Content Of Water-soluble Salts Research Articles

Intercropping of Echinochloa frumentacea with Leguminous Forages Improves Hay Yields, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Diversity, and Soil Enzyme Activities in Saline–Alkali Soil

Soil salinization is detrimental to crop growth, agricultural yields, and environmental protection. Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link is a pioneer species for the alteration of saline–alkali lands. In this paper, we examined the effects of intercropping between E. frumentacea and leguminous forages on saline land improvement in the saline–alkali soil of the Hetao-Ningxia Plain, China. We found that intercropping increased the diversity and richness of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community in the rhizosphere soil of E. frumentacea. Glomus was the dominant genus in the saline–alkali soil of the Hetao-Ningxia Plain, where Glomeraceae, VTX00067, VTX000193, and VTX000165 were the dominant species. Intercropping improved the activities of soil urease, sucrase, alkaline phosphatase, and catalase. The hay yields of E. frumentacea were correlated positively with soil enzyme activities, Chao1 index, and ACE index, and negatively with total water-soluble salt content. Together, intercropping between E. frumentacea and leguminous forages enhances AMF diversity and soil enzyme activities, which provides an agricultural practice for improving sustainability of the agro-ecosystem in saline–alkali areas.

STATISTICAL DATA ON GROUNDING DEVICES AND WAYS TO IMPROVE THEIR DURABILITY

Grounding devices of switchgears of substations differ in design, dimensions, operating conditions. Obviously, the damageability of grounding device elements should depend on the length of horizontal and the number of vertical ground electrodes, soil structure, the content of water-soluble salts in the soil, the type of element, etc. Estimates of the frequency of damage to an element of grounding devices reflect the effectiveness of existing methods for monitoring the technical condition of grounding devices. The article examines the presence of a connection between electrical equipment and metal structures of substations with grounding devices and non-exceeding of the ground resistance of standard values when measured by low-current devices, cannot serve as a sufficient sign of a satisfactory state of the elements of grounding devices. Keywords: corrosion failures, soil electrical resistivity, electrical protection of oil and gas pipelines, environment settings.

Reinforced soil salinization with distance along the river: A case study of the Yellow River Basin

Clarifying the relationship between salt-affected soils and their adjacent river systems is critical to address the challenges posed by soil salinization on agricultural production. Among the various biophysical and land management factors linked to soil salinization, few studies have investigated the importance of the distance along the river. Based on the Hetao Irrigation District of the Yellow River Basin, we collected 5314 soil samples and analyzed 17 soil parameters to explore the relationship between salt-affected soils and their distance along the river. Soil salinization was reinforced by the distance along the river, as a trade-off between soil ion accumulation and nutrient regulation. Soil total water-soluble salt content increased by 16.4 mg kg−1 every kilometer, likely due to ions leaching from the soils upstream and partially accumulating in the soils downstream, especially for Cl-, SO42-, and Na+. Greater input and less solubility of Ca2+ based soil amendments, phosphorus fertilizers, and organic materials on the less salt-affected soils upstream may explain the declines in soil Ca2+, available phosphorus, and soil organic matter with distance along the river. With every kilometer along the river, soil exchangeable sodium and cation exchange capacity increased by 8.89 × 10−4 and 1.26 × 10−2 cmol kg−1, respectively, which led to an increase in soil exchangeable sodium percentage by 9.59 × 10−5. The increase in soil exchangeable sodium along the river was mainly due to Na+ accumulation, while soil cation exchange capacity was regulated by soil organic matter and total nitrogen. Soil pH increased by 1.21 × 10−3 per kilometer along the river, associated with the decrease of soil organic matter. Future saline soil amelioration and reutilization initiatives at regional scales may be improved by accounting for the changes in soil physicochemical properties resulting from the distance along the river.

STUDY OF AGROCHEMICAL EFFECT OF OBTAINED NEW TYPES OF COMPLEX FERTILIZERS BASED ON KARAKALPAKSTAN AGRO-ORE WITH VARIOUS MINERAL FERTILIZERS

The research in this work is the agrochemical indicators of new types of organomineral fertilizers obtained on the basis of mineral salts and agricultural resources of Karakalpakstan. Experiments were also carried out on various soils of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The contents of changes in nutrient components in the soil (humus, phosphorus and soil reaction) of various types have been studied. The relative content of water-soluble salts and soil salinity were investigated. Experiments were performed in 4 versions, with different ratios of components.

Estimation of Physicochemical Parameters and Vertical Migration of Atmospheric Radionuclides in a Raised Peat Bog in the Arctic Zone of Russia

The article presents the results of a study of activity levels and features of the vertical distribution of 210Pb, 137Cs, 234U, 238U and their relationship with the physicochemical parameters of peat deposits. Analysis of the data showed that the vertical distribution of 137Cs and 210Pb was related to the content of water-soluble salts, the water saturation of the deposit, and the values of Eh (oxidation–reduction potential) and rH (relative humidity), which indicates a complex geochemical barrier at a depth of 20 cm in the peat core. The 210Pb dating of the peat core, carried out according to the CF model using the Monte Carlo method (to improve the dating accuracy), showed that the above horizon corresponded to 1963, which is consistent with the data of the 137Cs reference horizon and in terms of several physicochemical parameters (in particular, ash content) also corresponds to the age of 1963, which confirms the correctness and adequacy of the chosen peat core dating model. The peak of anthropogenic radionuclides in peat deposits correlates with a particular major event in the history of radioactive fallout, the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963, providing a benchmark for geochronological research. The obtained results of the linear accumulation rate, the mass accumulation rate of the peat deposit, and the value of the atmospheric flux of 210Pb are congruent with the data on the peatlands of Northern Europe and the data obtained by earlier analysts of the Subarctic region of European Russia.

Impact Assessment on Ganja-Gazakh Cadastral District Soils (Azerbaijan)

Agricultural-ecological assessment of soils is important for solving the problem of selecting and placing agricultural plants in accordance with the soil-ecological, climatic and other conditions of each specific area in a broad sense. One of the most important issues is to conduct an in-depth study of the soils of the regions of our republic and environmental expertise in order to improve the culture of farming and the rational use of agricultural land. From this point of view, the assessment of the ecological state of the lands of the Ganja-Gazakhcadastral district based on the study of the current soil-ecological state attracts attention with its relevance. On the territory of the Ganja-Gazakh cadastral region, the soil quality scores of the region were calculated based on a mathematical and statistical analysis of field soil and laboratory studies, including literary and stock soil materials conducted in 2017–2020. Based on the methods of G. Sh. Mamedov, D. S. Bulgakov and S. Z. Mamedova, an ecological assessment of soils in the Ganja-Kazakh cadastral region using special rating scales for the degree of manifestation of individual soil characteristics, and also identified the main limiting factors affecting soil fertility and the productivity of cultivated agricultural plants: climatic conditions, lack of precipitation, heavy granulometric composition and high content of water-soluble salts. The ecological scores of the soils of the study area were calculated, the highest ecological scores were obtained by typical mountain-brown soils.

Удельная активность и особенности вертикальной миграции стронция-90 в торфянике Мурманской области

The peatlands of the Arctic territories are repositories of radioactive contaminations. The physicochemical properties, specific activity and features of vertical migration of 90Sr in the peat profile of the Murmansk region have been studied. A correlation matrix was compiled according to the studied indicators. The factor that determines the localization of 90Sr in peat has been established. The sources of isotope for the region were determined.
 The reaction of the peat medium is acidic (4.2 ≤ pHwater ≤ 4.9; 3.6 ≤ pHsalt ≤ 4.1). The ash content of peat is medium and high (5.2 % ≤ Ash ≤ 28 %). The share of organic matter in the peat profile is more than 70 %. The upper part of the profile is saline (soluble salts>0.3%). The share of carbonates in the peat profile is insignificant (0.42–0.83 %).
 90Sr activity (0.55–7.7 Bq/kg) was recorded in each peat sample. The activity of the technogenic radionuclide is below the established permissible norm and within the range typical for all Russian soils. The 90Sr isotope is localized in the upper layers of the profile and at a depth of more than 16 cm. The localization of 90Sr in peat layers is due to the content of water-soluble salts (r = 0.85). The main sources of the isotope for the Murmansk region are past global fallout from nuclear tests, the Chernobyl accident and current local fallout from nuclear fuel facilities.

Вплив диференціювання доз хімічного меліоранту на показники галогенезу темно-каштанового солонцюватого ґрунту

Goal. To establish the patterns of influence of different doses of gypsum on salt and physicochemical parameters of dark-chestnut weakly alkaline soil (pH, content of water-soluble salts, and absorbed cations) and the degree of their heterogeneity. Methods. Field — to study the effect of gypsum on the properties of dark-chestnut soil, laboratory analytical — to determine salt and physicochemical parameters, mathematical and statistical — to assess the reliability of research results. Results. The application of calcium ameliorant (gypsum) caused a decrease in the reaction of the soil solution by 0.5 – 0.7 pH units, as well as desalination of the soil in absolute and relative alkalinity. There were no changes in the content of toxic salts in the soil. The variegation of the soil in terms of water pH tended to decrease and was weak before and after the experiment. Gypsum reduced the degree of heterogeneity of both alkalinity indicators to weak (reduction of coefficients of variation from 12.01 to 7.29% and from 11.97 to 6.94%), but the differentiation of gypsum application doses did not help to equalize the alkalinity of dark-chestnut soil compared to the variants, where the improver was applied evenly. Conclusions. The soil in the variants with average maximum and differentiated levels of gypsum application passed into the category of non-alkaline. According to the effect of desalination, the options with average and differentiated levels of gypsum application were almost the same. However, the average dose of gypsum in the variant with a differentiated level of application was 0.86 t/ha less. The alkalinity indicators in the variants with the minimum and maximum levels of gypsum application were most equalized. Differentiation of gypsum application doses in comparison with variants of its uniform application did not affect the degree of heterogeneity of alkalinity indicators of dark-chestnut soil.

Drought may be beneficial to the competitive advantage of Amaranthus spinosus

Abstract Drought can affect the growth and soil enzyme activities of invasive alien plants (IAPs). It is imperative to evaluate the competitive advantage of IAPs compared with that of the native species and the activities of soil enzymes under drought. This study aimed to evaluate the competitive advantage of the IAP Amaranthus spinosus that originated from tropical America compared with the native Chinese species A. tricolor and the activities of soil enzymes under drought. A competitive co-culture of A. spinosus and A. tricolor was established using a planting basin experiment. The two species were treated with different levels of drought, i.e. (i) the control; (ii) a light level of drought and (iii) a heavy level of drought. The functional traits, osmotic adjustment and the activities of antioxidant enzymes of the two species, as well as soil pH and electrical conductivity, contents of soil microbial biomass carbon and the activities of soil enzymes were determined. The relative competition intensity and relative dominance of A. spinosus were greater than those of A. tricolor under drought. Drought may provide an advantage to the competitive advantage of A. spinosus. Soil water-soluble salt content and sucrose hydrolytic power of A. spinosus were greater than those of A. tricolor under drought. The ability of A. spinosus to grow in soil with higher levels of water-soluble salt contents and sucrose hydrolytic power under drought may aid in its acquisition and utilization of nutrients.

ԱՐՄԱՎԻՐԻ ՄԱՐԶԻ ՋՐԱՌԱՏ ՀԱՄԱՅՆՔԻ ԳՅՈՒՂԱՏՆՏԵՍԱԿԱՆ ՆՇԱՆԱԿՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՀՈՂԱՏԱՐԱԾՔՆԵՐԻ ՀԻՄՆԱԽՆԴԻՐՆԵՐԸ ԵՎ ԴՐԱՆՑ ԼՈՒԾՄԱՆ ՈՒՂԻՆԵՐԸ

Four different land plots with 8 ha total area have been explored to evaluate the physicochemical and ameliorative state of uncultivated soils in the subzones of Araks riverside. The physicochemical properties of the soil samples, chemical composition of water extract, content of water-soluble salts and available nutrients have been studied. It is recommended to conduct physicochemical and agrochemical evaluation of the fallow soils in order to include them in the agricultural activities. Besides, ameliorants should be introduced in weakly salinized soils, greenhouse farms should be established in poor soils, while the irrigation should be implemented only through drip and sprinkling irrigation methods.

Content of individual micro- and macroelements in different types of soils of the Central Black Soil region

The purpose of fundamental research in agricultural ecology is to solve complex problem of the establishment of patterns of mass transfer in agricultural systems and regulation of these processes in agricultural soil use. The chemical composition of soil is the result of soil-forming processes. The characteristics of the soil-forming material play decisive role. The investigation of the content of macro- and microelements in soils of different types has been quite relevant in recent decades due to their large physiological role in the life of plants and animals and the active transformation of soils during agricultural use. Fertilization is a process of certain soil cultivation and includes a set of measures aimed at the regulation of macro- and microelements, the lack of which can be determined by zonal conditions of soil formation or soil degradation, as a result of irrational agricultural nature management. The paper presents the results of a study of the content of individual macro- and microelements in some types of soils of the Central Black Soil regions. The studies of the aspects of the impact of fertilization existing in the scientific literature are controversial. The consideration of ecologically and economically justified levels of changes in soil properties during cultivation is necessary to control negative transformations of chemical elements in soil and their accumulation in depositing media. A quantitative assessment of the total content of water-soluble salts, their qualitative composition and dynamics under the influence of agrotechnical factors, the study of their spatial differentiation in soil cover allows optimizing the use of fertilizers and increasing the stability of agropedocenoses.

Агрогенні зміни властивостей темно-каштанового цілинного та орного ґрунту за різного використання і зрошення

In the article, it was provided a comparative analysis of the ecosystem significance of soil characteristics transformed as a result of changes in the use conditions. At the three monitoring stationary sites in the Chaplinka district of the Kherson region, we studied the properties of dark chestnut soil (Haplic Kastanozem) on virgin lands (a biosphere reserve "Askania-Nova") and with more than a hundred years of use in agricultural production without irrigation and with a 50-year irrigation with water from the Kakhovsky trunk canal. Changes in the salt regime of the soil and the composition of exchangeable cations were established. In irrigation the total content of water-soluble salts up to 0.14-0.21% (toxic salts ‒ up to 0.06-0.15 %) was increased. The composition of salts was changed, their migration and accumulation in the lower soil layers. Under the influence of fresh water irrigation the process of dealkalinization in the dark chestnut soil took place. The involvement of virgin soil in agricultural use led to a decrease in the total content of humus and the transformation of its group composition. The content of humic acids (HA) was decreased. The content of fulvic acids (FA) was increased. The HA/FA ratio in the 0-10 cm layer changed from 2.6 (in virgin soil) to 1.6 in irrigated soil. The plowing and agricultural use of the dark chestnut soil led to a change in the state of the microbial cenosis. The number of microorganisms assimilating mineral and organic nitrogen, actinomycetes, oligotrophs, and eutrophs were increased. With irrigation the degree of transformation of the microbial cenosis increases. The indicator of biological degradation of irrigated dark chestnut soil was 4 %. This corresponds to a low level of degradation. A set of 10 indicators of the quality of the studied soil was proposed for calculating the level of its provision of ecosystem services (supplying and supporting). The algorithm and calculation results are presented. The soil of all monitoring sites of Markeev station is characterized by a high level of provision of ecosystem services. In virgin soil it was 8.3 points; in arable soil without irrigation it was 7.2, and with irrigation it was 7.5 points.

Analysis of moisture and salinity of historical constructions before and after the application of REMEDIATIONS

Negative effects of humidity in historic buildings can be considered as phenomenon that is perceptible on most of these constructions. Along with the problem of humidity, the salinity of wet walls can also be observed visually, that also in a large extent helps to destroy and gradually degrade particular structural elements and subsequently entire buildings. This article is going to describe the research dealing with the content of water-soluble salts and the degree of wetting on selected historical buildings in Slovakia. In the article are adduced the individual values of humidity measured at several places in the building and also describes the results of laboratory analyses of the amount of water-soluble salts in the investigated constructions. Subsequently, the article describes the technologies used in the rehabilitation of these structures and describes the effectiveness of these interventions against moisture, which are also presented by in situ measurements after the implementation of specific technologies.

Effect of Consecutive 3-yr Sand-Covering on the Physicochemical Properties of Saline-alkaline Soil in Northern Shaanxi, China

In order to study the effect of sand-covering on the improvement of saline-alkali land in in northern Shaanxi, the soil samples of consecutive 4-yr were taken as the research object, and the effects of sand-covering on the physical and chemical properties of the saline-alkali soil in the area were compared and studied by statistical methods. The study found that the soil pH, water-soluble salt content, degree of alkalinity and bulk density of the tillage layer were significantly lower by covering sand than the sand-covering free, and decreased with the extension of the cultivation period year by year. In addition, the soil porosity, available phosphorus and available potassium content increased significantly, and increased with the extension of the cultivation period year by year. The results showed that sand-covering significantly improved the physicochemical properties of the soil in the cultivated layer of saline arable land in the area; with the increase of the cultivation period, the improvement effect increased year by year, which further indicated that sand-covering is an effective measure to improve the salinized arable land in the area.

Influence of irrigated mineralized waters on properties of ordinary chernozem in the conditions of Prysamaria Dniprovske

Irrigation of lands in arid climates helps to solve the problem of water deficit of soils in order to increase their fertility. However, under the influence of mineralized waters used for irrigation, there is a degradation of chemical, physico-chemical, water-physical and physical properties of soils. Soil monitoring is one of the effective mechanisms that allowsassessing the current state of soils and predicting the negative consequences of economic activity in the future. The area where the research was conducted is in the zone of insufficient moisture where there is an annual deficit of water balance of soils. Irrigation in the studied areas began in the mid-70s of the last century and lasted until 1992. The waters of the Samara River were used for this purpose. The total mineralization of water during the growing season reaches 3515 mg/dm3. It is possible to estimate the degree of transformation of soils that have been under the influence of irrigation waters for a long time in relation to the indicators of virgin soils. The zonal soils of the research area are CalcicChernozems. The analysis of macromorphological indicators showed that irrigation soils differ from the reference ones by the thickness of the organogenic horizon, density and structure. The results of the analysis of the aqueous extract of the reference soils show the absence of salinization with water-soluble salts. Their content varies in the range from 0.051 to 0.078 %. A maximum of one salt is observed in the soil profile, namely in the transitional horizon at a depth of 45–63 cm. Below this depth, the content of water-soluble salts progressively decreases. The total content and distribution of water-soluble salts in the soil profile of irrigated soils has some differences from the reference soils. In the upper part of the humus horizon, the total amount of water-soluble salts is smaller, which can be attributed to the effects of machining and better aeration, as well as the intensive removal of their vegetation. Below these horizons, the amount of water-soluble salts progressively increases and reaches a maximum in the soil-forming rock. The nature of the distribution in the soil profile and the total amount of salts isnot typical for Calcic Chernozems and ismore similar to those of Gleyic Calcic Chernozems. The maximum amount of water-soluble salts is concentrated in the parent rock. Their percentage indicates the absence of salinity in both studied soils. But guided by the method of calculating the content of toxic water-soluble salts in the soil, in the reference soils, this figure reaches 0.21 t/ha in a meter layer of soil, and in irrigation 0.42 t/ha. The results of studies of physicochemical parameters show that a higher content of metabolic calcium is characteristic of the reference soils, and its distribution in the soils along the profile of both options is relatively similar. In contrast, the distribution of exchangeable magnesium in the soil profile varies greatly, especially in the reference soils. In irrigated soils, the ratio of exchangeable calcium to magnesium is more stable and varies in the range from 4.2 to 7.9, which may be the result of prolonged irrigation. According to the obtained physicochemical parameters, irrigation soils have weak salinity in the lower part of the transition horizon. This indicator, together with the ratio of exchangeable calcium to magnesium, indicates eluvial-illuvial processes that for some time contributed to the redistribution in the soil profile of both water-soluble salts and exchangeable cations. Evaluation of the degree of salinity of soils showed the absence of salinization in the reference soils, as well as in the upper part of the humus horizons of irrigated soils. Given the buffering of irrigated soils, weak salinity is present only in the upper part of the transition horizon.

Геоэкологическая характеристика участка реки Малка от города Прохладный до устья

Цель: изучить многообразие проявления русловых и пойменных процессов в дельте реки Малка и оценить их воздействие на экосистему, на основе анализа данных из открытых источников и собственных наблюдений составить комплексную характеристику реки Малка, определить ее гидрохимическую характеристику и описать ионно-солевой состав, изучить современное экологическое и физико-географическое состояние экосистемы в районе г. Прохладный. Методы: при выполнении исследования использованы общегеографические методы, а также общепринятые геоботанические и почвенные методы. Полевые гидрометрические работы включали: измерение ширины, глубины, скорости течения, уклона реки. Результаты: осуществлены полевые гидрометрические работы. Определены основные гидрологические и гидрометрические характеристики реки на исследуемом участке. Исследован химический состав аллювиальных отложений на территории исследуемого участка реки. Обнаружено содержание в грунте оксидов железа, титана и алюминия. Исследован химически состав и качество воды реки Малка Установлено, что анализируемая вода соответствует третьему классу качества – умеренно загрязненная. Выводы: В период с 2015 по 2019 годы изучено: физико-географическое состояние участка реки Малка от города Прохладный до устья; состояние экосистемы; процессы изменения содержания водорастворимых солей в почвах под воздействием природных и антропогенных факторов. На основании анализа имеющихся литературных данных и собственных наблюдений установлено, что формирование русловых форм рельефа происходит медленно, под влиянием множества факторов, самыми значимыми из которых являются изменения климата, почв и эволюция самой реки.

Lime soil conditioner based on soda production sludge for reclamation of industry-disturbed soils in the impact zone of an oil refinery

The paper presents the results of a study on the use of soda production sludge (SPS) as a lime soil conditioner. SPS with a less than 0.1 mm fraction is the most suitable in terms of physical, chemical, and toxicological properties and meets the requirements of GOST-14050-93 «Limestone (dolomite) dust. Specifications» on the content of the active substance, the mass fraction of calcium and magnesium carbonates. Reclamative properties of SPS were studied on soil samples taken in the territory removed from the sanitary protection zone of the oil refinery. It was found that all soil samples have a phytotoxic effect on pea seedlings. The introduction of SPS in amount of 1-3 g per kg of soil stimulates the development of the ground part and roots of oats and peas, and also increases the germination energy of oat and pea seeds in the initial soil samples by 2÷10 times. The introduction of SPS into the samples of the studied soils at a dose of 1-3 g/kg stimulates the development of colonies of Azotobacter bacteria and leads to an increase in the total number of soil microorganisms. The introduction of SPS in an amount of 3 g per kilo of soil leads to a slight increase in the environment reaction and an increase in the content of water-soluble salts in the soil up to 2 times. In view of this, it is necessary to control that the content of water-soluble salts does not exceed the established standards. Based on the results obtained, we consider it expedient to use soda production sludge as a lime soil conditioner and for the reclamation of industry-disturbed soils.

Justification of elements of rice cultivation technology

The purpose of the research is to identify the impact of sprinkler irrigation in rice crop rotation on rice productivity and soil fertility of irrigated lands of the Krasnodar region. To achieve this goal, the tasks of studying the density of weed seedlings after sprinkler irrigation, the content of water-soluble salts and humus in the soil of rice fields, and the reaction of an intensive variety of rice cultivated after irrigation and drainage techniques in rice fields were completed. Material and methods. Field studies were carried out on the Kuban irrigation system of the Krasnodar territory, which is the most typical in terms of soil conditions for the western climatic zone of the region, with various variants for sprinkler irrigation after major planning of basins. An intensive of Rapan rice variety was used. The methods of the Federal Research Center for Rice, the Kuban State Agrarian University, and Russian standards were applied. Conclusions, the obtained results of the conducted studies prove the effectiveness of sprinkler irrigation in rice crop rotation, increase soil fertility, rice productivity, and contribute to the production of environmentally friendly products without herbicides treatment.

ГЛИНИСТОЕ СЫРЬЕ ДЛЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА СВЕТЛООКРАШЕННОГО КЕРАМИЧЕСКОГО КИРПИЧА В АСПЕКТЕ ВЫСОЛООБРАЗОВАНИЯ СОЛЕЙ ВАНАДИЯ

Ceramic lining brick is the most eco-friendly material and it is widely spread in modern construction. To date, the brick of light colors is of particular interest among consumers (peach, straw, beige, etc.). One of the main problem of brick constructions which impair technical and aesthetical properties is the salt weathering on the ceramic masonry surface. The reasons for this phenomenon are various-high content of water-soluble salts in clay raw materials, migration of salts from cement masonry, water hardness, etc. There are plenty methods to reduce damage and protect lining brick from salt efflorescence but raw materials selection and preliminary analysis of its liability to salt weathering is of particular importance. This paper addresses to the occurrence causes and microstructure of vanadium salts on the light-tone lining brick. The mineral composition, physical and molding properties of raw clay materials from Bolshaya Karpovka, Talalaevskoe, Chasov-Yarskoe deposits is analized from the standpoint of vanadium salt efflorescence. It is found that salt formation on the test sample surface consists of alkalis sulphates and calcium vanadates from the greenish-yellow to orange colors. The paper provided recommendations for using above-mentioned clays in light-tone ceramic brick manufacturing.

Scientific Substantiation of Introduction of Systems of Small-Intensive Irrigation Under Conditions of Mineral Farming in Azerbaijan

The study of the world experience and the results of long-term experiments with drip irrigation systems in the Republic in various climatic and soil conditions shows that the creation of irrigation systems of this type is effective and economically profitable when irrigation of various perennial plantations, vegetable, tilled crops, ornamental plantations, nurseries etc. Drip irrigation has almost universal application, in particular, it is applicable where other methods of irrigation can not be used or ineffective:
 
 With a complex relief and a large slope of the site (up to 45 degrees or more);
 In areas with prolonged droughts and constant strong winds;
 For local water sources with a relatively limited amount of water;
 On soils with low power and very low or high hygroscopicity;
 On soils prone to salinity;
 When used for irrigation of water with a high content of water-soluble salts, etc.