Protein Content Of Fraction Research Articles

Physicochemical properties of protein from pearling fractions of wheat kernels

AbstractBackgrounds and objectivesThe protein from various parts of the wheat kernel has different physicochemical properties, which is one of the reasons for the different processing characteristics of the corresponding flour made from these parts. In this study, wheat kernels were pearled into seven fractions from the outermost to the innermost layers to evaluate the quantitative and conformational properties of protein fractions from different pearling fractions.FindingsThe crude protein and protein fraction content was lower in the corresponding pearling fractions that were closer to the center of the endosperm. The albumin and SDS‐soluble protein contents in the total protein from the pearling fractions exhibited a similar trend, whereas the dry gluten content exhibited an opposite trend. The average molar mass (Mw), polydispersity index (Mw/Mn), and density (ρ) of the SDS‐soluble protein were decreased, but there was no significant difference in the Rgz. And the G′ plateau values of glutenin macropolymer (GMP) were increased.ConclusionsProtein conformation of the inner endosperm was looser than the other pearling fractions. Loose network wrapped more protein that led to the increased proportion of dry gluten. And it may increase aggregate entanglement that attributed to GMP became more elastic.Significance and noveltyThe changes in protein conformation in pearling fractions of wheat kernels further explained changes in physicochemical properties of protein from different pearling fractions.

Towards a phenomenological based model for predicting the hardness of a processed meat product.

This study aims to build a model for predicting the hardness of meat products by considering their protein fractions and protein structural changes during production. Protein solubility is considered an indicator of protein structural changes. The obtained model results show that structural changes of sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins occur during production. The gelling capacity is formed by the effect of the three protein fractions, namely myofibrillar, sarcoplasmic and stromal. The obtained model allows the prediction of the hardness of meat products based on their protein fraction contents with error below 5%, thus reaching a significant adjustment between real process data and the simulated model.

Effects of feed composition, protein denaturation and storage of milk serum protein/lactose powders on lactosylation

SummaryDuring whey powder production, the feed is subjected to several heat treatments which can cause lactosylation of proteins. In this study, lactosylation of whey proteins was evaluated in spray‐dried powders before and after storage by varying the native protein fraction as well as the serum protein/lactose ratio in the powders. The lactosylation of native α‐lactalbumin and β‐lactoglobulin in the powders before storage was not affected to a large extent by the protein denaturation or if the feed had been heat treated in a high or low lactose environment. After storage (relative humidity of 23.5%, 30 °C, 25 days), the kinetic of lactosylation tended to increase with increasing native protein fraction and bulk protein content in the powders. An explanation could be that proteins dissolved in the lactose glassy structure might have a lower reactivity, while proteins present in the protein glassy structure with dissolved lactose may display higher lactosylation reactivity.

Expression of plasmolemma proteins of the absorptive enterocytes of the cattle in the late fetal period

The article presents new scientific data on the expression of plasmalemma proteins of the absorptive enterocytes of the bovine intestines of five to nine months of age. In the late fetal period, 31 and 27 protein fractions of apical and basolateral membranes, respectively, were found in the plasmalemma of the jejunum intestine, which had a molecular weight of 9.6 kDa to 300 kDa. Twenty-nine protein fractions were detected in the apical membranes of five-month-old cattle enterocytes. It should be noted that protein fractions with low molecular weight (up to 24 kDa) were only 19.7 %, with molecular weights from 24 kDa to 100 kDa – 69.2 %, and fractions with molecular weights of 100 kDa and more were detected only – 11.1 % of the total number of polypeptides. Twenty-five protein fractions with a molecular weight of 9.6 to 155 kDa were found in the basolateral enterocyte membranes of five-month-old fetus. A large proportion of the detected protein fractions belonged to low molecular weight polypeptides (9.6–24 kDa – 40.26 %). Proteins with a molecular weight of 24–95 kDa – 55.2 %, with a molecular mass of 100 kDa and more were found only 4.56 %. High molecular weight proteins in the basolateral membrane of jejunum enterocytes of five-months-old cattle with a molecular weight greater than 155 kDa were not detected by electrophoresis (unlike the apical membrane). Analysis of the results of studies membranes protein of cattle enterocytes in late fetal period indicates significant changes in their polypeptide composition. In particular, in the basolateral membranes of enterocytes during the late fetal period there is a decrease in the content of low molecular weight protein fractions (3.3 times; P ≤ 0.001) and an increase in the proportion of high molecular weight. In addition, from the age of eight months, proteins with a molecular weight of 9.6–14.2 kDa and 75 kDa disappear in the basolateral membrane. Instead, proteins with a molecular weight of 300 kDa and 170-1885 kDa are appeared. In addition, in the apical membranes of enterocytes there is a significant decrease in the content of low molecular weight protein fractions and an increase in polypeptides with a molecular weight greater than 100 kDa. The appearance in the apical membranes of jejunum enterocytes of calves from eight months of age embryonic development of fractions of polypeptides with molecular weight of 24 kDa and 66 kDa, which are present until the end of the fetal period.

Effects of Post-Anthesis Heat Waves on the Grain Quality of Seven European Wheat Varieties

Wheat is undoubtedly one of the most important crops worldwide and it is essential to study how the distinct varieties answer to heat waves associated with climatic changes, in order to design adequate wheat breeding strategies. To assess high temperature (HT) impact in wheat grain characteristics, seven commercial varieties, which have been recommended for production in Portugal, were submitted for one-week HT treatment ten days after anthesis. Firstly, predicted grain technological quality was determined by giving high scores for all varieties studied, based on the allelic compositions of genes encoding high molecular weight glutenins, granule-bound starch synthase and puroindolines. The effects of HT on transcription levels of those genes were, for the first time, evaluated in distinct wheat genotypes, in comparison with control plants. Finally, protein fraction content in mature grains were also estimated in untreated and treated plants. Immature grains from plants, maintained in control conditions, showed significant intervarietal differences in transcription levels of genes associated with grain quality traits, a variability that was significantly reduced in grains from HT treated plants. On the other hand, the influence of HT in mature grain protein-fractions and in gliadin/glutenin ratios revealed intervarietal diversity, even with opposite effects in some varieties. The present study, therefore, discloses marked variability in parameters associated with flour quality between the wheat varieties analyzed, which are differentially affected by HT treatments, similar to heat waves frequently observed in climate change scenarios.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Acanthus ilicifolius

In the present study, ultrasound-assisted extraction of water-soluble polysaccharides from the Acanthus ilicifolius was optimized by using one-factor-at-a-time and Box–Behnken designs. A maximum polysaccharide yield of 2.46% was obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power of 150 W, temperature of 53 °C, extraction time of 50 min, and liquid to solid ratio of 35 mL/g. Results of UV, FTIR and molecular weights indicated that there were significant differences in structures of polysaccharides extracted with ultrasound assistance (UAE-ACI) and hot-water extraction (HWE-ACI) including monosaccharide compositions and ratios, and molecular weight distributions. Further analysis showed that UAE-ACI had a higher antioxidant activity in vitro than that of HWE-ACI possibly due to lower molecular weight and higher content of phenolics and protein fractions.

Razlike u sadržaju hranljivih i bioaktivnih jedinjenja između hibridnih i slobodnooprašujućih sorti kukuruza

The contemporary trends in maize breeding are directed at identification of genotypes with improved grain quality for human consumption, industrial processing, and their incorporation into breeding programmes. In this study, three maize hybrids and three open-pollinated varieties (OPVs), differing in grain colour and type, were used to examine the differences in the total carotenoid content, the phenolic compounds profile and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). In addition, physical parameters, basic chemical composition, as well as the content of protein fractions in grain, were analysed. The multivariate approach through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) application contributed to better understanding of the complexity of the interdependence for maize grain quality parameters tested. From the aspect of different end use, better technological quality desirable for dry milling and snack food processing found in OPVs Osmak and Bosanac, as well as high content of bioactive compounds (i.e. TAC) exhibited by OPV Rumenka, make these genotypes superior compared to hybrids' varieties evaluated.

ITRAQ-Based Proteomic Analysis of Rice Grains.

Cereal proteins have formed the basis of human diet worldwide, and their level of consumption is expected to increase. The knowledge of the protein composition and variation of the cereal grains is helpful for characterizing cereal varieties and to identify biomarkers for tolerance mechanisms. Grains produce a wide array of proteins, differing under conditions. Quantitative proteomics is a powerful approach allowing the identification of proteins expressed under defined conditions that may contribute understanding the complex biological systems of grains. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) is a mass spectrometry-based quantitative approach allowing, simultaneously, for protein identification and quantification from multiple samples with high coverage. One of the challenges in identifying grains proteins is their relatively high content (~90-95%) of carbohydrate (starch) and low protein (~4-10%) and lipid (~1%) fractions. In this chapter, we present a robust workflow to carry out iTRAQ quantification of the starchy rice grains.

Structural proteins of plasmolemma of the jejunum absorbing enterocytes of cattle fetus in early fetal period

The data on the concentration of structural proteins of plasmolemma of the absorption enterocytes of the cattle fetus in the early fetal period are presented. Changes in the protein composition of the apical and basolateral membranes of enterocytes are manifested, characterized not only by changes in their ratio within different cell domains, but also by the dynamic redistribution of the number of different fractions of polypeptides between the poles of these cells. Analysis of the results of electrophoresis of apical membranes of the cattle fetus enterocytes in the early fetal period indicates a decrease in the content of low molecular weight protein fractions and an increase in high molecular weight. In the apical membranes of enterocytes of two-month-old cattle fetus, 25 protein fractions with a molecular weight of 9.6 to 205 kDa were detected. In the basolateral membranes revealed 23 protein fractions with a molecular weight of 9.6 to 120 kDa. High molecular weight fractions of polypeptides with molecular weights of 250 kDa and 300 kDa appear from the age of three months of embryos of calves. In the basolateral membranes of enterocytes, there is a slight decrease in the content of low molecular weight protein fractions, and from the four months of age of cattle fetus, high molecular weight fractions of polypeptides with molecular weights of 22.5 kDa and 155 kDa appear, which are absent in basolateral membranes of enterocytes. Two-month-old fetus lack proteins with a molecular weight of 19 kDa, 24 kDa, and 66 kDa in the apical part, whereas proteins with a mass of 22.5 kDa, 155 kDa, 170–185 kDa, and 205 kDa are absent on the basolateral membrane. In the apical membrane of enterocytes significantly more proteins with a low molecular weight of 9.6-14.2 kDa (1.56 times; P ≤ 0.001), whereas in the basolateral membrane a significantly higher concentration of proteins with a molecular weight of 15.5 kDa (2.06 times; P ≤ 0.001) and 17 kDa (3.62 times; P ≤ 0.001).

Structural proteins of plasmolemma of the jejunum absorbing enterocytes of cattle fetus in early fetal period

The data on the concentration of structural proteins of plasmolemma of the absorption enterocytes of the cattle fetus in the early fetal period are presented. Changes in the protein composition of the apical and basolateral membranes of enterocytes are manifested, characterized not only by changes in their ratio within different cell domains, but also by the dynamic redistribution of the number of different fractions of polypeptides between the poles of these cells. Analysis of the results of electrophoresis of apical membranes of the cattle fetus enterocytes in the early fetal period indicates a decrease in the content of low molecular weight protein fractions and an increase in high molecular weight. In the apical membranes of enterocytes of two-month-old cattle fetus, 25 protein fractions with a molecular weight of 9.6 to 205 kDa were detected. In the basolateral membranes revealed 23 protein fractions with a molecular weight of 9.6 to 120 kDa. High molecular weight fractions of polypeptides with molecular weights of 250 kDa and 300 kDa appear from the age of three months of embryos of calves. In the basolateral membranes of enterocytes, there is a slight decrease in the content of low molecular weight protein fractions, and from the four months of age of cattle fetus, high molecular weight fractions of polypeptides with molecular weights of 22.5 kDa and 155 kDa appear, which are absent in basolateral membranes of enterocytes. Two-month-old fetus lack proteins with a molecular weight of 19 kDa, 24 kDa, and 66 kDa in the apical part, whereas proteins with a mass of 22.5 kDa, 155 kDa, 170–185 kDa, and 205 kDa are absent on the basolateral membrane. In the apical membrane of enterocytes significantly more proteins with a low molecular weight of 9.6-14.2 kDa (1.56 times; P ≤ 0.001), whereas in the basolateral membrane a significantly higher concentration of proteins with a molecular weight of 15.5 kDa (2.06 times; P ≤ 0.001) and 17 kDa (3.62 times; P ≤ 0.001).

Effects of the detailed protein composition of milk on curd yield and composition measured by model micro-cheese curd making of individual milk samples

The effect of the contents of casein (CN) and whey protein fractions on curd yield (CY) and composition was estimated using 964 individual milk samples. Contents of αS1-CN, αS2-CN, β-CN, γ-CN, glycosylated κ-CN (Gκ-CN), unglycosylated κ-CN, β-LG, and α-LA of individual milk samples were measured using reversed-phase HPLC. Curd yield and curd composition were measured by model micro-cheese curd making using 25 mL of milk. Dry matter CY (DMCY) was positively associated with all casein fractions but especially with αS1-CN and β-CN. Curd moisture decreased at increasing β-CN content and increased at increasing γ-CN and Gκ-CN content. Due to their associations with moisture, Gκ-CN and β-CN were the fractions with the greatest effect on raw CY, which decreased by 0.66% per 1-standard deviation (SD) increase in the content of β-CN and increased by 0.62% per 1-SD increase in the content of Gκ-CN. The effects due to variation in percentages of the casein fractions in total casein were less marked than those exerted by contents. A 1-SD increase in β-CN percentage in casein (+3.8% in casein) exerted a slightly negative effect on DMCY (β = -0.05%). Conversely, increasing amounts of αS1-CN percentage were associated with a small increase in DMCY. Hence, results suggest that, at constant casein and whey protein contents in milk, the DMCY depends to a limited extent on the variation in the αS1-CN:β-CN ratio. κ-Casein percentage did not affect DMCY, indicating that the positive relationship detected between the content of κ-CN and DMCY can be attributed to the increase in total casein resulting from the increased amount of κ-CN and not to variation in κ-CN relative content. However, milk with increased Gκ-CN percentage in κ-CN also shows increased raw CY and produces curds with increased moisture content. Curd yield increased at increasing content and relative proportion of β-LG in whey protein, but this is attributable to an improved capacity of the curd to retain water. Results obtained in this study support the hypothesis that, besides variation in total casein and whey protein contents, variation in protein composition might affect the cheese-making ability of milk, but this requires further studies.

Evaluation and comparison of protein composition and quality in half-sib families of opaque-2 maize (Zea mays L.) from Argentina

<p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">El objetivo fue caracterizar y comparar la composición proteica de familias de medios hermanos de maíz </span></span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><em>opaco-2</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> de Argentina mediante prueba de progenie. Se determinó dureza del grano, contenido de fracciones proteicas, aminoácidos y digestibilidad </span></span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><em>in vitro</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> de proteína (PD) de la harina integral. Se usaron genotipos no-opacos como control. El contenido total de proteína de los genotipos </span></span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><em>o2</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> correlacionó negativamente con la dureza del grano (</span></span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><em>r</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">=-42 en 2012 y </span></span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><em>r</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">=-0.32 en 2013) y no mostró diferencias significativas respecto a los genotipos no-opacos; sin embargo, los genotipos </span></span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><em>o2</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> mostraron mayor PD, menor proporción de zeína y mayor de albúminas, globulinas y glutelinas. Las progenies </span></span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><em>o2</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> mostraron mayor contenido de lisina, isoleucina y treonina en comparación con el maíz blanco. El contenido de lisina, el de fracciones proteicas y la PD mostraron una mayor contribución de la varianza genética, a pesar de la alta contribución de la varianza del año observada en el contenido total de proteínas. </span></span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Las diferencias mostradas por los perfiles de proteínas de las progenies permitirán identificar genotipos </span></span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><em>o2</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> con menor nivel de zeína y mayor contenido de lisina. Esto permitirá continuar con la selección y la mejora genética para obtener variedades con calidad proteica superior. </span></span></span></p>

Complex coacervates formation between gelatin and gum Arabic with different arabinogalactan protein fraction content and their characterization

This work aimed to investigate the possible impact of the chemical composition of gum arabic (GA) on the interactions and complexation mechanism with gelatin (G). For this purpose, two gum arabic samples were selected differing in the content of their arabinogalactan protein fraction (AGP), i.e. low (7%, GA7) and high (14%, GA14). The complex coacervates formation process was studied as a function of pH (from 7 to 2.4) and G:GA mixing ratio (1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 4:1, 6:1 w/w) by following changes in turbidity, ζ-potential and absorption of methylene blue – biopolymers mixtures. The complexation between the biopolymers (G-GA7 and G-GA14) was found to be stronger at a ratio of 1:1 and pH 3.7, where the highest yield (∼71%) was observed. The formed coacervates were examined using laser diffraction technique and optical microscopy along with Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Although both G:GA systems exhibited a similar behavior, some differences were observed. More specifically, results revealed that GA14 affected the surface charge characteristics of the G-GA complexes to a greater extent than GA7, while the corresponding liquid coacervates were more spherical, with a smoother surface and not aggregated. Additionally, G-GA14 complex coacervates were characterized by a more uniform morphology and size distribution along with a higher thermal stability implying thus a greater effectiveness of this system for the encapsulation of heat-sensitive materials.

Effect of Silybum marianum seeds as a feed additive on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, antioxidant status, and gene expression of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) fingerlings

A growth trial was conducted over 10 weeks to measure the effects of dietary Silybum marianum seeds on “growth performance, feed utilization, blood parameters, antioxidant enzymes activities and gene expression of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings”. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets were formulated to contain five levels of S. marianum seeds on the dry weight basis at 0 (control), 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 g kg−1 diet. The results showed that the highest weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and apparent protein utilization (APU) were obtained by fish fed diet supplemented with 7.5 and 10 g kg−1 S. marianum. In addition, the total serum protein concentration as well as albumin and globulin protein fraction contents were obviously higher in fish fed either 7.5 or 10 g S. marianum seeds kg−1 diet than other diets. The lowest level of aspartate and alanine aminotransferase was recorded in fish fed diet supplemented with 10 g kg−1 diet S. marianum. Results also showed that, the highest total antioxidant enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity (CAT) was obtained by fish fed diet supplemented with 10 g kg−1 S. marianum. The highest transcripts accumulation of growth hormone was detected in pituitary of fish fed diet supplemented with 10 g kg−1 diet S. marianum, but the highest expression of immunoglobulin M-2 (IGM-2) was detected in liver of fish fed diet supplemented with 7.5 g kg−1 diet S. marianum. The highest up-regulated expression of SOD and CAT were detected in fish fed diet supplemented with 10 g kg−1 diet S. marianum seeds. These results suggested that the best dietary S. marianum level in the diet of Nile tilapia, O. niloticus fingerlings was 7.5 g or 10 g kg−1 diet (92.25 and 123 mg kg−1 silymarin) as a feed additive to promote growth, enhance the immune responses, increase antioxidant activity and gene expression.

Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles on the Formation of Corn Yield

The peculiarities Obsky 140 variety of corn in yield formation when it is cultivated with the use of selenium nanoparticles in an optimum concentration were studied. The experiment was conducted in soil culture in threefold repetition. Agrochemical indicators of soil were: 6.2 pHKCl, 2.6% content of humus, 204 mg/kg P2O5, and 219 mg/kg K2O of soil. Four variants of the experiment were developed: control 1 (dry seeds), control 2 (seeds soaked in water), seed incrustation with NP Se (semidry pickling), and seeds soaked in NP Se (30 min before seeding calculated for 0.1 g/ha). NP Se containing 3.7 mg of Se nanopreparation in 1 L of water was used. The positive effect of selenium nanoparticles on the growth processes of corn seeds—germination, germination energy, and growth force—was shown. Seed treatment with NP Se increased the seed germination energy by 6.90 and 9.13%, laboratory germination by 4.67 and 8.34%, and growth force by 26.32 and 31.05%, respectively, compared with control 2 and control 1. Under adverse conditions, the use of selenium nanoparticles increased plant growth in height. NP Se had a positive effect on starch accumulation, and soaking in this preparation increased the content of protein fractions. The greatest increase in yield of corn’s dry phytomass was provided by the soaking of seeds in selenium nanoparticles, which is caused by an increase corn’s green mass yield.

Effect of selenium nanoparticles on the formation of the corn crop

Peculiarities of yield formation of maize variety Obskiy 140 the cultivation of it with the use of selenium nanoparticles of an optimum concentration. The experiment was carried out in soil culture in 3-fold repetition. Agrochemical parameters of soil: рН 6,2; the КСl humus of 2.6%; P O 204 mg/kg and K O 219 mg/kg soil. Four variants of the experiment were developed: control 1 (dry seeds), 2 5 2 control 2 (soaking seeds in water), NP Se inlay (semi-dry etching) and NP Se soaking (30 minutes before sowing at the rate of 0,1 g/ha of NP selenium). In the experiments, NP Se containing 3,7 mg of nanopreparation Se in 1 liter of water was used. The positive effect of selenium nanoparticles on the growth processes of maize seeds: germination, germination energy, growth force is shown. Se NP seed treatment increases germination energy by 6,90 and 9,13%, laboratory germination by 4,67 and 8,34%, growth strength by 26,32 and 31,05%, respectively, control 2 (soaking in water) and control 1 (dry change). Under adverse conditions, the use of selenium nanoparticles increases the growth of plants in height. Positive effect on the accumulation of starch in corn grains inlay NP Se, and soaking in this drug increases the content of protein fractions. The greatest increase in the yield of dry corn phytomass provides soaking seeds with selenium nanoparticles, which is caused by an increase in the yield of green corn mass.

Effect of the feeding system and the production season on the protein fraction content in milk

The objective of the present research was to analyse the protein fraction content in milk, with particular regard to whey proteins, in dependence on the cows’ feeding system (group 1 - extensive, 2 - semi-intensive, 3 - intensive) and production season (spring-summer and autumn-winter). Chemical analysis of the fodder was the base for calculation of energy and protein coverage of nutritional dose. A total of 1,133 milk samples were evaluated (550 in winter and 583 in summer). The milk samples were examined for the somatic cell count (SCC), the basic chemical composition, casein and whey proteins: α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, bovine serum albumin (BSA), lactoferrin and lysozyme. Higher content of crude protein, including casein, was noticed in milk obtained from cows coming from semi-intensive and intensive farms. However, milk taken from cows fed according to the group 1, which was based on fodder from permanent grasslands, had the highest concentration of major whey proteins - both in the summer (pasture and hay) and winter (hay and haylage) seasons. With the increase of silage and industrial fodder in the feed ration, the content of whey proteins - mainly β-lactoglobulin and lactoferrin - decreased, which was confirmed by the obtained negative correlation coefficients.

Dynamics of changes in protein metabolism rates in cows depending on the season of the year and the location of the farm

Protein metabolism in animals is perhaps the most informative indicator of anthropogenic environmental pollution, because it provides an opportunity to characterize metabolic processes in the body. They are of the utmost importance for the structure and function of all cells, tissues and organs. Proteins reflect the state of the organism, as well as those changes that occur in it under the influence of internal and external factors. We studied the dynamics of changes in indicators in protein metabolism in cows depending on the season of the year and the location of a farm. The research was carried out in two farms of the Lviv region: the Danylo Halytskyj LLC, near the State Mining and Chemical Enterprise “Sirka”, and FE “Lelyk” of Zhovkva district, in spring, summer, autumn and winter periods of keeping. The object of research was the blood of 20 cows of Ukrainian Black-Spotted breed. According to the results of the research, a reduction in total protein, relative to the physiological norm of 0.45 g/l. in spring, and by 0.64 g/l in the summer, dysproteinemia, a high level of gamma globulin fraction (50.30%) in cows from the Danylo Halytskyj farm, located in the zone of influence of the State Chemical Medicine Plant “Sirka”. In animals FE Lelyk, located in the conventionally clean zone, this indicator was significantly higher, and was 76.14 g/l in spring, and 78.17 g/l in summer, and also in animals of this farm dysproteinemia was not observed. In the autumn, at the end of the summer grazing period of the keeping, the index of total protein tended to decrease in the animals of the Danylo Halytsky's Ltd., and in winter it was normalized and invested in the limits of the physiological norm. Albumin fraction of protein in this group of animals, throughout the search period, had a tendency to increase. In the cows of the FE “Lelyk”, the indices of protein metabolism were within the limits of the physiological norm in all periods of research, with the inherent fluctuations in the season of the year. The obtained results due to the content of total protein and protein fractions in the plasma of blood of cows kept in territories with different ecological status indicate that the effect of the activity of the State Chemical Medicine Plant “Sirka” is sufficiently strong on the organism of animals.

Serum proteinogram of the Campeiro horse

ABSTRACT The aim of this study to measure the fractions of the total serum proteins of the Campeiro horse and identify the influences of biological variants. Blood samples were taken in 138 horses of the breed Campeiro for measuring the concentration of total serum protein by the biuret method. Serum concentrations of protein fractions were measured by electrophoresis using agarose gel. Groups were formed according to age, sex and reproductive condition. The average values of serum fractions: albumin (2.85±0.36g/dl), alpha 1 (0.28±0.11g/dl), alpha 2 (0.26±0.08g/dL) beta 1 (0.57±0.15g/dl), beta 2 (0.89±0.28g/dL), gamaglobulinas (1.86±0.34g/dL), albumin/globulin ratio (0.75±0.18) and 2.5% percentile and 97.5% had slight differences in relation to the reference interval proposed for the species. They observed higher values of alpha 1 and 2 globulins in the group from that had six to eight years old and gammaglobulins in group above 13 years old. Serum protein concentrations were similar in horses and mares and between non-pregnant and pregnant. Sex and pregnancy status did not affect serum proteinogram. Alpha and gammaglobulins have higher values as the age increases. Serum proteinogram of Campeiro horses shows variations that have to be considered in the interpretation of laboratory tests.

Pharmacotherapy of inflammatory process by ginger extract (Zingiber officinale) ointment

Introduction: The anti-inflammatory activity of the ointment based on ginger extract was investigated on carrageenan-induced inflammation. Methods: Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated on the carrageenan inflammation model in rat. The animals were divided into 5 groups: first group– control (without treatment); second group– animals received preventive treatment of ointment with ginger extract two days before experiment and with subsequent treatment after administration of phlogogen; 3rd group– animals received applications of 5% ibuprofen 2 days before experiment and with subsequent treatment after induction of inflammation; fourth group – animals were treated with ginger extract ointment after one day of the phlogogen administration; fifth group – animals were treated with reference drug after one day of the phlogogen introduction. The biochemical parameters (concentration of sialic acids, seromucoids, contents of total proteins and protein fractions) of the blood of experimental animals were investigated. Results: After local application of the ointment from the ginger extract, under the conditions of its application after phlogogen inoculation, the effect was the same as anti-inflammatory effect of the ibuprofen which was used as reference drug. The preventive ointment application provided faster and more intense reduction of the inflammatory focus with returning to the background indicators on the eighth day of the experiment, and for biochemical parameters on the sixth day of therapy. Conclusion: The ointment from ginger extract shows anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting inflammation caused by carrageenan.