Radical Concentration Research Articles

Study on the Characteristics of Free Radical Reaction and Gas Production in the Coal Re-Oxidation Process After Injection of N2 And CO2

ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) are commonly used to control the spontaneous combustion of coal in goaf areas. The physical and chemical properties of N₂ and CO₂ differ significantly, which affects their effectiveness in cooling and the re-oxidation process of coal. The research results show that during the initial re-oxidation stage, the coal-oxygen reaction of the oxidized coal cooled by CO₂ is weaker than that under N₂. However, in the later stage of re-oxidation where the oxidation temperature ranges from 210°C to 230°C, the reaction of the oxidized coal cooled by CO₂ accelerates. The oxidized coal cooled in the CO₂ environment has a shorter initial oxidation time, which results in variances in the extent of coal structure damage and the consumption of active groups compared to that in the N₂ environment. Hence, its free radical concentration when undergoing re-oxidation is inferior to that in the N₂ environment. When the temperature is on the increase, CO₂ desorbs from the oxidized coal, causing more active substances and free radicals of the CO₂-cooled to oxidized coal participate in the reaction and accelerating the re-oxidation. Also, the injected CO₂ is adsorbed on the coal structure, inhibiting the combination of coal and oxygen during re-oxidation.

Developing an activated biochar-mineral supplement for reducing methane formation in anaerobic fermentation

Abstract The effects of biochar on methane emissions from soils are well understood. However, biochar effects on methane production from livestock have received less attention. In this study, a biochar-mineral supplement for livestock was developed by pyrolyzing a mixture of wheat straw, aluminosilicates, iron sulfate, and zinc oxide at 600 ℃. The supplement was then activated using peracetic and propionic acids, and potassium nitrate. The activated biochar-mineral supplement was characterized using analytical techniques. A high surface area, a high concentration of oxygen-containing functional groups, and a high concentration of free radicals, associated with O and Fe unpaired electrons, assisted the supplement with catalysing the oxidation of methane. Microstructural analysis of the supplement suggested the formation of organo-mineral phases, rich in C, O, Fe, Si, Al, K and Ca, indicating that the biochar reacted with mineral additives to preserve them. To assess the potential of the supplement to reduce methane produced form livestock, an in vitro batch culture incubation was conducted (n = 3) with rumen fluid sourced from Holstein–Friesian steers. The supplement was incubated at inclusion rates of 0% (control), 1.5%, 4.0% and 6.0% of dry matter (DM), with a Rhodes grass hay substrate. Compared to the control, the supplement reduced cumulative gas production by 10.1% and 12.7% and methane production by 19.03% and 29.32% after 48 h when included at 4.0% and 6.0% DM (P < 0.05), respectively, without causing any detrimental impacts on fermentation parameters. The supplement assisted with reducing the concentration of dissolved mineral nutrients, such as P and Mg, when included at 4.0% and 6.0% DM (P < 0.05). Graphical abstract

Determining the function of ripening associated genes and biochemical changes during tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit maturation.

This article examines biochemical alterations and gene expression changes during tomato fruit physiology. The chroma index increases from mature green (41.27) to red ripe (48.36) stages, and the texture softens from mature green (43.56 N) to red ripe (24.75 N). Reducing sugar and total carotenoid levels rise at the red ripe stage. Free radical content was elevated in the early stages (7nM) of ripening and declined at the later stages (4nM). The specific activity of α-mannosidase and β-N-acetyl hexosaminidase was high at the breaker (0.077 & 0.075 U/mg, respectively) stages, while polygalacturonase activity was high at red ripe (1.173 U/mg) stage. qPCR experiments revealed that the α-mannosidase was upregulated during the breaker (1.2 fold) stages of tomato ripening, the β-N-acetyl Hexosaminidase was upregulated throughout the breaker (2 fold), and pink (1.2 fold) stages of tomato ripening, and the β-xylosidase was upregulated significantly during the breaker stage (3.9 fold) of tomato ripening. The current findings revealed that the α-Mannosidase (0.77), β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (0.99), xylosidase (0.85), ethylene-responsive factors (0.86), aminocylco propane carboxylic oxidase (0.90), and pectin methylesterase (0.83), were significantly associated with textural softening. Polygalacturonase (0.75) positively correlated to reducing sugar formation, aminocylco propane carboxylic synthase 4 (0.96) expression correlates with chroma changes during tomato fruit ripening. These correlations illustrate the complex interplay between gene expression and the physical and biochemical changes occurring during tomato fruit ripening.

Revealing Mechanisms of an Eco-Friendly GaN Electrochemical Mechanical Removal Process Modified with Green Fenton Reaction.

Gallium Nitride (GaN), a leading third-generation semiconductor material, offers exceptional properties and broad application potential. However, its high hardness and chemical inertness make GaN wafers difficult to process, posing significant challenges in improving the polishing efficiency. During the electrochemical mechanical polishing (ECMP) process, the oxidation effect on the GaN surface critically affects the material removal rate (MRR). While various methods have been developed to enhance the concentration of hydroxyl radicals (OH*) to improve the process, their instability and rapid decomposition present further obstacles to maintaining concentration and stability. The present study proposed a novel approach using sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) as an electrolyte additive for ECMP under a green Fenton reaction. Furthermore, the MRR and surface roughness (Ra) of GaN-ECMP were comprehensively evaluated. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to observe the surface morphologies of GaN wafers after ECMP. Energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the generated oxide layers. The nanoscratch tests were conducted to reveal the material removal mechanisms of GaN under the synergistic effect of STPP and Fe2+. The results indicated that an efficient GaN-ECMP process (MRR > 800 nm/h) with good surface quality (Ra < 0.33 nm) can be realized by employing STPP as electrolyte additives. This study breaks the limitation of iron precipitate formation in the ECMP slurries during the Fenton reaction. It extends the lifetime of the hydroxyl radicals (OH*) produced by the Fenton reaction, which presents a beneficial exploration of seeking an eco-friendly polishing slurry for GaN-ECMP.

Investigation of NO emission characteristics from co-combustion of methane and ammonia at high-altitude areas

The high-altitude areas of China are abundant in renewable energy and have a natural advantage in ammonia production. Based on this advantage, this paper proposes a co-combustion strategy for methane and ammonia to reduce carbon emissions in these areas. However, the NO emission characteristics associated with this strategy remain uncertain. A custom-designed combustion system capable of simulating high-altitude environments was used to investigate the effect of ammonia mixing ratio, equivalence ratio, and pressure on NO emission in methane/ammonia/air flames. Additionally, chemical kinetic calculations were conducted to explore the mechanisms of how sub-atmospheric pressure influences NO emission. The results indicate that for stoichiometric flames, NO increases with the ammonia mixing ratio. In fuel-rich flames, NO remains nearly constant once the ammonia mixing ratio exceeds 10%. Sub-atmospheric pressure leads to higher NO, particularly in fuel-rich flames, where the increase can reach up to 24.4%. Analysis of nitrogen reaction pathways and key radical concentrations reveals that sub-atmospheric pressure has a minimal effect on nitrogen conversion pathways. The variation in NO is achieved by altering the pathway contributions and the concentrations of H, NH, and N. This work provides direction and guidance for improving the application of methane and ammonia co-combustion in high-altitude areas.

Nanoconfinement‐Enabled Resistance to Water Matrix Components for Selective Degradation of Micropollutants

AbstractDespite recent substantial advances in water treatment, the ability to selectively degrade trace micropollutants in real waters with complex matrix components remains a grand challenge. Here we report rational crafting of graphene oxide (GO)‐wrapped defective TiO2 composite catalysts that creates nanoscopic confinement over the TiO2 surface within GO, thereby enabling the selective degradation of micropollutants through effectively excluding natural organic matter (NOM) and anions from the nanoconfined catalytic sites. In contrast to unconfined counterparts, the nanoconfined composite catalysts retain high degradation efficiency when exposed to various concentrations of NOM and anions, even in real water samples. Oxygen vacancies in TiO2 promote electron separation and oxygen adsorption, leading to a 4.9‐fold increase in hydroxyl radical concentration within the nanoconfined space compared to the bulk solution. In situ X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy unveil the nanoconfined catalytic sites on the TiO2 surface, where micropollutants smaller than the pores of GO are effectively degraded, while NOM with a larger size is excluded by GO. Furthermore, the formation of toxic disinfection byproducts is well controlled due to the exclusion of NOM. This work provides a simple yet viable strategy for designing 2D material‐wrapped catalysts to selectively degrade target micropollutants in complex real waters.

Absolute line strength measurements of HO2 radical in the OO-stretching fundamental band between 1088 and 1124cm-1 using time-resolved dual-comb spectroscopy.

Absolute line strength measurements of hydroperoxyl (HO2) radical in the OO-stretching (ν3) fundamental band have been performed by means of mid-infrared time-resolved dual-comb spectroscopy. By employing two sets of dual-comb spectrometers, high-resolution time-resolved spectra of HO2 and HCl, formed in the photolysis reaction system of Cl2/CH3OH/O2, could be, respectively, measured near 1123 and 3059cm-1. With kinetic simulations, spectral analysis of both HO2 and HCl, as well as the accurate line strength of the HCl R(9) transition at 3059.316cm-1, an absolute line strength of the ν3 131,13 ← 121,12 F1,2 transitions in HO2 at 1122.983cm-1 was first determined to be 1.80 × 10-20cmmolecule-1 with a small uncertainty down to 4% under the conditions with low initial concentrations of Cl radical (1.63-1.81 × 1013moleculecm-3). Furthermore, broadband high-resolution spectra of the ν3 fundamental band of HO2 were recorded in the range of 1088-1124cm-1 with an average spectral resolution of 0.002cm-1. By contour fitting the measured broadband spectra with PGOPHER, the line strengths of hundreds of rovibrational transitions were obtained relative to the well-determined HO2 lines at 1122.983cm-1, and those values were observed to be higher than those tabulated in the HITRAN database by a factor of ∼2.8. Moreover, the absolute band strength of the ν3 fundamental band in HO2 was derived to be 22.3 km mol-1 with an uncertainty of 5%. This work providing precise and detailed spectral data would be crucial in revisiting the theoretical modeling of HO2 geometry and updating the database of the HO2 radical.

Nanoconfinement-Enabled Resistance to Water Matrix Components for Selective Degradation of Micropollutants.

Despite recent substantial advances in water treatment, the ability to selectively degrade trace micropollutants in real waters with complex matrix components remains a grand challenge. Here we report rational crafting of graphene oxide (GO)-wrapped defective TiO2 composite catalysts that creates nanoscopic confinement over the TiO2 surface within GO, thereby enabling the selective degradation of micropollutants through effectively excluding natural organic matter (NOM) and anions from the nanoconfined catalytic sites. In contrast to unconfined counterparts, the nanoconfined composite catalysts retain high degradation efficiency when exposed to various concentrations of NOM and anions, even in real water samples. Oxygen vacancies in TiO2 promote electron separation and oxygen adsorption, leading to a 4.9-fold increase in hydroxyl radical concentration within the nanoconfined space compared to the bulk solution. In-situ X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy unveil the nanoconfined catalytic sites on the TiO2 surface, where micropollutants smaller than the pores of GO are effectively degraded, while NOM with a larger size is excluded by GO. Furthermore, the formation of toxic disinfection byproducts is well controlled due to the exclusion of NOM. This work provides a simple yet viable strategy for designing 2D material-wrapped catalysts to selectively degrade target micropollutants in complex real waters.

Manganese Dioxides Induce the Transformation and Protection of Dissolved Organic Matter Simultaneously: A Significance of Crystallinity.

Interactions between manganese dioxides (MnO2) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) have long been the subject of scientific inquiry. However, the effect of MnO2 crystallinity on the DOM fate remains unclear. Herein, we comprehensively investigate the adsorption, protection, and mineralization of DOM by MnO2 with various crystallinities (order of crystallinity: γ-30 < γ-90 < γ-120). The results show that DOM adsorption is positively correlated with the specific surface area (SSA) of MnO2; γ-30 with the largest SSA adsorbs the highest amount of DOM, resulting in DOM protection. However, γ-90 and γ-120 with a smaller SSA could induce the Maillard reaction and thereby promote the formation of geopolymerized organic matter, leading to reduced bioavailability of DOM. Furthermore, the capability of MnO2 to mineralize DOM decreases in the order γ-120 > γ-90 > γ-30, and it is determined by both Mn4+ and hydroxyl radical (·OH) content. In particular, the contribution of radical-based oxidation of ·OH to DOM mineralization is 64.8, 47.4, and 23.7% for γ-30, γ-90, and γ-120, respectively. We propose that crystallinity of MnO2 may have a significant but hitherto unexplored influence on the global carbon cycle over geological time.

Azelaic Acid Induces Resistance in Coffea arabica Against Infection by Hemileia vastatrix, the Causal Agent of Coffee Leaf Rust

ABSTRACTCoffee leaf rust (CLR), caused by the fungus Hemileia vastatrix, is a very devastating disease affecting coffee production in many countries worldwide and causing yield losses that range from 15% to 50%. High CLR intensity on coffee trees impairs photosynthesis and causes intense defoliation resulting in fewer and smaller fruit berries on trees. New control methods for CLR that will reduce the use of fungicides and production costs need to be investigated and used in an integrated disease management program. In this study, it was hypothesised that azelaic acid (AzA), a C9 dicarboxylic acid (oxylipin) known to be involved in systemic acquired resistance, could boost defence reactions on the leaves of coffee (Coffea arabica, cultivar Catuaí Vermelho—IAC44) against infection by H. vastatrix. In the in vitro assay, urediniospores germination was significantly reduced (81%–86%) by AzA with concentrations from 1 to 20 mM. Fungal sporulation was much more intense on the leaves from water‐sprayed plants compared to leaves from AzA‐sprayed plants at both 22 and 30 days after inoculation (dai). The area under CLR progress curve and the intensity of fungal sporulation were significantly lower by 82% and 83%, respectively, and the incubation period was higher by 31% for AzA‐sprayed plants compared to water‐sprayed ones. The AzA‐sprayed plants infected by H. vastatrix displayed less photosynthetic impairments considering the greater values for rate of net CO2 assimilation, internal CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, and maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II compared to water‐sprayed and infected ones. On top of that, these plants displayed higher concentrations of chlorophyll a + b and carotenoids and a more robust antioxidative metabolism (increased ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione reductase activities at 12 dai). Interestingly, activities of chitinase, β‐1,3‐glucanase, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, peroxidase, and polyphenoloxidase were lower for AzA‐sprayed plants as a result of reduced colonisation and sporulation of H. vastatrix in contrast to water‐sprayed and infected ones. Higher concentration of superoxide anion radical for AzA‐sprayed plants and infected by H. vastatrix at 12, 22, and 30 dai may have helped to reduce the colonisation of coffee leaf tissues by H. vastatrix besides having a citotoxic fungistatic effect against the fungus. These results strongly support the potential of AzA to negatively affect the germination of urediniospores from H. vastatrix as well as to hamper the infection process of H. vastatrix on coffee leaves.

Methionine thioether reduces the content of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in high-temperature soybean oil by preventing the radical chain reaction.

This study investigated how methionine (Met) reduced 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) generation during the heating of soybean oil. The results showed that Met at 5mM, 10mM, 15mM, 20mM and 30mM reduced the 4-HNE content by 0.67%, 58.86%, 66.35%, 86.62% and 82.39%, respectively, as detected by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Additionally, a decrease in the content of alkyl radicals, alkyl peroxyl radicals and alkoxyl radicals with increasing Met concentration was detected by electron spin resonance. Combined with the subsequent identification of the adducts of Met with the three radicals, it could be shown that Met reduces the 4-HNE content by preventing the free radical chain reaction. Finally, the kinetics simulations of the reaction between 4-HNE and Met indicated that adducts formed by the two cannot be stabilized in high-temperature systems. This study offers insights into safe oil processing and the antioxidant mechanisms of Met thioether.

Oxidant concentrations and photochemistry in a vehicle cabin.

Indoor air quality (IAQ) in vehicles can be important to people's health, especially for those whose occupations require them to spend extensive time in vehicles. To date, research on vehicle IAQ has primarily focused on direct emissions as opposed to chemistry happening in vehicle cabins. In this work, we conducted time-resolved measurements of the oxidants and oxidant precursors ozone (O3), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and nitrous acid (HONO) inside the cabin of a 2012 Toyota Rav4 under varying ventilation conditions (i.e., car off, car on with passive ventilation, car on with mechanical ventilation via the recirculating fan, and car on with mechanical ventilation via the direct fan). Ozone levels inside the vehicle were significantly lower than outdoors under most conditions, and were approximately half the outdoor levels when the direct fan was in operation. Nitric oxide and NO2 concentrations were very low both inside the vehicle and outdoors. Nitrous acid levels in the vehicle were lower than reported values in other indoor environments, though much higher than expected outdoor levels. We also investigated the potential for photochemical production of radicals in the vehicle. Time- and wavelength-resolved solar irradiance spectra were collected, and steady state hydroxyl radical (OH) and nitrate radical (NO3) concentrations were calculated. Steady state OH concentrations were predicted to be similar to those in air masses in residences illuminated by sunlight, suggesting the importance of HONO photolysis in vehicles. Conversely, nitrate radicals (NO3) were not considered significant indoor oxidants in our study due to rapid titration by NO. Overall, our findings emphasize the importance of both air exchange and photochemistry in shaping the composition of air inside vehicles.

Quantification and source apportionment of atmospheric oxidation capacity in urban atmosphere by considering reactive chlorine species and photochemical loss of VOCs.

Atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) reflects the potential of the atmosphere in converting primary pollutants into secondary aerosols and ozone (O3). In this study, the AOC at an urban supersite in Wuhan, a megacity in central China, was quantified by considering the reactions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbon monoxide (CO) with atmospheric oxidants (OH, NO3, O3, and Cl). Photochemical loss of total VOCs (13.7-23.7%) during transport was accounted for by monitoring the concentration ratio of o-xylene and ethylbenzene, a VOC pair with diverse reaction rate constants with OH. AOC would be underestimated by 9.0-25.2% in the 4 seasons if being estimated from the observed VOCs instead of photochemical-loss corrected VOCs. The atmospheric oxidants were measured or indirectly estimated using well-established parameterizations. In particular, hourly reactive chlorine species were measured using an iodide-based chemical ionization mass spectrometer (I-CIMS). Cl radical concentration was calculated by assuming a steady-state between the production from reactive chlorine species and the removal by O3 and VOCs. The result showed that AOC would be underestimated by 14.5% and 1.9% in winter and spring if Cl radicals were neglected. Based on the above quantification, the composition of AOC was further apportioned to atmospheric oxidants, VOC categories, as well as the sources of VOC and CO. In winter, CNG combustion exhaust, electronics industry, and secondary formation were critical for regulating the AOC. In spring, secondary formation was the most important AOC source, followed by electronics industry and biogenic sources.

Radicals Concentration Measurements in Plasma Activated Water for Medical Applications

Radicals Concentration Measurements in Plasma Activated Water for Medical Applications

Antioxidant activity of herbal medicine Pyrrosia lingua evaluated by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.

The hydroxyl radical (˙OH) is one of the most reactive and harmful reactive oxygen species in living organisms. In this study, we used electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to evaluate the antioxidant activity of herbal medicine Pyrrosia lingua (PL) by measuring its scavenging activity against ˙OH radicals. Using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical as a scavenging model, the PL extract (0.6 mg mL-1) was able to scavenge 95.1% of 0.5 mmol L-1 DPPH radicals, showing a quantitative linear relationship between the DPPH radical concentration and the double integral area under the characteristic peaks of the EPR spectra, with a coefficient of determination R2 = 0.9986. Additionally, we also studied the scavenging activity of the PL extract towards hyperactive ˙OH radicals through the reduction of the intensity of the DMPO-OH˙ adducts. The PL extract (0.5 mg mL-1) showed a high scavenging ability against extremely short-lived ˙OH radicals, with a scavenging rate of 93.6% for ˙OH radicals generated by continuous ultraviolet-irradiation of a 5 mM H2O2 aqueous solution for 30 minutes. This study developed a method based on EPR spectroscopy measurements to detect ˙OH radicals captured by herbal medicine, providing a reference for the application of PL in antioxidant and clinical disease therapies.

Research on the combustion characteristics of coal with different degrees of high-temperature oxidation

ABSTRACT In view of the possibility of reignition of coal through inhibited oxidation reactions after contact with oxygen, the oxidation characteristics of coal at different oxidation degrees were studied using a self-built oxidation experiment system as well as ESR and FTIR instruments. The results indicated that the oxygen consumption rate and formation rate of carbon and oxygen gases increased rapidly in the range of 210°C to 430°C, the oxidation rate slowed down when the coal was pre-oxidized at 180°C, and the oxidation rate reached the maximum at 330°C as well as 380°C. When the final temperature of the coal samples reburning at 230°C and 330°C was 430°C, the difference among g factor, line width, and free radical concentration was the largest. With the increase in oxidation degree, the maximum difference of C-O peak area was 14.3%, the maximum difference of OH area was 1.1%, and the maximum difference of C=O area was 18.8%. When the peak area ratio of functional groups turned over, the preoxidation temperature was higher than 230°C. With the increase of the preoxidation temperature, the oxidation activity of coal was enhanced, and spontaneous combustion was more likely to occur. The research findings hold theoretical significance for ensuring safe fire zone opening procedures and preventing reignition in coal mine fire areas.

Spatially Confined Electrosynthesis of Halogen‐Poor and Carbonyl‐Rich Graphene for Boosting Water Desalination and Water Splitting

AbstractElectrochemical in situ modification of graphene remains a challenge because of the pretty low concentration of radicals generated during the electroexfoliation process. The spatially confined electrosynthesis of halogen‐poor and carbonyl‐rich graphene (XCG, X═F, Cl, Br) is reported. It is found that the effective radical addition reaction between graphite/graphene and electro‐generated radicals (halogen radical and carboxylic radical) is promoted by using X− and HCOO− as both intercalation ions and co‐reactants, which assists the efficient formation of high crystalline XCG. The assembled XCG membrane exhibited high interception for NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and K2SO4 due to the narrow interlayer space. Theoretical calculations revealed favorable water migration on surface of F atoms, thus grasping the high water permeation. Furthermore, the halogen and carboxyl functional groups afforded XCG highly efficient water splitting. The current work highlights the in situ modification of graphene during the electroexfoliation process and the subsequent applications in membrane science, molecular engineering, and other energy‐related applications.

Reformulation of Legal Norms Regarding the Spread of Criminal Radicalism Through Social Media in Indonesia

The spread of radical ideology through social media has become a serious challenge that requires more effective legal attention and action. This research proposes the need for a revision of existing regulations, particularly in defining radicalism and establishing strict actions as radical offenses, as well as the formation of implementing regulations that support the monitoring of harmful content. Furthermore, the importance of social media platforms' responsibility in managing radical content is outlined as part of the cooperation between the government, digital service providers, and society. This research also emphasizes the need for a comprehensive implementation strategy and the active role of law enforcement agencies to ensure effective law enforcement, aimed at creating a safer environment free from the influences of radicalism.

Narrative Review of Free Radicals and Reactive Oxygen Species in Otitis Media.

Many studies have evaluated the roles of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various diseases. To date, however, no systematic review has specifically investigated the involvement of free radicals and ROS in acute otitis media (OM), OM with effusion, and chronic OM. The present study therefore assessed the roles of free radicals and ROS in OM. SCOPUS, PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Google Scholar were comprehensively searched to identify studies assessing the roles of free radicals and ROS in OM. Relevant studies were identified and their findings summarized. The literature search identified 21 studies. A review of their findings showed that the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid hydroperoxide (LPO), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were elevated in patients with acute OM; that the concentrations of H2O2, LPO, MPO, xanthine oxidase (XO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydroxyl radical (·OH), and nitrotyrosine were elevated in patients with OM with effusion; and that the levels of nitric oxide (NO), MPO, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were elevated in patients with chronic OM. Although some studies reported that SOD levels were increased in patients with OM with effusion, decreases in antioxidants such as SOD and catalase, as well as total antioxidant capacity, were observed across all types of OM. Although the levels of free radicals and ROS varied by type of OM, study design, control group selection, sample type, ROS and free radical markers, and antioxidant types, most studies showed increased ROS and decreased antioxidants in OM patients. These findings suggest that levels of free radicals and ROS are strongly associated with the pathophysiology of OM.

Cleome arabica L mitigates bisphenol A-induced ovarian dysfunction and inflammation in Wistar rats: biochemical, histopathological, pharmacokinetic, and in silico studies.

The present study evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Cleome arabica (CA) fruit extract against bisphenol A (BPA)-induced ovarian injury in female Wistar rats. The antioxidant activity was estimated by the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and superoxide radical (NBT) content. For the in vivo analyses, 24 animals were divided into the following 4 groups: the control group; the BPA group (50 mg/kg BW BPA for 30 days); the BPA +CA group (50 mg/kg BW BPA and 50 mg/kg BW CA); and the CA group (50 mg/kg BW CA). The in vitro results demonstrated that CA exhibited strong antioxidant activity and scavenged O2•- radicals. . Pharmacokinetic properties were also explored, reflecting the physiological dynamics of the five active molecules (quercetin, catechin, kaempferol, rosmarinic acid, and naringenin).The in vivo findings revealed a significant increase in body weight associated with a significant increase in plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α), and testosterone levels (p < 0.01). In addition, ovarian histological disruption was observed. However, co-administration of CA extract significantly improved ovarian histological integrity and attenuated inflammatory and androgenic disturbances. Moreover, in silico investigations showed that CA compounds interacted more strongly with the active sites of IL-1β, IL-6, or TNF-α. The best binding energy was observed between catechin (five H-bonds) and IL-1β and IL-6, at -6.0 and -6.1 kcal/mol, respectively, and between rosmarinic acid (four H-bonds) and TNF-α, at -6.4 kcal/mol. The present study supports the use of Cleome arabica in the treatment of infertility for female polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients.