Total Digestible Nutrient Content Research Articles

논에서 생산된 옥수수의 수확시기가 곤포사일리지의 사료가치와 품질에 미치는 영향

본 시험은 수확시기가 옥수수 원형 곤포사일리지의 품질에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 2009년부터 2010년까지 국립축산과학원에서 수행되었다. 옥수수 사일리지 전용 품종인 광평옥을 이용하여 숙기별 3회(유숙기, 황숙기 및 완숙기)에 걸쳐 수확을 하여 사일리지로 조제하였다. 숙기가 진행됨에 따라 옥수수 원형 곤포사일리지의 조단백질과 TDN 함량은 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 섬유소인 NDF 및 ADF 함량은 증가하였다. 그리고 숙기별 in vitro 건물 소화율은 비슷하였다. 숙기별 사일리지의 pH는 3.8~4.0을 유지하였으며, 숙기별 차이는 크지 않았다. 또한 생육이 진행됨에 따라 초산 함량은 감소되었으나 젖산 함량은 증가되었다. 그리고 품질등급은 완숙기> 황숙기> 유숙기 순으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 양질의 옥수수 원형 곤포사일리지 제조를 위해서는 황숙기에 수확하여 사일리지를 만드는 것이 옥수수 사일리지 발효를 향상시킬 수 있다. This study was carried out to examine the effect of harvest stage of corn on nutritive values and quality of round baled corn silage manufactured with corn grown in paddy land of Department of Animal Resources Development, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA from 2009 to 2010. Corn "Kwangpyungok" was harvested at three different growth times (milk, yellow ripen and ripen stage) and ensiled at each harvest stages. Crude protein (CP) and TDN (total digestible nutrient) contents of round baled corn silage was decreased and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was not changed with delayed harvest maturity. However, contents of ADF (acid detergent fiber) and NDF(neutral detergent fiber) decreased with delayed harvest maturity. The pH at three different harvest stages ranged from 3.8 to 4.0. The content of lactic acid increased with delayed harvest maturity, but the content of acetic acid decreased. And then, flieg's score reveals that there is an increase in order, ripen stage > yellow ripen stage > milk stage. Therefore, this study suggest that round baled corn silage manufactured at yellow ripen stage can improve the silage quality.

Níveis de inclusão e tempo de exposição da cana-de-açúcar ao óxido de cálcio sobre parâmetros digestivos e o desempenho de novilhas Nelore

Avaliou-se nesta pesquisa o efeito da inclusão de óxido de cálcio (cal) e dos tempos de exposição da cana-de-açúcar à cal sobre o desempenho de novilhas Nelore, a digestibilidade dos componentes da dieta e a síntese de proteína microbiana ruminal (PBMic) e comparou-se o dióxido de titânio ao óxido crômico para estimar o consumo individual de concentrado. Utilizaram-se 30 fêmeas Nelore com aproximadamente 24 meses de idade e pesos médios de 285 ± 31 kg, alojadas em seis baias coletivas. As dietas foram arranjadas em esquema fatorial 3 × 2, com três níveis de cal (0; 0,5 ou 1% na matéria natural) e dois tempos de exposição (zero e três dias). Os tempos de exposição da cana-de-açúcar à cal não tiveram efeitos sobre as quantidades de nitrogênio microbiano, os consumos de matéria seca (MS) e orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), total de nutrientes digestíveis e o ganho médio diário, porém influenciaram os consumos de extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e PB (FDNcp) e carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF). Os níveis de cal influenciaram de forma linear decrescente os consumos de MO, FDNcp, CNF e NDT, e o GMD. Todavia, não foram observados efeitos dos indicadores (dióxido de titânio e óxido crômico) nem interações do tempo de exposição e do nível de cal sobre os consumos de MS, MO, PB, EE, FDNcp, CNF e NDT. Interações significativas do tempo de exposição e do nível de inclusão de cal foram observadas para as digestibilidades aparentes totais da MS, MO, PB e FDN e para o teor de NDT. Os indicadores dióxido de titânio e óxido crômico são igualmente efetivos para estimar os consumos individuais de concentrado de bovinos alimentados em grupo. O fornecimento de cana-de-açúcar armazenada durante três dias sem cal não altera o desempenho de novilhas em crescimento.

Influences of combination feeding of high moisture low quality grass-dominant mixture silage with corn silage on nutritive value and feed intake in sheep

Combination feeding of high moisture low quality grass-dominant mixture silage (GS) with corn silage (CS) was evaluated in terms of the nutritive value and feed intake in sheep at three mixture levels (dry matter [DM] ratio) of 100:0 (GS100), 75:25 (GS75) and 35:65 (GS35). The two silages showed contrasting fermentation qualities; high pH and butyric acid content and low V-score in GS, and low pH and high lactic acid content and V-score in CS. The digestibilities of crude protein, acid and neutral detergent fibers (ADF and NDF) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in GS100 than in GS35, whereas the nitrogen free extract (NFE) digestibility was highest in GS35. The content of total digestible nutrients (TDN) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in GS35 than in the other two treatments. There was no significant difference in the DM intake among the three treatments. The TDN intake was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in GS35 than in GS100. The results show that the TDN intake of animals can be increased by combining high moisture low quality GS with CS, but the proportion of GS should be limited to no more than 35% (on DM basis).

Evaluation of festulolium (×Festulolium Braunii) ‘Paulita’ haylage in dairy cows: Nutritive value, dry matter intake, animal performance and rumen degradability

We compared haylage prepared from festulolium (×Festulolium Braunii) ‘Paulita’ (a cultivar with high flooding tolerance) with those from festulolium ‘Evergreen’ (a standard cultivar in Japan) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) ‘Nosappu’ (a common early-maturing cultivar in Japan), in terms of chemical composition, short-term (during the first hour after the start of the morning meal) and daily intakes, animal performance and rumen degradability in dairy cows. Fermentation of the forages was depressed, leading to low concentrations of lactic acid and volatile fatty acids. ‘Paulita’ haylage showed a significantly higher content of total digestible nutrients than ‘Evergreen’ and ‘Nosappu’ haylages. Short-term intake rate of haylage and daily voluntary intake of feeds were higher for ‘Paulita’ than for ‘Evergreen’. The in sacco potential dry matter degradability and the disappearance of neutral detergent fiber at 96 h were highest for the ‘Paulita’ haylage. Milk yield was highest in animals fed the ‘Paulita’ diet. We conclude that ‘Paulita’ haylage has adequate nutritive value and can be ingested by dairy cows more efficiently than haylages prepared from the common temperate grasses.

Silage quality of Brachiaria brizantha cultivars ensiled with different levels of millet meal

The silage quality of Brachiaria brizantha cultivars ensiled with different levels of millet meal was evaluated. The experimental design was a completely randomized with three replications in a factorial 3 x 4, with three cultivars of Brachiaria brizantha: marandu, xaraés, and piatã and four levels of millet meal 0, 5, 10, and 15%. The addition of millet meal improved the quality of B. brizantha silage. The inclusion of the additive at 15% provided the best nutritional values. The piatã silage had the lowest contents of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin and the highest content of total digestible nutrients, being a better quality silage as compared to those of xaraés and marandu grasses.

Early Planting and Early Nitrogen Application Increase Stem Total Digestible Nutrient Concentration and Yield of Forage Rice in Southwestern Japan

The effects of planting time (early or normal), nitrogen (N) application rate (150 or 225 kg N ha-1), and N application method (early, even, and late application of extra N) on total digestible nutrient (TDN) concentration and yield of forage rice (Oryza sativa L.) in southwestern Japan were examined. For optimal forage rice production, it is important to maximize nutritional level in leaves and stems rather than panicles because the hull restricts cattle’s ability to digest rice grain. In particular, it is important to maximize the TDN in leaf sheath plus stems (stems) which are the major part of the crop rather than leaf blades (leaves). Stem TDN yield was higher with early planting (340 g m-2) than with normal planting (217 g m-2) irrespective of N application rate or method. The high stem TDN yield with early planting resulted from both the high DM yield and the high TDN and organic cellular content (OCC) concentration. Stem TDN yield was not affected by the N application rate. With both early and normal plantings, stem TDN yield was higher with early N application (374 and 226 g m-2, respectively) than with late N application (305 and 208 g m-2, respectively). With early planting, the high stem TDN yield with method 1 resulted from both the high DM yield and the high TDN and OCC concentration. Thus, to obtain high stem TDN concentration and yield of forage rice, early planting and early N application are recommended.

Substituição do milho e farelo de algodão pelo milheto no concentrado da dieta de novilhos em confinamento

Objetivou-se identificar possíveis efeitos da substituição do milho e do farelo de algodão por milheto na digestibilidade dos nutrientes da dieta e no desempenho de bovinos em confinamento. As dietas, com relação volumoso:concentrado 65:35, foram compostas de silagens de milho e milheto como volumoso (50:50, com base na matéria natural) e cinco níveis de milheto em substituição ao milho e ao farelo de algodão (0; 23; 49; 80 e 96% da matéria natural) no concentrado. O delineamento de blocos ao acaso foi adotado em ambos os experimentos. Utilizaram-se cinco repetições no estudo de desempenho e quatro na avaliação do consumo e da digestibilidade in vivo. O consumo de matéria seca (MS) expresso em porcentagem do peso vivo (PV) e g/kgPV0,75, diminuiu linearmente com a introdução de milheto na dieta, registrando-se 2,91% e 108,5 g e, 2,5% e 92,53 g para dietas exclusivas de milho e milheto, respectivamente. As digestibilidades de MS, proteína bruta e carboidratos totais não foram afetadas, enquanto a digestibilidade do extrato etéreo diminuiu e a de fibra aumentou linearmente sem afetar os teores de nutrientes digestíveis totais. O ganho de peso vivo diário, o consumo de MS e a conversão alimentar também não foram afetados pela adição de milheto, portanto, é possível substituir o milho e o farelo de algodão por milheto em rações para bovinos em confinamento.

Consumo e digestibilidade aparente em novilhas alimentadas com dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar tratada com óxido de cálcio

Desenvolveu-se este estudo para avaliar o consumo e a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes em novilhas alimentadas com dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar tratada com óxido de cálcio. Avaliou-se também a eficiência de predição do consumo de matéria seca e do valor energético dos alimentos. Utilizaram-se 20 novilhas mestiças Holandês-Zebu com peso corporal médio inicial de 200 kg, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro dietas e cinco repetições. As dietas foram formuladas para ser isoproteicas e fornecer 14% de proteína bruta e foram compostas de 71% de cana-de-açúcar tratada com 0; 0,75; 1,5 ou 2,25% de óxido de cálcio (com base na matéria natural) e corrigida com 1% da mistura ureia e sulfato de amônio (9:1) e 29% de concentrado. Os consumos de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e proteína (FDNcp), fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi), carboidratos totais (CT), carboidratos não-fibrosos corrigidos para cinza e proteína (CNFcp) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), em kg/dia, não foram afetados pela adição de óxido de cálcio à cana-de-açúcar. Os consumos de MO, FDN, FDNcp e NDT (% PV) reduziram linearmente com as doses de óxido de cálcio. As digestibilidades de MO, FDN, FDNcp, carboidratos totais e CNFcp e o teor de NDT das dietas não foram afetados. Entretanto, o tratamento da cana-de-açúcar com óxido de cálcio provocou redução na digestibilidade da MS e PB. As equações propostas pelo National Research Council subestimaram os consumos de MS e NDT e de PB e CNF digestíveis e superestimaram os de FDN digestível. O tratamento da cana-açúcar com óxido de cálcio não melhora o consumo nem a digestibilidade dos nutrientes em novilhas. As equações propostas pelo National Research Council não são eficientes para estimar o consumo de MS e o valor energético de alimentos nas condições experimentais.

Perdas, características fermentativas e valor nutritivo da silagem de capim-elefante contendo subprodutos agrícolas

O experimento foi conduzido para avaliar as perdas por gases e efluente, as características fermentativas e o valor nutritivo de silagens de capim-elefante contendo como aditivos farelo de mandioca, casca de café ou farelo de cacau. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 4, com três aditivos avaliados em quatro níveis (0, 10, 20 e 30% da matéria natural), cada um com cinco repetições. O material foi acondicionado em silos de PVC por 60 dias. Após abertura dos silos, foram realizadas pesagens para determinação das perdas, pela quantificação da produção de efluente e das perdas por gases. Amostras foram coletadas para posteriores análises de nitrogênio amoniacal e pH e da composição químico-bromatológica. A adição dos aditivos provocou aumento dos teores de matéria seca, e farelo de mandioca foi o aditivo mais eficiente no controle das perdas por efluente e gases. A adição de farelo de mandioca, casca de café e farelo de cacau garantiu altas taxas de recuperação de MS, enquanto o farelo de mandioca e o farelo de cacau favoreceram a redução dos valores de pH e os teores de nitrogênio amoniacal, respectivamente, refletindo na melhoria do perfil de fermentação das silagens. As silagens contendo farelo de mandioca apresentaram maiores teores de nutrientes digestíveis totais e garantiram os menores teores de fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, celulose e lignina. A adição de farelo de cacau ao capim-elefante no momento da ensilagem contribui para o aumento dos teores de nitrogênio total, porém aumenta os teores de nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro e em detergente ácido.

Nutritional evaluation of elephant-grass silages with byproduct of annato

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the nutritional value of elephant-grass silages containing annato byproduct. Twenty intact rams were distributed in a complete randomized block design with five diets (0; 4; 8; 12 and 16% annato byproduct in the silage) and four replications and used to estimate the intake, apparent nutrient digestibility, content of total digestible nutrients and nitrogen balance. The addition of annato byproduct raised the intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), in body weight (%BW) and in metabolic weight (g kg-1BW0.75). The digestibilities of DM (55.95%), OM (58.19%), CP (45.34%), NDF (52.79%), ADF (45.79%), EE (34.96%) and NFC (99.86%) were not influenced by the addition of annato byproduct. The inclusion of annato byproduct in elephant-grass silage increased digestibility of total carbohydrates, the TDN content and the nitrogen balance. The aditions of annato byproduct at levels up to 16% of the elephant grass silage natural matter improves nutrient intake and nitrogen balance.

TMR의 에너지 및 단백질 수준이 비유초기 유산양의 유생산성에 미치는 영향

본 시험은 섬유질배합사료(TMR)의 에너지 및 단백질 수준이 다를 경우, 비유초기 유산양의 사료섭취량 및 유생산에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 시험 동물은 자넨종 생후 16개월령 전후의 초산 착유양 24두를 시험구별 6마리씩 공시하였으며, TMR의 에너지와 단백질 수준은 대조구(Control)가 TDN 67.0%, CP 13.9% (NRC, 2007), 에너지 증량구(T1)는 TDN 73.7%, CP 13.9%, 단백질 증량구(T2)는 TDN 67.0%, CP 15.3%, 에너지+단백질 증량구(T3)가 TDN 73.7%, CP 15.3%의 네 처리구로 나누었다. 연구결과 비유초기 유산양의 급여하는 사료내 에너지 수준을 NRC 보다 약 10% 정도 높여줄 경우, 유생산량 증가에 영향을 미치지 않아 비유초기 과도한 에너지 증량은 오히려 사료비를 증가시키는 요인이 될 수 있다는 것을 보여준다. 그러나 비유초기 일당 증체량은 에너지 증량구(T1)와 에너지+단백질 증량구(T3)에서 증가하였으나, 대조구와 단백질 증량구(T2)에서는 감소한 것으로 나타나 비유초기 에너지 수준을 높여주는 것이 체중감소를 예방하는데 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다. 또한 에너지 함량의 증가 없이 단백질 함량만의 증가는 오히려 섭취량 및 유생산을 감소시켰기에 비유초기 과도한 단백질 증가 역시 필요하지 않다는 것을 보여준다. 이상의 결과를 종합적으로 분석해 보면, 비유초기 가소화 탄소화물의 과도한 증가가 유생산성에는 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 나타났으나 체중저하를 방지하는데 도움이 되었다는 것을 보여주고 있다. The objective of this experiment was to investigate effects of total mixed ration (TMR) of different nutrition level on milk production in dairy goats (Sannen). Twenty four lactating goats were randomly assigned to one of four TMRs; medium energy-medium crude protein (CP) TMR (control), high energymedium CP TMR (T1), medium energy-high CP TMR (T2) and high energy-high CP TMR (T3). The content of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and CP in the control diet were 67.0% and 13.9%. The TDN content of the high energy TMR was 73.7% and the CP content of the high CP TMR was 15.3%. Milk yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher for T1 (<TEX>$2,198{\pm}115 ml$</TEX>) than for T2 (<TEX>$1,742{\pm}52 ml$</TEX>) and T3 (<TEX>$1,984{\pm}90 ml$</TEX>). But there were no significant differences in milk composition between the treatments. Daily body weight gain was increased in T1 and T3 but reduced in control and T2. The result of the present study showed that dietary energy level supplied more than that of NRC recommendation did not affect milk yield of dairy goats in early lactation but prevented body weight loss.

Influences of Northern Leaf Blight on corn silage fermentation quality, nutritive value and feed intake by sheep

This study examined the differences between non-inoculated (control) corn and Northern Leaf Blight (NLB)-damaged corn (inoculated corn); dry matter (DM) yield, silage fermentation quality, nutritive value and feed intake by sheep were compared. Leaf, stem and grain dry weights and gross yield of inoculated corn were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased compared with control corn. The contents of water-soluble carbohydrate and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) were decreased in inoculated corn compared with control corn. Silage made from both inoculated and control corn showed good fermentation quality. The digestibility of DM, organic matter, ether extract, NFE, and energy of silage made from inoculated corn were significantly (P < 0.05) lower, and contents of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible energy (DE) were also significantly (P < 0.05) lower compared with silage made from the control corn. DM intake showed no significant discrepancy between the two types of silage. TDN and DE intakes from inoculated silage were significantly (P < 0.05) lower compared with control silage. From the above results it was shown that NLB caused a decrease in DM yield and NFE content in corn and a decrease in the nutritive value and feed intake of silage.

Hidrólise da cana-de-açúcar com cal virgem ou cal hidratada

Objetivou-se estudar o efeito do tratamento alcalino da cana-de-açúcar com cal virgem ou cal hidratada sobre a composição bromatológica e a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, da fibra em detergente neutro e da fibra em detergente ácido. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 × 3, composto de três formas de processamento da cana (in natura; cana hidrolisada com 0,5% de cal virgem; e cana hidrolisada com 0,5% de cal hidratada) e três tempos de armazenamento (12, 36 e 60 horas). As formas de processamento influenciaram os teores de matéria orgânica, matéria mineral, carboidratos totais e hemicelulose, assim como os teores de fibra em detergente neutro e nutrientes digestíveis totais. Os tempos de armazenamento influenciaram os teores de proteína bruta, matéria orgânica, carboidratos totais e hemicelulose. Entre os minerais, somente o teor de cálcio teve aumento com a inclusão de ambos os tipos de cal em relação à cana-de-açúcar, que não sofreu o processo de hidrólise. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca e da fibra em detergente neutro aumentaram com a hidrólise da cana em comparação à cana in natura. A hidrólise com cal hidratada ou com cal virgem mantém o valor nutricional da cana-de-açúcar, permitindo que possa ser utilizada depois de até 60 horas de armazenamento.

Effects of Cutting Height of the First Crop on Estimated Total Digestible Nutrient Concentration and Yield in Double‐Harvested Rice

We examined the effects of cutting height (15, 5, or 0 cm) and equipment traffic treatment (treatment or no treatment) of the first crop on estimated total digestible nutrient (TDN) concentration and yield in double‐harvested forage rice (Oryza sativa L.) in southwestern Japan. In forage rice production, it is important to maximize the nutrition in leaf and stem, especially leaf sheath plus stem (stem) due to the high ratio to the whole plant weight, rather than in panicle, to minimize the overall loss of nutrition from the crop. In the total of the first and second crops, stem estimated TDN yield was lower when the first crop had been cut at a height of 15 cm (517 g m−2) than 5 and 0 cm (576 and 598 g m−2, respectively). In the second crop in 2006, stem estimated TDN concentration decreased from 541 to 478 g kg−1 with increasing cutting height from 0 to 15 cm, because the organic cellular contents (OCC), which include starch and sugar, concentration decreased. The second crop headed earlier with increasing cutting height. Thus, although starch was translocated from the stem to the panicle in the second crop when the first crop was cut at a height of 15 cm, insufficient starch was translocated to the panicle when the first crop was cut at 5 and 0 cm because of the low temperatures after heading. To reduce the overall loss of nutrition from a crop, it is effective to cut stubble lower. In the second crop, whole plant estimated TDN concentration and yield was not greatly influenced by equipment traffic treatment.

수확시기, 예건 및 싸라기 처리가 유기 청보리의 사초 생산성 및 사일리지 품질에 미치는 영향

최근에 청보리 사일리지는 국내에서 가장 많이 이용하는 조사료이지만 유기축산을 위한 유기조사료의 생산과 품질에 관한 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 본 시험은 유기 청보리 사일리지의 적정 수확시기를 구명하고, 사일리지 품질 향상을 위하여 예건과 싸라기를 첨가하여 사일리지를 평가하였다. 시험구 배치는 12처리 3반복의 분할구 배치법으로 주구는 수확시기로 출수기, 유숙기 및 황숙기를 두었으며, 세구는 무처리, 예건, 싸라기 10%, 싸라기 15%를 두었다. 수확시 건물함량은 출수기, 유숙기 및 황숙기가 각각 12.8%, 21.9% 및 29.8%로 증가하였다. 청보리의 건물수량은 출수기, 유숙기 및 황숙기가 각각 10,346, 15,819 및 18,336 kg/ha였으며, TDN 수량은 6,288, 9,550 및 10,178 kg/ha였다. 유기 사일리지의 pH는 출수기, 유숙기 및 황숙기가 각각 4.70, 4.03 및 5.37로 유숙기가 가장 낮았다. 청보리의 수확시기가 늦어짐에 따라 조단백질, 조지방, NFC 및 TDN 함량은 감소하였으나, NDF 및 ADF 함량은 증가하였다. 그러나 조회분 함량은 유숙기가 가장 낮았다. 사일리지의 예건과 싸라기의 첨가는 조회분, NDF 및 ADF 함량을 감소시키고, NFC와 TDN 함량은 증가시켰다. 사일리지의 건물소화율은 수확시기가 늦어짐에 따라 감소하였으며, 예건과 싸라기 첨가에 의하여 건물소화율이 증가하였다. 유숙기가 다른 수확시기보다 젖산과 총유기산 함량은 높고 낙산 함량이 낮아 총유기산 중 젖산함량이 가장 높았다. 예건과 싸라기 첨가에 의한 젖산 함량 증가 효과는 출수기가 다른 수확기보다 효과가 있었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 유기 청보리 사일리지 제조를 위한 수확적기는 유숙기 이었으며, 예건과 싸라기 첨가에 의하여 청보리 사일리지의 품질을 향상시킬 수 있었다. Although whole crop barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is now widely grown as a silage crop in Korea, forage production and silage quality of that for organic farm have not been published. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of harvest stage on forage production and quality of organic barley, and effect of field wilting and crushed rice for shortening of harvest date and improvement of forage quality. The experiment was split-plot design with three replications. Main plots were heading, milking and yellow stages, and sub-plot were field wilting for I day, crushed rice 10% (CR10%) and 15% (CR15%) treatments. The dry matter (DM) contents of heading, milking and yellow stages were 12.8%, 21.9% and 29.8%, respectively. The DM yields of heading, milking and yellow stages were 10,346, 15,819 and 18,336 kg/ha, respectively, and the total digestible nutrients (TDN) of these were 6,288, 9,550 and 10,178 kg/ha, respectively. The pH of milking stage showed low 4.00 pH values. The crude protein, ether extract, crude ash, non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) and TDN contents were decreased as harvest stage progressed, while neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were increased. The crude ash (CA) of milking stage showed the lowest among harvest stages. Field wilting and crushed rice treatments decreased CA, NDF and ADF contents, and increased NFC and TDN contents. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) decreased with progressed harvest stage, while field wilting and crushed rice treatments increased that of barley silage. Lactic acid and total organic acid contents of milking stage were the highest, and butyric acid of milking stage was the lowest among harvest stage. The good effect of field wilting and crushed rice was observed in heading stage. The experiment results indicate that optimum harvest stage of barley silage for organic was milking stage. The field wilting and crushed rice additive could be recommended as effective method for shortening harvest date and increasing forage quality of organic barley silage

Effects of phosphorus fertilizer and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria applications on clover dominant meadow: II. Chemical composition.

This study was carried out at Ataturk University farm in Erzurum, Turkey over 4 years (2004-2007) to evaluate the effects of phosphorus fertilization and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum) applications on the chemical composition of forage from a natural meadow area. Study plots were treated with two bacteria levels (B0 and B1) and five levels of phosphorus fertilizer (0, 11, 22, 33 and 44 kg ha -1 ) with four replications. The results of the study indicate that increasing levels of P significantly increased to crude protein content. While phosphorus fertilizer decreased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content, there were no notable effects on acid detergent fiber (ADF) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) content. The effects of bacteria application included an increase in crude protein content and total digestible nutrient content in forage was increased, and reduced ADF and NDF. Forage P and Ca contents were increased, but K and Mg contents decreased following phosphorus fertilization. While bacteria application increased K and Mg contents of forage, Ca content decreased. There was no notable change in P content of forage following the application of bacteria. The results indicate that P fertilizer and bacteria applications have positive effects on forage quality of meadows. Application of bacteria (alone or combined with P) or 11-22 kg ha 1 application of P may increase the forage quality of meadows.

Chemical Composition and Total Digestible Nutrients Content of Spikelet-Decreased Strain for Forage Paddy Rice Silage

Chemical Composition and Total Digestible Nutrients Content of Spikelet-Decreased Strain for Forage Paddy Rice Silage

경운방법 및 비료종류가 이탈리안 라이그라스의 사초수량 및 품질에 미치는 영향

경운방법과 비료종류를 달리하였을때 이탈리안 라이그라스의 사료수량과 품질을 비교하기 위하여 수행하였다. 본 시험은 <TEX>$2{\times}2=4$</TEX> 요인시험으로 경운방법은 관행(경운과 로터리)과 무경을 두었으며, 비료종류는 화학비료와 퇴비를 두었다. 이탈리안 라이그라스의 초장, 건물률, 건물수량, TDN 수량 및 CP 수량은 경운방법에서 처리간에 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 특히 무경운이 관행경운(경운+로터리)보다 건물수량, TDN 수량 및 CP 수량이 많았다. 그러나 비료의 종류에서는 처리간의 사초 생산성의 차이가 없었다. 이탈리안 라이그라스의 조단백질 함량은 처리간에 차이가 없었다. 한편 ADF 및 NDF 함량에서는 무경운이 경운보다 많았으나 TDN 및 RFV 함량은 경운이 무경운보다 높았다. 비료의 종류에서 ADF 함량은 퇴비구가 높았으나 TDN 함량은 화학비료가 높았다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 이탈리안 라이그라스에서 경운방법은 무경운이 관행경운보다 수량은 많으나 품질은 낮았다. 한편 비료의 종류에서는 사초수량의 차이는 없고 품질 차이도 적었다. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of tillage system and fertilizer type on the forage yield and quality of Italian ryegrass. This experiment was a <TEX>$2{\times}2$</TEX> factorial arrangement for two tillage systems (tillage and no-tillage) and two fertilizer type (chemical and manure compost). The plant height, dry matter (DM) content, DM yield, TDN (total digestible nutrients) yield, and CP (crude protein) yield have significant differences in tillage system of Italian ryegrass. Italian ryegrass cultivated with tillage (plow and rotary till) had lower plant height, DM yield, TDN yield and CP yield than no-tillage, while its DM content showed the opposite results. However, there were no significant differences in the results on fertilizer types. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents were significantly higher in no-tillage compared to tillage. However, there was no significant difference in CP content on tillage system. TDN and relative feed value (RFV) were higher in tillage than no-tillage system (p<0.01). The TDN content was lower when using manure as fertilizer. No significant effects were observed for NDF and RFV in fertilizer type of Italian ryegrass. Based on the results of this study, tillage system and fertilizer type affected forage quality as well as forage yield. Forage yield of no-tillage was higher compared to tillage.

Energy and amino acid utilization in expeller-extracted canola meal fed to growing pigs1

Two experiments were conducted to determine the nutritive value of expeller-extracted canola meal (EECM) for growing pigs. In Exp. 1, a total of 6 ileally cannulated barrows (average initial BW = 26.8 kg) were fed 3 diets in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design to determine the apparent and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) values of N and AA and the SID AA contents of EECM. The 3 diets were a cornstarch-based diet with either solvent-extracted canola meal (SECM) or EECM as the sole source of protein, and a low-casein cornstarch-based diet, which was used to estimate basal endogenous N and AA losses to determine the SID of N and AA. All 3 diets contained chromic oxide as an indigestible marker for determining nutrient digestibility by the indicator method. In Exp. 2, a total of 18 intact barrows (average initial BW = 25.9 kg) were fed 3 diets in a completely randomized design (6 pigs per diet) to determine apparent total tract digestibility and retention of nutrients and the DE and ME contents of EECM. The diets were a basal corn-based diet or the basal diet with corn replaced by 35% SECM or EECM. The basal diet was used for determining the total tract digestible nutrient content by the difference method. Solvent-extracted canola meal, which is commonly used in the formulation of swine diets, was fed in both experiments for comparison with EECM. The SECM and EECM were similar in CP content (41.8 vs. 41.4%). Expeller-extracted canola meal was, however, greater in ether extract content (12.03 vs. 5.54%) and decreased in NDF content (23.8 vs. 29.9%) compared with SECM. The EECM also had a greater content of all the AA except Met, Cys, and Ser, by approximately 6.6%; Cys was greater in SECM, whereas Met and Ser were similar between the 2 meals. The EECM had greater (P < 0.05) SID of N, Arg, Ile, Leu, Phe, Glu, and Pro. The SID contents of Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Phe, Val, Ala, Asp, Glu, Gly, Pro, and Tyr were also greater (P < 0.05) for EECM than for SECM by an average of 15%. The EECM had greater (P < 0.01) DE (4,107 vs. 3,790 kcal/kg) and ME (3,978 vs. 3,564 kcal/kg) values compared with SECM. The results show that the EECM used in the current study had greater digestible AA and energy and a greater ME content than the SECM; hence, it may be a better source of protein and energy for growing pigs than SECM.

Valor nutritivo do capim-elefante ensilado com farelo de cacau e cana-de-açúcar

Foram estudados os efeitos da adição de farelo de cacau e cana-de-açúcar sobre o valor nutritivo de silagem de capim-elefante, adotando-se um esquema fatorial 2 x 4, utilizando-se 0 e 15% de farelo de cacau e 0, 15, 30 e 45% de cana-de-açúcar, com quatro repetições. O capim-elefante apresentava 29,2% de matéria seca (MS), e as silagens foram produzidas em silos experimentais de PVC, que foram abertos aos 60 dias após a ensilagem. A adição de farelo de cacau reduziu a fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e aumentou os teores de MS, proteína bruta e a degradabilidade potencial da MS (DP MS48h). A cana-de-açúcar também reduziu os teores FDA, aumentou a DP MS48h e aumentou os valores dos nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) até a inclusão de 20,5% de cana, embora tenha reduzido os teores de MS. Nas silagens contendo farelo de cacau e com a inclusão da cana-de-açúcar foi observada redução linear do conteúdo de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e aumento linear dos carboidratos não estruturais e NDT. A associação farelo de cacau e cana-de-açúcar aumentou o teor de CNF e os valores de NDT, e reduziu a FDN, melhorando o valor nutritivo das silagens de capim-elefante.