Rice Straw Content Research Articles

Investigation of ABS-rice straw composite feedstock filament for FDM

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the development of a cost-effective acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)-rice straw (RS) composite filament for use in fused deposition modelling (FDM) and the effect of RS content on the mechanical properties of the developed filament.Design/methodology/approachRS and ABS were processed and mixed at varying fibre content (5-15 per cent). Filament using each mixture was produced using a single screw extruder. Tensile, flexural and water absorption specimens were prepared using a FDM machine. The mechanical properties were then tested following ASTM standards. Scanning electron microscope images of the specimens were also taken.FindingsTensile properties decreased as the RS content increased. However, specimens with a 0° raster angle showed better tensile properties than the 45° raster angle specimens, indicating that tensile properties of FDM parts are anisotropic. Flexural properties decreased as fibre content increased but increased at 15 per cent fibre content. Water absorption of the composite increased as the fibre content increased.Originality/valueThis paper highlights a new method of disposing of rice straw waste, by producing an ABS-RS filament for FDM. The resultant filament is cost-effective and can be used to produce cheap prototypes. This paper is the first that studies ABS-RS composites in FDM.

Rice straw as a feedstock for biofuels: Availability, recalcitrance, and chemical properties

AbstractThe surplus availability of rice straw, its limited usage, and environmental pollution caused by its inefficient burning has fostered research for its valorization to biofuels. This review elucidates the current status of rice straw potential around the globe along with recent advances in revealing the critical factors responsible for its recalcitrance and chemical properties. The role and accumulation of high silica content in rice straw has been elucidated with its impact on enzymatic hydrolysis in a biorefinery environment. The correlation of different pre‐treatment approaches in modifying the physiochemical properties of rice straw and improving the enzymatic accessibility has also been discussed. This study highlights new challenges, resolutions, and opportunities for rice straw based biorefineries. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Overexpression of CO2-responsive CCT protein, a key regulator of starch synthesis strikingly increases the glucose yield from rice straw for bioethanol production

Production of bioethanol from rice straw has attracted attention from the point of effective use of agricultural residue. Starch content is an important determinant for bioethanol production from rice straw. The overexpression of CO2-responsive CCT protein (CRCT), which is the positive regulator of starch synthesis in vegetative organs, notably increased the starch content in rice straw. To produce the bioethanol from rice straw, the dilute acid pretreatment is a general pretreatment method. Importantly, the glucose yields in liquid hydrolyzate after dilute acid pretreatment was markedly increased in the CRCT overexpression lines compared with non-transgenic rice. In addition, the overexpression of CRCT enhanced the biomass production. In contrast, CRCT did not affect on the glucose yields from cellulose in acid-insoluble residue obtained after dilute acid pretreatment. With respect to byproduct in liquid hydrolyzate which inhibits the fermentation, the formic acid content was increased, whereas the furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and acetic acid contents were unchanged by the overexpression of CRCT. These results demonstrate that genetic engineering of CRCT is an effective method to increase the bioethanol production from rice straw.

A study on pulping of rice straw and impact of incorporation of chlorine dioxide during bleaching on pulp properties and effluents characteristics

World is facing challenges to reduce global environmental issues including waste management, green house gas emissions, pollution, deforestation and depletion of non renewable resources originated due to speedy industrial and urban development. To protect environmental resources, strict legislations are being made by the governments of developing and developed world. Due to such issues, pulp and paper industry is sarcastically facing shortage of forest based raw materials for paper production. Most of the mills have either start up with non wood based raw materials or recycled papers in place of conventional forest based resources. Rice straw, a lignocellulosic residue is abundantly available in wood short countries like India and China and can be utilized in pulp and paper industry. In present study it was found that rice straw consisted of cellulose (33.3 ± 0.47%), pentosan (27.3 ± 0.36%), lignin (13.0 ± 0.07%), ash (12.6 ± 0.11%) and silica (11.7%). The higher amount of carbohydrates and less lignin content in rice straw in comparison to hardwoods and softwoods can be made as a alternate raw material for pulp and paper mills. Out of soda and soda anthraquinone - methods for converting rice straw to pulp, -Later was found to be a better option as it gives high pulp yield (62.4%) and better strength properties of the pulp. The bleaching of soda--anthraquinone rice straw pulp with chlorine dioxide based bleaching sequence was found better over elemental chlorine based sequence as it improved the pulp strength properties and reduced the bleaching effluent load. The adsorbable organic halides - indicative of biorefractory, accumulative and toxic compounds were reduced by 66% when chlorine dioxide bleaching was used. Such approach of using agricultural waste as a raw material for making paper can prove to be valuable towards waste utilization, pollution control and for sustainable growth of industry.

Ultrasound-assisted alkaline pretreatment for enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw by using the heat energy dissipated from ultrasonication

Rice straw samples were exposed to ultrasound-assisted alkaline (NaOH) pretreatment by using the heat energy dissipated from ultrasonication to increase their enzymatic digestibility for saccharification. The characterization shows that the pretreatment could selectively remove lignin and hemicellulose without degrading cellulose, and increase porosity and surface area of rice straw. The porosity, surface area and cellulose content of rice straw increased with the increasing concentration of NaOH used. The rice straw sample pretreated by using the heat energy dissipated from ultrasonication has a higher surface area and a lower crystallinity index value than that pretreated by using the external source of heating, and the amount of reducing sugar released from the former sample at 48h of enzymatic saccharification, which is about 3.5 times as large as that from the untreated rice straw sample (2.91vs. 0.85gL−1), is slightly larger than that from the latter sample (2.91vs. 2.73gL−1). The ultrasound-assisted alkaline pretreatment by using the heat energy dissipated from ultrasonication was proved to be a reliable and effective method for rice straw pretreatment.

Evaluation of Rice Straw as Natural Filler for Injection Molded High Density Polyethylene Bio-composite Materials

Rice straw that left behind during the paddy harvesting process holds immense potential to be used as a renewable resource in the development of eco-friendly polymeric products. Utilisation of rice straw as natural filler in the development of high density polyethylene bio-composite materials by using the injection moulding technique was reported in the present study. The investigation of filler size revealed that the bio-composites with the acceptable tensile strength was achieved when the rice straw with 250 300 μm of particle size was used in the composite formulation. By increasing the rice straw content, a decreasing trend was observed in the tensile and flexural strength of the fabricated bio-composites. The tensile and flexural moduli of the biocomposites were enhanced with the increasing of rice straw. The water absorption of the rice straw-based high density polyethylene bio-composites was also significantly increased with the elevation of rice straw content in the composite formulations. The present study provides insights into the underlying behaviours of the rice straw in fabricated high density polyethylene bio-composites, which, in turn, could serve as a reliable guideline for the development of the rice straw for a wide range of eco-friendly products.

Pengaruh perbedaan mikroorganisme dan suhu pada kandungan serat jerami padi fermentasi

The aim of this research was to determine the NDF and ADF content of rice straw<br />fermented with several types of microorganism at different temperatures. Rice straw was<br />obtained from rice fields in Ishigaki District, Okinawa, Japan. The types of microbes used<br />were Lactobacillus fermentum, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus coagulant Saccharomyces<br />cerevisiae, and Aspergillus niger. The mainplot was temperature (25, 35, 45°C) and the<br />subplot was microorganism. Each treatment has 3 replications. There were two groups for<br />controls, i.e. the control without molasses and the control with molasses. The rice straw<br />fermented within 3 weeks. The ADF content in all temperature treatments showed that S.<br />cerevisiae and A. niger treatments were higher (P<0.01) than that in other microorganism<br />treatments. Hemicellulose content in S. cerevisiae and A. niger were tend to lower (P<0.01)<br />compare to others microorganism treatments in all temperature treatments. The lowest<br />hemicelluloses content of fermented rice straw are showed by S. cerevisiae and A. niger at<br />45°C. These finding suggested that the ADF content were high in S. cerevisiae and A. niger<br />treatments, but showed decrease in hemicellulose and increase in cellulose and lignin.<br />Key words: rice straw, fermentation, ADF, NDF

Pengaruh perbedaan mikroorganisme dan suhu pada kandungan serat jerami padi fermentasi

The aim of this research was to determine the NDF and ADF content of rice straw<br />fermented with several types of microorganism at different temperatures. Rice straw was<br />obtained from rice fields in Ishigaki District, Okinawa, Japan. The types of microbes used<br />were Lactobacillus fermentum, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus coagulant Saccharomyces<br />cerevisiae, and Aspergillus niger. The mainplot was temperature (25, 35, 45°C) and the<br />subplot was microorganism. Each treatment has 3 replications. There were two groups for<br />controls, i.e. the control without molasses and the control with molasses. The rice straw<br />fermented within 3 weeks. The ADF content in all temperature treatments showed that S.<br />cerevisiae and A. niger treatments were higher (P<0.01) than that in other microorganism<br />treatments. Hemicellulose content in S. cerevisiae and A. niger were tend to lower (P<0.01)<br />compare to others microorganism treatments in all temperature treatments. The lowest<br />hemicelluloses content of fermented rice straw are showed by S. cerevisiae and A. niger at<br />45°C. These finding suggested that the ADF content were high in S. cerevisiae and A. niger<br />treatments, but showed decrease in hemicellulose and increase in cellulose and lignin.<br />Key words: rice straw, fermentation, ADF, NDF

Parametric study of pyrolysis and steam gasification of rice straw in presence of K2CO3

A parametric study of pyrolysis and steam gasification of rice straw (RS) was performed to investigate the effect of the presence of K2CO3 on the behavior of gas evolution, gas component distribution, pyrolysis/gasification reactivity, the quality and volume of synthetic gas. During pyrolysis, with the increase in K2CO3 content in RS (i) the instantaneous CO2 concentration was increased while CO concentration was relatively stable; (ii) the yield of CO2 and H2 increased on the cost of CH4. During steam gasification of RS, with the increase in K2CO3 content in RS (i) the instantaneous concentration of CO2 and H2 increased while instantaneous concentration of CO and CH4 decreased; (ii) the yield of CO2 and H2 production and total yield increased; and (iii) yield of CO and CH4 production followed the order: 9% K2CO3 RS<6% K2CO3 RS<raw RS<3% K2CO3 RS<water-leached RS. Water-leached RS showed the highest pyrolysis reactivity, while stream gasification reactivity was proportional to K2CO3 content in RS. The results of this study reveal that the presence of K2CO3 during pyrolysis and steam gasification of RS effectively improves production of H2 rich gas.

Biogas Production from Surplus Plant Biomass Feedstock: Some Highlights of Indo-UK R&D Initiative

Reliable supply of feedstock is one of the major factors accountable for acceptance and hence success of biogas technology. Cow dung (CD) has been the traditional feedstock for production of biogas which is utilized for domestic cooking in rural areas. Search for alternative feedstock becomes inevitable with increasing interest in biogas technology and prospect to extend its application up to power generation. Here, feasibility of two locally available surplus biomass viz., (i) Ipomoea carnea (IC) and (ii) rice straw (RS) were investigated for biogas production. Identified biomass was separately mixed with cow dung (in ratios of 40:60 and 60:40) and fed to 0.25 m3 commercial biogas reactors and 20 L batch biogas reactors. The work focused on biogas production potential, methane content and calorific value of biogas from the commercial biogas reactors. Biogas yield from the four treatments of different mixing ratios were compared with control i.e., CD as only feedstock. Both Ipomoea carnea and rice straw yielded more gas compared to the control. However, IC co-digested with CD yielded more biogas than rice straw co-digested samples (IC:CD::60:40 with 0.209 Nm3/kg volatile solid (VS) added per day and IC:CD:: 40:60 with 0.205 Nm3/kg VS added per day whereas, RS:CD::60:40 with 0.192 Nm3/kg VS added per day and RS:CD::40:60 with 0.190 Nm3/kg VS added per day). In addition, the work also focused on determination of the methane content of IC and RS co-digested biogas samples which were also more than the control.

Tensile Properties of Rice Straw Fiber Reinforced Poly(Lactic Acid) Biocomposites

The poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/ rice straw (RS) composites with various RS content ratios were prepared by using heated two roll-mill. The mechanical performances of prepared PLA/ RS composites were studied. The tensile strength and elongation at break, Eb of the composite decreases as the content of rice straw fiber increases from 5% to 25% while the Young’s modulus had increases. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis demonstrates the infrared absorption of PLA after the existing of RS.

저품위 석탄의 원지반에서의 생물학적 메탄가스 생산에 관한 기초연구

In the present work, a basic study on the in-situ biogenic methane generation from low grade coal bed was conducted. Lignite from Indonesia was used as a sample feedstock. A series of BMP (Biochemical Methane Potential) tests were carried out under the different experimental conditions. Although nutrients and anaerobic digester sludge were added to the coal, the produced amount of methane was limited. Both temperature control and particle size reduction showed little effect on the increase of methane potential. When rice straw was added to lignite as an external carbon source, methane yield of 94.4~110.4 mL/g VS was obtained after 60 days of BMP test. The calorific value of lignite after BMP test decreased (4.5~12.1 %) as increasing the content of rice straw (12.5~50 wt % of lignite), implying that anaerobic digestion of rice straw led to partial degradation of lignite. Therefore, rice straw could be used as an external carbon source for the start-up of in-situ biogas generation from low grade coal bed.

Sodium Bicarbonate Pretreatment on Rice Straw for Bioethanol Production and Utilizing the Waste Water of this Process to Absorb CO2 in Biogas.

The concept of small scale biorefinery from lignocellulosic biomass demonstrated the efficiency of energy and environment through research works at a pilot plant of University of Technology, VNU-HCM. The concept focused on studying bioethanol production in which pretreatment is one of key steps to achieve the efficiency. The pretreatment using NaOH solution 1.0 wt % removed lignin effectively but it is not considered as an eco-friendly chemical. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the alkaline pretreatment using Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3), which is argued to be more environment-friendly and quite cheap. A variety of different conditions were investigated to optimize the pretreatment, including concentration of Sodium Bicarbonate (2.0-8.0 wt%), rice straw content (2.5-10.0 wt%), reaction temperatures (from room temperature to 80oC) and soaking time (4h-32h). The optimized condition was also investigated in combination with ultrasound and stirrer. The results showed that sodium bicarbonate is of quite potential to be used in the rice straw pretreatment. In addition, the waste of water from pretreatment was utilized to absorb CO2 in Biogas which was obtained from Thai My Demonstration plant in Cu Chi District.

Drying Kinetics and Characteristics of Sewage Sludge/Rice Straw Mixture

This study aimed at investigating thin-layer drying characteristics of sludge mixed with different rice straw contents (1, 2, 3, and 5% wb). The experimental results showed that adding 1, 2, and 3% (wb) rice straw to sludge is helpful to improve the drying rate of sludge as the surface area and cracks increase but the drying rate of the sludge mixed with 5% (wb) rice straw decreases with a reduction in thermal conductivity. When the content of rice straw is 2% (wb), the increased amplitude of drying rate is the highest, 14.6, 14.8, 16.0, and 17.6% at 100, 120, 140, and 160°C, respectively. The model proposed by this study showed better prediction compared with the other models and satisfactorily described the drying characteristics of sludge/rice straw mixture as well and is applicable under the given experimental conditions. The values of R2, root mean square error (RMSE), and χ2 varied from 0.99935 to 0.99992, 0.00295 to 0.00830, and 0.00001 to 0.00007, respectively.

Effect of unmodified rice straw on the properties of rice straw/polycaprolactone composites

The composite materials based on rice straw (RS) fiber and polycaprolactone (PCL) were prepared by a solution-casting method and characterized. The composites were prepared using different fiber loadings (1.0, 3.0, 5.0, and 7.0 wt%). The prepared composites (Cs) were characterized by using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electro-optical microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermogravimetric analysis, and mechanical properties were investigated. The XRD results showed that the intensity of the peaks decreased with the increase of RS content from 1.0 to 7.0 wt% in comparison with PCL peaks. SEM micrographs indicated poor adhesion between RS and PCL matrices, and FT-IR spectroscopy showed that, with the increase of loading percentages of RS, the intensity of the peaks is decreased from 1.0 to 7.0 wt%, and the interaction between RS and PCL was a physical interaction. Thermal stability was decreased with increasing the RS contents. Tensile measurement showed an increase in tensile modulus from 1.0 to 7.0 wt% loading of RS into the PCL, but a decrease in tensile strength and elongation at the break as the RS contents are increased, although there is a modest increase in tensile strength of the Cs material with 3.0 wt% loading of RS.

Comparison of nitrogen balances and efficiencies in rice cum prawn vs. rice cum fish cultures in Mymensingh, North-Eastern Bangladesh

This on-site study is a comparison between integrated rice cum prawn and rice cum fish cultures and their efficiencies in North-Eastern Bangladesh. Common rice cultivation practices in this area often cause environmental problems due to inadequate use of chemical fertilizers and addition of animal feed with fishmeal. Problems include eutrophication and the reduction of soil fertility, as well as the reduction of organic matter content, water holding capacity and the inefficient use of N due to leaching, run-off and denitrification. We evaluated major N inputs of additional feed and chemical N fertilizer into the rice paddy over three field seasons. The N content of rice grain did not increase significantly with fertilizer supply ranging from 41.18±5.57kg/ha to 57.07±3.62kg/ha. However, the supply of fertilizer significantly increased the N content of rice straw, consisting of stem, leaf and leaf, ranging from 27.69±6.80kg/ha to 64.78±2.21kg/ha. In addition, the supply of feed let to a significant increase of crude lipid per hectare of all integrated animal species, but not of crude protein. These results question the efficiency and economic viability of using chemical fertilizers and feed in integrated cultures. Compared to rice cum fish cultures, unfed and unfertilized rice cum prawn cultures achieved economically satisfying results in terms of the N-output of the major compounds and the N balance (ΔN). Our findings suggest that rice cum prawn cultures without chemical fertilization and without additional feed are economically possible and thus highly recommendable for small scale farmers as they reduce negative environmental impacts. This study can therefore guide future agricultural and aquacultural management practices to help improve fertilization techniques and feed supply.

Effect of synchronizing the rate degradation of protein and organic matter of feed base on rice by product on fermentation characteristic and synthesis protein microbial

Low dry matter intake on rice straw due to nitrogen content of rice straw is low, so it is not able to support the growth of rumen microbes. Supplementation and synchronizing the rate degradation of protein and organic matter in the rumen can increase microbial protein production. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of synchronizing the rate degradation protein and energy of feed base on rice by product on fermentation characteristic and synthesis protein microbial on in vitro condition. Dietary treatments contained 3 level of synchrony indeks (0.4; 0.5 and 0.6) that were derived from nutrient content and degradation parameters of feedstufs using nylon bag technique. This research was using randomized complete design. Synchronization index affected to the concentration of acetic acid (P = 0.007), propionic acid (P = 0.020), butyric acid (P = 0.029), CH4 (0.031) and ratio of C2: C3 (0.013). Improved synchronization index led to a decrease in acetic acid and CH4 and increase efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. This result indicated that the improvement of synchronization index can improve feed efficiency, reduce global warming

Kinetic study of Acid hydrolysis of rice straw.

Rice straw is a renewable, cheap, and abundant waste in tropical countries. The pentose content of rice straw can be used as a substrate for many types of value-added products such as xylitol and biofuel. Dilute acid hydrolysis mainly releases pentose from rice straw. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of H2SO4 concentration and reaction time on the xylose production. The variation of the main product xylose with the reaction time was described by a kinetic model and kinetic parameters were calculated to describe the variation of the xylose production with time. The optimum yield (19.35 g/L) was obtained at 0.24 mol/L H2SO4 and 30 minutes.

Glucose content in the liquid hydrolysate after dilute acid pretreatment is affected by the starch content in rice straw

Lignocellulosic biomass, such as rice straw, is often utilized as a bioresource after being hydrolyzed using dilute acid and separated into liquid hydrolysate and acid-insoluble residue. However, the biomass component that determines the distribution between liquid hydrolysate and acid-insoluble residue has not yet been clarified. In this study, the glucose content in the liquid hydrolysate and weight of acid-insoluble residue of 13 rice cultivars were analyzed. Starch content was positively correlated with glucose content in the liquid hydrolysate, and negatively correlated with acid-insoluble residue weight. These results indicate that the glucose in the liquid hydrolysate is mainly liberated from starch rather than cellulose in the rice straw. These observations suggest that starch content is a good indicator of the glucose distribution between the liquid hydrolysate and insoluble residue.

Improving quality of rice straw through treatment with urea and midden soil for large animals

Twelve indigenous growing cattle (live weight 130.00 ± 1.67 kg) were selected and divided into four groups having three animals in each group. Group A, B, C and D supplied 3.0% urea + 2.0% midden soil, 3.0% urea + 3.0% midden soil, 3.0% urea + 4.0% midden soil and 3.0% urea + 5.0% midden soil treated rice straw. In addition to this all the animals were supplied 2 Kg green grass, 450 g concentrate mixture and 40 g salt per 100 kg body weight. Rice straw treated with 3.0% urea+ 2.0% midden soil resulted an improvement in crude protein content of rice straw from 3.30 to 7.08% which was further increased by 7.40, 7.90 and 8.14% treatment with 3.0% urea + 3.0% midden soil, 3.0% urea + 4.0% midden soil and 3.0% urea + 5.0% midden soil respectively. The addition of 5.0% midden soil as a urease source with 3.0% urea (D) treated rice straw not only significantly (P&lt;0.01) increased the coefficient of digestibility of DM, CP, CF, EE and NFE but also significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased the coefficient of digestibility of OM than other treatments. Digestible organic matter (DOM), crude protein (DCP), digestible crude fibre (DCF), digestible nitrogen free extract (DNFE) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) contents were significantly (p&lt;0.01) higher in diet D in comparison to diet A, B and C. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v42i1.15770 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2013. 42 (1): 29-34