Red Blood Cell Concentration Research Articles

Hematology and serum biochemistry variables in apparently normal Arabian Oryx (Oryx leucoryx).

Hematology and serum biochemical analyses are integral parts of the clinical evaluation of sick animals. This is especially true regarding the clinical care of wildlife species, where clinical signs and historical data relating to the particular illness are often not available. Therefore, this study was designed to report various hematology and serum biochemistry parameters in Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx). Various hematology and serum biochemistry parameters were determined in 49 Arabian oryx of various ages and sexes. Hematology parameters included total red blood cells (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, and total leukocyte count (white blood cell) using an automated hematology analyzer. Serum biochemistry variables included glucose (Trinder method), total protein (biuret method), albumin using the Bromcresol Green (BCG) method, and blood urea nitrogen (colorimetric method). In addition, serum electrolyte concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus were determined using colorimetric methods. There was a significant difference in RBC count, PCV, and serum glucose concentration between adult and young Arabian oryx. The RBC count was significantly higher in males than in females, whereas the serum glucose concentration was significantly higher in females. Results of this study showed significant differences in RBC, PCV, and serum glucose concentration between apparently normal young and Adult Arabian oryx. Similar differences were also detected between normal males and females. Knowledge of these data could prove vital in the clinical evaluation of the health status of this wildlife species.

Migration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, diisononylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate from transfusion medical devices in labile blood products: A comparative study.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plasticized with di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used material for medical transfusion devices. Not covalently bound to PVC, DEHP can migrate into blood products during storage. Recognized as an endocrine disruptor and raising concerns about its potential carcinogenicity and reprotoxicity, DEHP is gradually being withdrawn from the medical device market. Therefore, the use of alternative plasticizers, such as diisononylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH) and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT), as potential candidates for the replacement of DEHP in medical transfusion devices has been investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quantity of PVC-plasticizers in the blood components according to their preparation, storage conditions and in function of the plasticizer. Whole blood was collected, and labile blood products (LBPs) were prepared by the buffy-coat method with a PVC blood bag plasticized either with DEHP, DINCH or DEHT. DINCH and DEHT equivalent concentrations were quantified in LBPs by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry or coupled with UV and compared to DEHP equivalent concentrations. The plasticizer equivalent concentration to which a patient is exposed during a transfusion depends on the preparation of LBPs as well as their storage conditions, that is, temperature and storage time. At day 1, for all LBPs, the migration of DEHP is 5.0 and 8.5 times greater than DINCH and DEHT, respectively. At the end of the 49 days storage period, the DEHP equivalent concentration in red blood cells concentrate is statistically higher when compared to DINCH and DEHT, with maximal values of 1.85, 1.13 and 0.86 μg/dm2 /mL, respectively. In addition to lower toxicity, transfused patients using PVC-DEHT or PVC-DINCH blood bags are less exposed to plasticizers than using PVC-DEHP bags with a ranging exposure reduction from 38.9% to 87.3%, due to lower leachability into blood components.

The effects of temperature and salinity on the blood chemistry and survival of juvenile Atlantic tarpon Megalops atlanticus.

Atlantic tarpon Megalops atlanticus are highly migratory sportfish that support recreational fisheries throughout their range. In US waters, juveniles can be found in coastal and estuarine habitats along the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic seaboard, with temperature limiting their northern latitudinal distribution. Juveniles may overwinter in these areas during the first several years of life. Low temperatures are known to cause mortality in adults, but the challenges of temperature are less understood for juveniles. Furthermore, salinity, which can change dramatically in these habitats, may have a synergistic effect with temperature. To examine the physiological effects of temperature and salinity on juvenile tarpon, wild fish were acclimated to a range of conditions that potentially occur in the northern range of their estuarine habitats. The haematology of juvenile tarpon was examined in two salinity (≤2 and ≥30 ppt) and temperature (15 and 25°C) treatments, followed by a low-temperature tolerance test. After 2 weeks in treatment conditions, blood samples were analysed for haematocrit, pH, red blood cell concentration, haemoglobin content and plasma osmolality. Increased plasma osmolality was observed in fish at low temperature (15°C compared to 25°C) and at high salinity (≥30 ppt compared to ≤2 ppt). Blood pH was increased at 15°C compared to 25°C, with the highest pH at 15°C and low salinity. Haemoglobin, haematocrit and red blood cell concentration were higher at 25°C than 15°C, with haemoglobin lowest at 15°C and low salinity. For the low-temperature tolerance test, all fish were acclimated to 15°C for 2 weeks, then transferred to separate tanks where temperature was gradually decreased at 0.9 ± 0.1°C/h until fish lost equilibrium. Fish at low salinity lost equilibrium more rapidly (1 ppt, 12.65 ± 0.46°C) than fish at high salinity (30 ppt, 11.26 ± 0.14°C). The results indicate juvenile tarpon are susceptible to low temperature, which is exacerbated by low salinity, findings useful in the assessment of juvenile tarpon overwintering habitat.

The Effect of the Donor's and Recipient's Sex on Red Blood Cells Evaluated Using Transfusion Simulations.

The hypothesis of the potential impact of the sex of red blood cell (RBC) concentrate (RCC) donors, as well as the sex of the recipients, on the clinical outcome, is still under evaluation. Here, we have evaluated the sex impact on RBC properties using in vitro transfusion models. Using a "flask model", RBCs from RCCs (representing the donor)-at different storage lengths-were incubated in a sex-matched and sex-mismatched manner with fresh frozen plasma pools (representing the recipient) at 37 °C, with 5% of CO2 up to 48 h. Standard blood parameters, hemolysis, intracellular ATP, extracellular glucose and lactate were quantified during incubation. Additionally, a "plate model", coupling hemolysis analysis and morphological study, was carried out in similar conditions in 96-well plates. In both models, RBCs from both sexes hemolyzed significantly less in female-derived plasma. No metabolic or morphological differences were observed between sex-matched and -mismatched conditions, even though ATP was higher in female-derived RBCs during incubations. Female plasma reduced hemolysis of female- as well as male-derived RBCs, which may be related to a sex-dependent plasma composition and/or sex-related intrinsic RBC properties.

Erythrocytes Display Metabolic Changes in High-Altitude Polycythemia.

Qile, Muge, Qiying Xu, Yi Ye, Huifang Liu, Drolma Gomchok, Juanli Liu, Tana Wuren, and Ri-Li Ge. Erythrocytes display metabolic changes in high-altitude polycythemia. High Alt Med Biol. 24:104-109, 2023. Background: Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels are increased after acute exposure to high altitude; however, whether this effect is observed in chronic high-altitude hypoxia is unknown. Methods: We studied erythrocyte S1P levels in 13 subjects with high-altitude polycythemia (HAPC) and 13 control subjects and also used a mouse model of HAPC. HAPC subjects lived in Maduo (4,300 m altitude) for 10 years, whereas control subjects lived permanently in Xining (2,260 m). The mouse model of HAPC was established by stimulating an altitude of 5,000 m in a hypobaric chamber for 30 days. Hematology and S1P, CD73, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG), and reticulocyte levels were measured. Results: The hemoglobin concentration and number of red blood cells were significantly elevated in human and mouse HAPC groups. Blood S1P levels in HAPC subjects and mice were higher than those in control groups (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). 2,3-BPG and CD73 levels in HAPC subjects were significantly higher than those in control subjects (p < 0.05). No significant changes in reticulocyte levels were observed. Conclusions: The critical altitude-induced metabolic changes such as S1P retained high levels even after prolonged exposure, and it may inspire future research into therapeutic strategies for hypoxia-associated illnesses.

Previously Undiagnosed Anemia and Iron Deficiency Anemia among Preschool Children at Taif City

Introduction: In the Arab Gulf countries, anemia, including iron deficiency anemia )IDA(, considered one of the main public health problems. Although, the World Health Organization reported that IDA as the most common type of anemia, which made up half of all anemic cases all over the world, there were limited research performed among preschool children about anemia in Saudi Arabia. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of previously undiagnosed anemia and IDA among children between 2 to 6 years old. In this study, several risk factors that might contribute to the high prevalence of anemia were assessed. Methods: The study was carried out in Taif city during the period from January 2023 to April 2023. Blood samples were collected from 200 preschool children and analyzed for hematological parameters as well as related biochemistry tests to investigate the prevalence of previously undiagnosed anemia and IDA. Results: The majority of the study participants were Saudi 99% and aged 4 to 6 years 72.5%. Most of children participants, 92.5% had normal haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and normal levels of red blood cells (RBCs) and normal hematocrit indicating their non-anemia health status. In this study, previously undiagnosed anemia were reported within 6% of children indicated by low Hb concentration, low RBC count and abnormal low hematocrit level. Out of these undiagnosed anemic children, there were 25% diagnosed with IDA. Conclusions: Since, anemia and IDA are still a public health problem among preschool children in Saudi Arabia this study suggested that the hematological blood examination should be done to students as a requirement before school which may reveal the presence of previously undiagnosed anemia and might associated with low mantle and functional performance among children. Moreover, further studies are recommended at all regions of the Kingdome to investigate the underlying related risk factors, which will provide more insight ....

Hyper high haemoglobin content in red blood cells and erythropoietic transitions postnatally in infants of 22 to 26 weeks’ gestation: a prospective cohort study

ObjectiveBlood cell populations, including red blood cells (RBC) unique to the extremely preterm (EPT) infant, are potentially lost due to frequent clinical blood sampling during neonatal intensive care. Currently, neonatal...

Expression and diagnostic significance of integrin beta-2 in synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by synovial cartilage degeneration and is the leading cause of disability and pain worldwide. This study sought to investigate the expression of integrin beta-2 (ITGB2) in synovial fluid of OA patients and its clinical significance. A total of 110 OA patients were enrolled, who were classified into grade I (N = 35), II (N = 42), and III (N = 33) according to the Kellgren-Lawrence classification, with 110 healthy subjects as controls, and their clinical data were compared. ITGB2 level was detected by RT-qPCR. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to analyze the predictive value of ITGB2 on OA occurrence. The correlation between ITGB2 and bone metabolism indexes procollagen type I N-terminal peptide (PINP), bone glaprotein (BGP), bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), and β-collagen I telopeptide (β-CTX) was analyzed by the Pearson method. Logistic regression model was performed to analyze the influencing factors of OA. The content of red blood cells, white blood cells, PINP, BGP, and BALP was lowered in OA patients, while β-CTX was elevated. ITGB2 was highly-expressed in OA patients, negatively-correlated with PINP, BGP, and BALP, but positively-correlated with β-CTX. ITGB2 level increased with the elevation of OA grade. The ITGB2 level >1.375 had certain diagnostic values for OA. ITGB2 level is related to OA severity and may be a biomarker for OA classification. ITGB2 was an independent risk factor for OA. High expression of ITGB2 in synovial fluid can assist OA diagnosis and may be a biomarker for OA grade.

Serum and erythrocyte oxidative stress in dogs with acanthocytosis

Oxidative stress occurs as a result of an increase in oxidants and/or a reduction of antioxidants in the body, causing oxidation of cellular constituents and cellular dysfunction, which can lead to premature cell death. This study aimed to evaluate serum and red blood cell (RBC) oxidative stress in dogs with acanthocytosis. Sixteen dogs with acanthocytosis confirmed on blood smear, regardless of the associated pathological condition, and 17 healthy dogs without clinical and laboratorial alterations were selected. Complete blood counts (CBC) were performed by an automated cell counter, biochemical and oxidative stress analyzes were performed by an automated photocolorimeter. Dogs with acanthocytosis showed lower RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and higher red cell distribution width (RDW) compared with healthy dogs. On the leukogram, higher concentrations of band neutrophils and lower numbers of lymphocytes were observed in dogs with acanthocytosis. On serum biochemical parameters, a significant increase in ALP activity, cholesterol and globulin levels, and decreased albumin concentration were observed in dogs with acanthocytosis. Regarding oxidative stress parameters, dogs with acanthocytosis showed lower serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) by cupric reduction (TAC-CUPRAC) and higher TAC by ferric reduction (TAC-FRAP), total oxidant capacity (TOC) and lipid peroxidation, while RBC showed higher TAC by ABTS cation reduction alone (TAC-ABTS) and associated with peroxidase (TAC-ABTS+HRP), TAC-CUPRAC, TOC and lipid peroxidation compared with those of control dogs. Dogs with acanthocytosis demonstrate serum and erythrocyte oxidative stress, which may be one of the factors involved in erythrocyte damage.

5613165 INVESTIGATING VARIANTS ASSOCIATED WITH QUANTITATIVE RED BLOOD CELL PHENOTYPES FROM TOPMED PREDICTIONS IN AFRICAN SICKLE CELL DISEASE POPULATIONS.

Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is caused by a single point mutation (c.20A>T, p.Glu6Val), which results in the formation of mutant haemoglobin S (HbS) instead of haemoglobin A (HbA). It is a life-long inherited recessive disorder that predominantly affects people of African, Indian, and Mediterranean descent. The polymerisation of HbS within red blood cells (RBCs) is the primary pathophysiological alteration in SCD, which results in the sickle-shape of RBCs. Sickle-shaped RBCs are more prone to haemolysis and blocking blood flow, resulting in anaemia and painful episodes. Haematological indices including haematocrit (HCT), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red blood cell width (RDW) and RBC count indicate the size, development, and haemoglobin content of RBCs. Haematological indices are routinely measured as a means of monitoring SCD. A study recently found associations between 14 novel variants and haematological indices when using whole genome sequencing (WGS) data. The association between these variants and haematological indices have not yet been investigated in African SCD patients. This study aims to determine the associations between these variants and haematological indices in SCD patients from Cameroon and Senegal compared to non-SCD individuals. Aim: Investigating the association of 13 novel variants previously found in the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) project to haematological indices in African SCD patients. Methods: The 14 variants from the TOPMed study will be genotyped using a TaqMan Assay platform. Sanger sequencing will then be performed on 10% of the cohort to validate the TaqMan Assay result. The application R will be used for the descriptive statistics using sociodemographic, clinical, and haematological indices to evaluate the cases and controls. The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium will be used to ensure quality control. A linear regression analysis will be performed in R to determine the association between the variants and RBC phenotypes. Expected results: We are expecting to find an association between the SNPs and haematologocial indices. Conclusion: The variants of focus in this study were prioritized using WGS data, therefore capturing variants that are usually not included in GWAS arrays or imputation reference panels. The associations of the 13 novel variants with haematological indices have not yet been tested in African SCD populations. The results of this investigation could positively impact future studies into predictive modelling using haematological indices.

Hemolysis of red blood cells in blood vessels modeled via computational fluid dynamics.

The research aims to verify the universal relationship between vessel shape and the risk of hemolysis using a rheological model of blood reflecting the physiological processes related to blood for any blood vessel. Blood is a multi-component fluid, the rheology of which depends on many factors, such as the concentration of red blood cells and local shear stress, which significantly affect the process of hemolysis. Blood rheology models used so far cannot be used for all flows and geometries. Therefore, a new rheology model has been introduced suitable for modeling hemolytic flows observed in arteries with atherosclerotic lesions in the in vivo environment. The previously presented model also has advantages in modeling local viscosity in stenosis. Geometries of the blood vessels from computed tomography scans and simplified models of the actual arteries observed during medical procedures were used in the calculations. Population Balance Based Rheology model predicts the concentration of single, deagglomerated red blood cells and the concentration and size of red blood cell agglomerates, which affect blood rheology and hemolysis. Based on the simulations carried out, a correlation was found between the shape of the vessel cavity and the risk of hemolysis. Presented results can be used in the future to create a correlation between the shape of the atherosclerotic lesions and the risk of hemolysis in the blood to make an initial risk assessment for a given patient.

Donor-type red blood cell transfusion to deplete isoagglutinins prior to allogeneic stem cell transplantation from ABO major incompatible bone marrow donors.

ABO incompatibility affects approximately 40% of allogeneic stem cell transplants in Caucasian patient populations. Because bone marrow (BM), the preferred graft from paediatric sibling donors and for non-malignant diseases, has a red blood cell (RBC) content similar to blood, anti-donor isoagglutinins must either be depleted from the recipient or RBCs removed from the graft. To achieve tolerability of unmanipulated BM grafts, we used controlled infusions of donor ABO-type RBC units to deplete isoagglutinins before the transplant. This retrospective study evaluates the outcomes of 52 ABO major incompatible BM transplants performed at our centre between 2007 and 2019. The use of donor-type RBC transfusions was well tolerated. They effectively reduced isoagglutinins levels, typically achieving target titres after one (60%) or two (29%) transfusions. The approach allowed for successful and uneventful infusions of unmanipulated BM which provided timely engraftment. The transplant outcomes were not inferior to those of a matched-pair control group of patients with ABO-identical donors.

A Model for Oxygen Transport from Blood in Microvessels to Tissue

Oxygen is vital for cellular energetics and metabolism in the human body. Blood transports oxygen to the tissues with hemoglobin in red blood cells playing a key role in the transportation of oxygen. To account for the Fåhraeus and Fåhraeus–Lindqvist effects, we use Haynes marginal zone concept, which subdivides each microvessel into a cell free layer surrounding a core region of uniform red blood cells concentration. The marginal zone concept is used to develop a steady state model for the transport of oxygen from blood to tissue where chemical reaction of oxygen occurs to produce energy. The approach is based on fundamentals of fluid flow and mass transfer in the two zones while accounting for the role of hemoglobin in the transport process and including mass transfer and chemical reaction in the tissue to produce energy using the Krogh cylinder concept. In contrast to transport modeling of solutes such as glucose, the present model includes the key role of hemoglobin in the transport of oxygen from blood to tissue. The model is analytical and provides analytical expressions for the oxygen level profiles in the blood cell free layer, the core zone, and the Krogh cylinder. The results are found to agree with published results in the literature for oxygen transport from blood in capillary size microvessel to its Krogh tissue cylinder. The model is not restricted to transport from capillaries and includes transport of oxygen from microvessels to tissue in general. Extensions of the model include further investigations in the case where changes in the blood microvessel or red blood cells occur due to pathological conditions.

Identification and characterisation of the haemozoin of Haemonchus contortus

BackgroundMost haematophagous organisms constantly suck the host’s haemoglobin, which produces toxic free haem. This toxic haem aggregation into the nontoxic crystallisation complex known as haemozoin represents one of the most important detoxification pathways in living organisms, but very little is known about the features of haemozoin in parasitic nematodes. Here, we identified and characterised the haemozoin of an economically significant blood-sucking nematode, Haemonchus contortus.MethodsUsing electron microscopy, spectrophotometry analyses and biochemical approaches, haemozoin crystallisation was identified and characterised in parasitic fourth-stage larvae (L4s) and/or adult worms as well as L4s of in vitro culture.ResultsThe haemozoin was formed in intestinal lipid droplets of the parasitic L4s and adult worms. The characterisation of the haemozoin showed regularly spherical structures and had a 400-nm absorption peak. Furthermore, the haemozoin in in vitro cultured L4s was associated with the culture time and concentration of red blood cells added into the medium, and its formation could be inhibited by chloroquine-derived drugs.ConclusionsThis work provides detailed insight into the haemozoin formation of H. contortus and should have important implications for developing novel therapeutic targets against this parasite or related haematophagous organisms.Graphical abstract

Use of blood products during the first months of COVID-19 pandemic period: A single center report

The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak exerted a serious effect on healthcare. Between 1st of January and May 31, 2020 due to the special regulations in Hungary, the number of reported COVID-19 infections were relatively low (3876 cases). The inpatient and outpatient care and the blood supply were significantly affected by the implemented regulations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of blood products amid the first five months of the pandemic situation. This investigation has observed a significant reduction of hospitalizations (37.35%). Analyzing individually the included units, pre-transfusion hemoglobin concentrations of transfused patients presented slight modifications, which were not statistically significant. The special regulations resulted major changes in the frequency of diagnoses at admissions in case of the Department of Surgery, while in case of the other specialities (Division of Hematology and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy), there were no major changes compared to pre-pandemic period. Considering each department separately, transfused red blood cell concentrates (RBC) per patient, and the proportion of transfused patients did not change significantly. However, the combination of these modifications resulted in the significant decrease in RBC transfusions (p < 0.0001) compared to the pre-pandemic baseline. With regard to platelet and fresh frozen plasma (FFP), their usage was significantly reduced (44.40% platelet concentrates and 34.27% FFP). Our results indicate that the pandemic had an important effect on the blood product usage at the included departments by introducing different patient care policies and the temporary deferral of the elective surgical interventions. Despite the challenging circumstances of blood collection and blood product supply, the hospitalized patients received adequate care.

Infant blood concentrations of folate markers and catabolites are modified by 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T genotype and dietary folate source

BackgroundFolate intake and polymorphisms in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene may affect folate metabolism in infants. ObjectivesWe investigated the association between infant’s MTHFR C677T genotype, the dietary folate source, and concentrations of folate markers in the blood. MethodsWe studied 110 breastfed infants (reference) and 182 infants who were randomly assigned to receive infant formulas enriched with either 78 μg folic acid or 81 μg (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) per 100 g milk powder for 12 wk. The blood samples were available at the ages of <1 mo (baseline) and 16 wk. MTHFR genotype and concentrations of folate markers and catabolites [i.e., para-aminobenzoylglutamate (pABG)] were analyzed. ResultsAt baseline, carriers of the TT genotype (vs. CC) had lower mean (SD) concentrations (all in nmol/L) of red blood cell (RBC) folate [1194 (507) vs. 1440 (521), P = 0.033) and plasma pABG [5.7 (4.9) vs. 12.5 (8.1), P < 0.001] but higher plasma 5-MTHF [33.9 (16.8) vs. 24.0 (12.6), P < 0.001]. Irrespective of the genotype, infant formula with 5-MTHF (vs. folic acid) caused a significant increase in RBC folate concentration [1278 (466) vs. 947 (552), P < 0.001]. In breastfed infants, plasma concentrations of 5-MTHF and pABG increased significantly by 7.7 (20.5) and 6.4 (10.5), respectively, from baseline to 16 wk. Infant formula that complies with the present EU legislation for folate intake increased RBC folate and plasma pABG concentrations at 16 wk (P < 0.001) than formula-fed infants. At 16 wk, plasma pABG concentrations remained ∼50% lower in carriers of the TT (vs. the CC) genotype among all feeding groups. ConclusionsFolate intake from infant formula according to the present EU legislation increased RBC folate and plasma pABG concentrations in infants to a greater extent than breastfeeding, particularly in carriers of the TT genotype. However, this intake did not completely abolish the between-genotype differences in pABG. Whether these differences have any clinical relevance, however, remains unclear. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02437721.

Au/Ni Coaxial Nanopillar Microarray Electrodes for Red Blood Cell Concentration Detection

In this study, an Au/Ni nanopillar microarray electrode for red blood cell (RBC) concentration detection was proposed. Electrodes were fabricated using anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) as the template, followed by photolithography, electroforming, and gold immersion to form an Au/Ni coaxial nanopillar array electrode. The diameter of the Au/Ni nanopillar microarray electrode was <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$50\,\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . The average size of the coaxial nanopillar was measured to be approximately 140 nm, indicating that the thickness of the gold shell was approximately 25 nm. The weight and atomic percentage ratio of Au/Ni were measured to be 84.94/19.06 and 55.87/44.13, respectively. The stochastic collision nanoelectrochemistry (SCNEC) of insulating particles, along with chronoamperometry, was implemented to measure cell concentration. The characteristics of the fabricated electrode were first verified by the cell concentration detection of KU812. The subsequent whole blood sample detection verified that the proposed sensing scheme has two linear detection ranges, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4\times 10^{\sf 7}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> –2 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times \,\,10^{\sf 9}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\times 10^{\sf 9}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> – <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4.88\times 10^{\sf 9}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> cells/mL, with <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${R}^{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 0.999 and 0.999, respectively. The detection recovery rates of the two blood samples were measured to be 102.4% and 109.8%, respectively. The experimental results confirmed that the fabricated electrodes are feasible for detecting RBC concentrations in real blood samples.

Abstract Number ‐ 7: Final Angiographic, Clinical and Thrombus Composition Results of 1000 Patients in the EXCELLENT Registry

Introduction EXCELLENT (NCT03685578; Cerenovus) is a large, prospective, international, real‐world registry of endovascular clot removal in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with EmboTrap as the first line mechanical thrombectomy (MT) device, which included collection and analysis of the retrieved thrombus material. Methods Between September 2018 and March 2021, 1000 “all‐comer” patients were enrolled at 34 global sites (27 US, 5 EU, 1 UK, 1 Israel) and treated according to standard of care at each center (with Embrotrap as first line). The study employed blind endpoint evaluation, including a core imaging lab and an independent 90‐day mRS assessment. Retrieved clot was collected per each MT maneuver from 538 subjects across 26 sites and clot analysis was performed by independent central labs blinded to clinical data. Results mITT population included 998 subjects. Mean age was 69.9±14.18 years (range 18–102), 51.8% (517/998) subjects were female and 9.9% (97/997) had a pre‐stroke mRS 3–5. Baseline NIHSS was 15.6±6.87 (range 0–36); 10.1% (82/815) subjects had a large core (ASPECTS 0–5); 5.8% (57/990) had posterior stroke; 56.3% (523/929) underwent MT ≤ 6hrs of onset and 38.1% (380/998) received IV‐tPA prior to MT. First pass eTICI 2c‐3 was achieved in 38.3% (377/984) and final 2b‐3 in 94.5 % (930/984; median number of passes = 1) of subjects. 90‐day mRS≤2 or ≤pre‐stroke was 46.9% (429/915) and 90‐day all‐cause mortality was 19.0% (175/921). The univariate analysis of clot components showed high red blood cell and low platelet content were significant predictors of good mRS outcome (p &lt; 0.001 and 0.009) and negative predictors of 90‐day mortality (p &lt; 0.001 and 0.017, respectively). Conclusions This large multi‐center, all‐comer cohort reflects the population undergoing thrombectomy today in a real world‐setting. Final angiographic, clinical and thrombus composition results, along with multivariate analysis of predictors of clinical outcomes, will be presented at the time of the conference.

Exposure to Intermittent Environmental Hypoxia Promotes Vascular Remodeling through Angiogenesis in the Liver of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides).

In this study, we explored the effects of 4 weeks of intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE) on liver angiogenesis and related regulatory mechanisms in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The results indicated that the O2 tension for loss of equilibrium (LOE) decreased from 1.17 to 0.66 mg/L after 4 weeks of IHE. Meanwhile, the red blood cell (RBC) and hemoglobin concentrations significantly increased during IHE. Our investigation also found that the observed increase in angiogenesis was correlated with a high expression of related regulators, such as Jagged, phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). After 4 weeks of IHE, the overexpression of factors related to angiogenesis processes mediated by HIF-independent pathways (such as nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1), and interleukin 8 (IL8)) was correlated with the accumulation of lactic acid (LA) in the liver. The addition of cabozantinib, a specific inhibitor of VEGFR2, blocked the phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and downregulated the expression of downstream angiogenesis regulators in largemouth bass hepatocytes exposed to hypoxia for 4 h. These results suggested that IHE promoted liver vascular remodeling by the regulation of angiogenesis factors, presenting a potential mechanism for the improvement of hypoxia tolerance in largemouth bass.

Effects of melatonin on hematologic and biochemical changes and the effects of circadian rhythm on hematologic changes in donkeys (Equus asinus) subjected to packing during the hot-dry season.

Melatonin is a hormone with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and may alleviate the effects of stress on hematologic and biochemical analytes in working donkeys that pack (load-carry). We aimed to evaluate the effects of melatonin administration on hematologic and biochemical responses in donkeys subjected to packing during the hot-dry season. We also examined its effects on circadian rhythms. Ten male Nubian pack donkeys with (Packing + Melatonin; P + M) and without melatonin (Packing-Melatonin; P-M) administration were included. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after (15 min), and from 16 h to over 27-h postpacking at 3-h intervals for hematologic and total protein analyses. Serum from blood samples collected before and immediately after packing was analyzed for muscle enzyme activities and electrolyte concentrations. Student's t-test, one-way ANOVA, and online cosinor analysis were used for statistical analyses. Packed cell volumes (PCVs) of the P + M donkeys did not differ before and after packing. However, for the P-M donkeys, values before packing (30.20 ± 0.8%) were higher than those (26.87 ± 0.5%) after packing. The hematologic values recorded in the P + M donkeys were higher than those in the P-M donkeys, especially during the scotophase (P˂0.05). The mesor PCV, hemoglobin (Hb), and red blood cell (RBC) values for the P + M donkeys were significantly (P˂0.05) higher than those in the P-M donkeys. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was not different before (289.40 ± 60.8U/L) or after packing (323.20 ± 36.0U/L) in P + M donkeys, but the activity was significantly (P˂0.05) higher postpacking than prepacking in the P-M donkeys (294.20 ± 66.9U/L and 513.40 ± 68.5U/L, respectively). The relationships between the meteorologic parameters and PCV, Hb, and RBC concentrations in the P + M donkeys were significantly negative (P˂0.05). Melatonin prevented a decrease in PCV and increase in LDH activity immediately after packing compared with non-treated donkeys. There was a marked effect during the scotophase on PCV, Hb, and RBC concentrations. The circadian parameters indicated a significant effect of melatonin on the rhythmicity of the PCV, Hb, and RBC concentration in the treated donkeys. Melatonin administration may reduce the risk of adverse effects of environmental stress and stress due to packing in donkeys during the hot-dry season.