm to 5.68·10−7 cm3/Nm at 15 N test load. The increasing Y2O3 content and the formation of the Y4Al2O9 decreased the corrosion rate of the Al/B4C fom 0.0179 mm/year to 0.0051 mm/year. Also, corrosion damage was shifted from the matrix to the reinforcement zone in Al–B4C/Y2O35 % sample, and the aluminium was protected owing to the presence of Y2O3 and Y4Al2O9.

Effect of Li2O on dielectric, structural and optical properties of yttrium borosilicate glasses

Composition 55SiO2-30B2O3-(x)Li2O-(15-x)Y2O3 (x = 00, 05, 10, 15) are synthesized using melt-quench technique at higher temperature (1550 °C). As-synthesized samples are sintered to form the crystalline phases at different temperature range, i.e., 800 °C and 850 °C. The density (2.40–1.57 g/cc) and molecular weight (87.79–58.40 g/mol) of samples are decreased with increasing Li2O content. The crystallinity of heat-treated glasses was confirmed by using XRD technique. As the concentration of Y2O3 is replaced by Li2O, the optical bandgap (3.79–3.41 eV) and urbach tail (0.31–0.28 eV) are decreased, while, refractive index (n) is showing increasing trend (2.33–2.42). The dielectric constant of YL- samples lies from (22–55) with losses (2–18) at room temperature. The activation energy is decreased due to conduction phenomena occurred in glass-matrix. In this research, results claimed that the prepared glass-ceramics can be applied in optoelectronics application.

Effect of Y2O3 Content on Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Laser Cladding Layer of Stellite-6 Alloy

Laser cladding technology is an effective surface modification technique. In order to prepare coating with excellent properties on the surface of the cold heading die punch, stellite-6 cladding coating with different proportions of Y2O3 was prepared on the surface of W6Mo5Cr4V2 high-speed steel using laser cladding technology in this paper. The effects of different Y2O3 contents on the macroscopic morphology, microstructure, phase analysis, microhardness, and tribological properties of the stellite-6 coatings were investigated. It was determined that the optimal Y2O3 content for the stellite-6 powder was 2%. The results showed that the coating with 2%Y2O3 had the least number of pores and cracks and exhibited good surface flatness when joined. The microstructure became finer and denser, composed mainly of branch, cellular, equiaxed, and columnar grains. The coating consisted mainly of γ-Co, Fe-Cr, and Co3Fe7 strengthening phases, indicating good metallurgical bonding between the coating and the substrate. The average microhardness reached 539 HV when 2%Y2O3 was added, a 15.2% increase compared with the unmodified multilayer coating. The friction coefficient of the clad layer was 0.356, a 21.8% improvement over the unmodified stellite-6 coating. The average worn area of the cross-section was 3398.35 μm2, a reduction of approximately 27.8% compared with the unmodified stellite-6 clad layer. The wear surface primarily exhibited abrasive wear, with fewer cavities and a smoother surface.