Polyester Content Research Articles

Effect of blending ratio on the hollow coffee carbon polyester/cotton blended yarn

The effect of blending ratio on the performance of hollow coffee carbon polyester/cotton blended compact siro-spun yarn was investigated. Five blend ratios of hollow coffee carbon polyester/cotton fiber (i.e. 20/80, 35/65, 50/50, 65/35, and 80/20) and polyester/cotton fiber 35/65 were designed, and six groups of 14.6 tex yarn were spun by compact siro. Indices for the performance of the yarn (surface morphology, evenness, hairiness, tensile property, and hydroscopicity) were tested and analyzed. The regression analysis showed the excellent linear relationship between the content of hollow coffee carbon polyester and each performance index was obtained. Cubic curve models were built to comprehensively evaluate the performance of the yarn. The blending effect in these yarns was evaluated using the Hamilton transfer index. The tests results show that with the increase of the content of hollow coffee carbon polyester in the blended yarn, the evenness and tensile properties of the hollow coffee carbon polyester/cotton blended yarn continue to increase, whereas the hairiness index and moisture regain of the yarn gradually decrease. With the change of blending ratio, the transfer index of each fiber in hollow coffee carbon polyester/cotton blended yarn will change. When the content of hollow coffee carbon polyester is more than or equal to 50%, it has the tendency to preferentially distribute inward, whereas the cotton fiber has the tendency to preferentially distribute outward. When the content of hollow coffee carbon polyester is less than 50%, the reverse is true. The comprehensive evaluation value of the yarn performance decreased first and then increased with the increase in the content of hollow coffee carbon polyester.

Evaluating the Effect of Textile Material and Structure for Printable and Wearable e-Textiles

During the fabrication of printed e-textile devices, it is often necessary to print a low-cost polymer interface layer to level the surface of the fabrics. The typical thickness of this interface layer is usually greater than the thickness of the fabric. This significantly affects the flexibility and wearability of the printed e-textile. This paper investigates the thickness reduction of the interface layer by studying the effect of the textile material and its thread count on the surface roughness and thickness of the printed interface. This is achieved by screen printing a polyurethane interface layer on fabrics of five different fabric materials and thread counts. The results show that the surface roughness of the fabrics and the printed interface layer thickness reduce at higher thread counts. More importantly, the thickness of the interface layer significantly reduces with the use of fabrics with high polyester content. A <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$50~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> thick polyurethane interface layer with a surface roughness, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${R}_{a}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> value of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.7~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is reported on a 100% plain weave polyester fabric. The PU thickness is 4 times less than the state of the art and shows more than 80 % reduction in the proportion of interface material to fabric thickness of the printed e-textile. This minimizes the impact of the printed film on the fabric.

Fast and quantitative compositional analysis of hybrid cellulose-based regenerated fibers using thermogravimetric analysis and chemometrics

Cellulose can be dissolved with another biopolymer in a protic ionic liquid and spun into a bicomponent hybrid cellulose fiber using the Ioncell® technology. Inside the hybrid fibers, the biopolymers are mixed at the nanoscale, and the second biopolymer provides the produced hybrid fiber new functional properties that can be fine-tuned by controlling its share in the fiber. In the present work, we present a fast and quantitative thermoanalytical method for the compositional analysis of man-made hybrid cellulose fibers by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in combination with chemometrics. First, we incorporated 0–46 wt.% of lignin or chitosan in the hybrid fibers. Then, we analyzed their thermal decomposition behavior in a TGA device following a simple, one-hour thermal treatment protocol. With an analogy to spectroscopy, we show that the derivative thermogram can be used as a predictor in a multivariate regression model for determining the share of lignin or chitosan in the cellulose hybrid fibers. The method generated cross validation errors in the range 1.5–2.1 wt.% for lignin and chitosan. In addition, we discuss how the multivariate regression outperforms more common modeling methods such as those based on thermogram deconvolution or on linear superposition of reference thermograms. Moreover, we highlight the versatility of this thermoanalytical method—which could be applied to a wide range of composite materials, provided that their components can be thermally resolved—and illustrate it with an additional example on the measurement of polyester content in cellulose and polyester fiber blends. The method could predict the polyester content in the cellulose-polyester fiber blends with a cross validation error of 1.94 wt.% in the range of 0–100 wt.%. Finally, we give a list of recommendations on good experimental and modeling practices for the readers who want to extend the application of this thermoanalytical method to other composite materials.

Improvement in pilling property of viscose/PET blended knitted fabric after garment dyeing

Pilling is a serious and common problem that occurs in garment dyed fabrics due to the prolonged drying of the fabric. With this aim, this study focuses on the pilling problem of the products knitted with different blend ratios of polyester/viscose yarn. A total of 5 different types of ring yarns were produced, in which viscose/polyester (PET) was used in 5 different blend ratios. A total of 100 samples were produced by applying 20 different processes/combinations to single jersey fabrics knitted from yarns with different blending ratios. The pilling results obtained after the experiments were statistically evaluated using the Minitab program. Thermofixation process without enzyme treatment was found to reduce pilling formation for viscose/PET blend fabrics with higher polyester content, with the advantage of reduced chemical consumption and cost-saving. Results show that pilling could be effectively reduced with enzyme treatment and singeing process for the fabrics with higher viscose content. Application of polyurethane and silicic acid based finishing treatments in garment dye machines was found to have good pilling prevention performance.

Textiles Functionalized with ZnO Nanoparticles Obtained by Chemical and Green Synthesis Protocols: Evaluation of the Type of Textile and Resistance to UV Radiation

The study evaluates five types of commercial textiles with different cotton and polyester contents widely used in the garment industry. These textile samples have been subjected to treatment by the exhaustion method using zinc oxide nanoparticles (NP ZnO) (textile functionalization) with the aim of improving their efficiency in blocking UV radiation. The ZnO nanoparticles have been obtained by two methods: The green or also called biosynthesis (using the extract of Coriandrum sativum as an organic reducing agent), and the chemical method (using NaOH as an inorganic reducing agent). The results related to the green method show having achieved a defined geometric configuration with an average size of 97.77 nm (SD: 9.53). On the contrary, the nanostructures obtained by the chemical method show pentagonal configurations with average sizes of 113 nm (SD: 6.72). The textiles functionalized with NP ZnO obtained by biosynthesis showed a better efficiency in blocking ultraviolet radiation (UV).

Study of Thermal Comfort Properties on Socks made from Recycled Polyester/Virgin Cotton and its Blends

In this research work, it is proposed to study the thermal comfort properties of socks made from virgin cotton and recycled polyester fibres and its blends. To determine the thermal comfort properties of socks the following parameters such as thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, air permeability and relative water-vapour permeability has to be investigated. Amongst the blends, higher the addition of recycled polyester content results in increased air permeability, thermal resistance and relative water-vapour permeability and decreased thermal conductivity values than the virgin cotton blends. Furthermore, it is noticed that recycled polyester ratio increases among the blends the fabric become thin, lighter and more porous with better thermal resistance, air permeability, relative water-vapour permeability and lesser thermal conductivity than the virgin cotton ratio in the blends. It is suggested that modifications in the fibre blends lead to changes in the fabric properties such as thickness which in turn affects the comfort properties of socks. The findings were statistically evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) by using SPSS 15.0. Statistical result analysis also reveals that the blend ratio significantly affects all of the thermal comfort properties of the socks.

Self-healing ability based on hydrogen bonds in organic coatings for corrosion protection of AA1200

Biobased polyurethane coatings derived from vegetable oils, with 2 different compositions, were prepared and applied on the AA1200 aluminum alloy to confer corrosion protection. The influence of the ratio between the polyester (flexible segment) and the prepolymer (rigid segment) was investigated. Infrared spectroscopy studies evidenced the difference between the areas of the bands (NH) and optical and scanning electron microscopy evidenced the morphological features of the coating surface before and after immersion in aggressive medium. The barrier properties and anti-corrosion performance of the coatings were evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the results revealed an increase of impedance over the immersion time. Localized corrosion studies confirmed the self-healing effect in coatings formulated with the highest content of polyester.

Evaluation of a hyperbranched polyester polyol as plasticizing agent for composites of recycled polystyrene and rice husk

This study makes a contribution to the preparation of composites from recycled polystyrene and rice husk (it is mainly incinerated producing environmental contamination in Norte de Santander department-Colombia), which will contribute to reduce the accumulation of waste derivatives from polymeric and rice industries in this region. Hence, the aim of this work was to use a hyperbranched polyester as plasticizing agent and to evaluate its influence on the properties of the composites. The proportions of the recycled polystyrene and rice husk were 60 wt% and 40 wt% respectively. In the case of the polyester, were employed amount of 10 wt%, 20 wt%, 30 wt% and 40 wt%. Also was prepared a control sample (0 % of polyester). The results of infrared analysis evidenced changes in the absorption of the hydroxy groups. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the first thermal decomposition of the composites decreased with the polyester content, but it did not follow the same trend on mechanical properties. The results of scanning electronic microscopy analysis allowed evidence that the fracture mechanism of the composite was fragile. The viscosity of the control sample was lower than that of the composites obtained with the polyester.

Machine vision estimates the polyester content in recyclable waste textiles

Global textile production is mainly based on polyester and cotton fibers. A majority of textiles at the end of their lifecycle are currently landfilled or incinerated, but will be increasingly recycled in the future. Here, we discuss how the polyester content in blended textiles can be estimated based on hyperspectral near infrared imaging with the aim of developing machine vision for textile characterization and recycling. Differences in the textile samples were first visualized based on a principal component model and the polyester contents of individual image pixels were then predicted using image regression. The results showed average prediction errors of 2.2-4.5% within a range of 0-100% polyester and enabled visualizing the spatial changes in the polyester contents of the textiles. We foresee that digitalized tools similar to what we report here will be increasingly important in the future as more emphasis is placed on coordinated collection, sorting and reuse of waste textiles.

Development of Textile Handicrafts for reinstating Local and International competition (Field Study in Kafr Abu Jumaa - Qalioubia Governorate)

Throughout this study, functional, aesthetic, and dimensional stability properties of knitted blended fabrics were experimentally presented. An experimental work was introduced to examine. In order to investigate the loop length of the knitted fabrics and the polyester blending ratio on bursting, air permeability, pilling resistance and shrinkage ratio of knitted fabrics, thirty fabric samples were knitted with three loop length, five levels of polyester ratios for single jersey and rib knit structures. Analysis of variance and regression analysis were used to detect the influence of loop length and polyester content on knitted fabric properties. The findings of this study revealed that independent variables under study have a massive influence on the functional and aesthetic properties of the knitted blended fabrics.

Dimensional Stability, Aesthetic and Functional Properties of Cotton:Polyester Blended Knitted Fabrics with Different Structures

Throughout this study, functional, aesthetic, and dimensional stability properties of knitted blended fabrics were experimentally presented. An experimental work was introduced to examine. In order to investigate the loop length of the knitted fabrics and the polyester blending ratio on bursting, air permeability, pilling resistance and shrinkage ratio of knitted fabrics, thirty fabric samples were knitted with three loop length, five levels of polyester ratios for single jersey and rib knit structures. Analysis of variance and regression analysis were used to detect the influence of loop length and polyester content on knitted fabric properties. The findings of this study revealed that independent variables under study have a massive influence on the functional and aesthetic properties of the knitted blended fabrics.

Random multi-phase medium model and its application in analysis of ultrasonic propagation characteristics for AlSi-polyester abradable seal coating

Ultrasonic nondestructive characterization of multi-phase heterogeneous coatings is challenging due to the complex elastic spatial distribution. In this paper, a two-dimensional Random Multi-phase Medium Model (RMMM) for heterogeneous coatings containing solid-solid-gas three phases is developed, which is able to simulate the elastic spatial distribution of coatings by taking into account material microstructure. This model is then applied to correlate ultrasonic wave velocity and attenuation coefficient with component contents and microstructural characteristics. Microscopic observations were performed for AlSi-polyester abradable seal coatings to examine the morphology and content of AlSi, polyester, and pore. Further statistical analysis of the autocorrelation lengths, orientation angle, mean value, standard deviation, and roughness factor of the coating density distributions was carried out. These statistical characteristics provided quantitative constraints on the construction of a random medium, which were then taken as the basis to establish the RMMM by virtue of a bidirectional peak-valley searching algorithm. The RMMMs for AlSi-polyester abradable seal coating with a thickness of 1.0 mm, polyester content of 47.6%–44.1%, porosity of 0.3%–4.0% were presented. Based on these RMMMs, the effects of component contents, sizes, and spatial distributions on velocity and attenuation were analyzed using two-dimensional Finite-Difference Time-Domain (2D-FDTD) method. Results indicate that when porosity increases from 0.3% to 4.0%, the longitudinal wave velocity decreases from 2251 m/s to 2150 m/s whose relative variation ratio is about 4.5%, while the attenuation coefficient increases from 4.45 dB/mm to 6.56 dB/mm whose relative variation ratio is up to 47.4%. The simulated results show a good consistency with those of the experiments. The modeling method is expected to be effective for the precise interpretation of ultrasonic propagation in other multi-phase heterogeneous coatings.

Fibrous Impact on Several Primary Characteristics of Three-Thread Fleece Fabric

The current study evaluates the effect of fiber composition in three-thread fleece fabrics if all other knitting and processing conditions remain constant. Four samples of three-thread fleece fabrics were produced on the same fleece machine using the same yarn count and stitch length for face, binding, and fleecy yarns. Some important parameters, namely width, areal density, pilling resistance, bursting strength, and dimensional stability, were characterized. Changes mainly appeared due to the compositional alteration of cotton, viscose, and polyester content in the yarns. The results showed that the fiber composition of the finished samples of three-thread fleece fabrics significantly influenced all parameters studied, except for dimensional stability.

Release and migration of cyclic polyester oligomers from bisphenol A non-intent polyester–phenol-coatings into food simulants and infant food – a comprehensive study

ABSTRACTCoatings for cans or closures are essential to protect the metal from corrosion and the food from migration of hazardous metal ions. Since coatings are no inert materials, they can release substances of potential health concern into food. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis is presented for a complex two-layered polyester–phenol-coating commercially used for metal closures of complementary infant food in sterilised glass jars. Focussed on the identity and migration of cyclic polyester oligomers as a kind of predictable non-intentionally added substances, polyester resin raw materials (n = 3) as well as individual coating layers (n = 3) were characterised by several analytical strategies (size exclusion chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, diode array detection, charged aerosol detection, monomer determination after alkaline hydrolysis, overall migrate). The main polyester monomers were terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, trimellitic acid, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, neopentylglycol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol and tricyclodecanedimethanol. The coatings were extracted with solvents acetonitrile and ethanol (24 h, 60°C), food simulants 50% ethanol, 20% ethanol and water (1 h, 121°C) as well as homemade and commercial baby food (1 h, 121°C). The released total polyester content determined by alkaline hydrolysis ranged from 288 µg/dm2 (water, 1 h, 121°C) to 6154 µg/dm2 (acetonitrile, 24 h, 60°C). However, individual cyclic oligomers, mainly dimers, were released from the coating to up to about 140 µg/dm2. Migration into infant food was best represented by the food simulants water (up to 1% fat) and 20% ethanol (up to 5% fat). Cyclic polyester oligomers are classified as Cramer III substances by the threshold of toxicological concern concept associated to an exposure threshold of 1.5 µg/kg body weight per day. Exposure to cyclic polyester oligomers might be a potential concern for highly exposed infants.

Solid-State Polymerization of Poly(Ethylene Furanoate) Biobased Polyester, III: Extended Study on Effect of Catalyst Type on Molecular Weight Increase.

In this study, the synthesis of poly(ethylene furanoate) (PEF), catalyzed by five different catalysts—antimony acetate (III) (Sb Ac), zirconium (IV) isopropoxide isopropanal (Zr Is Ip), antimony (III) oxide (Sb Ox), zirconium (IV) 2,4-pentanedionate (Zr Pe) and germanium (IV) oxide (Ge Ox)—via an industrially common combination of melt polymerization and subsequent solid-state polymerization (SSP) is presented. In all reactions, proper amounts of 2,5-dimethylfuran-dicarboxylate (DMFD) and ethylene glycol (EG) in a molar ratio of DMFD/EG= 1/2 and 400 ppm of catalyst were used. Polyester samples were subjected to SSP procedure, under vacuum application, at different reaction times (1, 2, 3.5, and 5 h) and temperatures of 190, 200, and 205 °C. Carboxyl end-groups concentration (–COOH), intrinsic viscosity (IV), and thermal properties, via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), were measured for all resultant polymers to study the effect of the used catalysts on the molecular weight increase of PEF during SSP process. As was expected, it was found that with increasing the SSP time and temperature, the intrinsic viscosity and the average molecular weight of PEF steadily increased. In contrast, the number of carboxyl end-groups content showed the opposite trend as intrinsic viscosity, that is, gradually decreasing during SSP time and temperature increase. It is worthy to note that thanks to the SSP process an obvious and continuous enhancement in the thermal properties of the prepared PEF samples was attained, in which their melting temperatures (Tm) and degree of crystallinity (Xc) increase progressively with increasing of reaction time and temperature. To predict the time evolution of polymers IV, as well as the hydroxyl and carboxyl content of PEF polyesters during the SSP, a simple kinetic model was developed. From both the theoretical simulation results and the experimental measurements, it was demonstrated that surely the Zr Is Ip catalyst shows the best catalytic characteristics compared to all other used catalysts herein, that is, leading in reducing—in a spectacular way—the activation energy of the involved both transesterification and esterification reactions during SSP.

Impact of Fabric Density, Color and Composition of Plain weave Fabric on Ultraviolet Protective Factor

In thisstudy, the effect of fabric density and different colors (black and red) on ultraviolet protection factor of woven fabric investigated. The fabric of different composition (100% cotton, 60/40 CVC), two color (black, red) and various density (Ends per inch, Picks per inch) collected. Then UPF rating was measured by spectrophotometer in vitro method. Experimental result showed that higher the fabric density and weight; higher the protection from ultraviolet rays. Besides, it also revealed that black fabric has more UV protection ability than the red one. Another finding of this study is that polyester content increases the UPF value.

A Zn-MOF-Catalyzed Terpolymerization of Propylene Oxide, CO2, and β-butyrolactone

The terpolymerization of propylene oxide (PO), CO2, and a lactone is one of the prominent sustainable procedures for synthesizing thermoplastic materials at an industrial scale. Herein, the one-pot terpolymerization of PO, CO2, and β-butyrolactone (BBL) was achieved for the first time using a heterogeneous nano-sized catalyst: zinc glutarate (ZnGA-20). The reactivity of both PO and BBL increased with the CO2 pressure, and the polyester content of the terpolymer poly (carbonate-co-ester) could be tuned by controlling the infeed ratio of PO to BBL. When the polyester content increased, the thermal stability of the polymers increased, whereas the glass transition temperature (Tg) decreased.

Insulation and mechanical properties of jute and hollow conjugated polyester reinforced nonwoven composite

Good thermal, acoustic insulation and mechanical strength performances through an optimized manufacturing design are well suited for practical structural engineering application. The Weight (3280g/m2), blend ratio (50/50%) of Jute/Hollow conjugated polyester (HCP) fibre and needling density (150punches/cm2) were fixed as constant. Structural differences adopted on manufacturing process in the form of sandwich structure (A), blended fibre structure (B), blended fibre along with 5% of low melt polyester content (C) and stitched layers of nonwoven composites (D) were manufactured. Sample A and D were used as backing for wall hangings, which can be used to control the indoor climate, primarily in air conditioning process. Sample C and B being insulating materials for thermal and sound properties, show better mechanical properties such as tensile strength, young’s modulus, good hardness and impact strength when compared with A and D samples.

Reshapable polymeric hydrogel for controlled soft-tissue expansion: In vitro and in vivo evaluation

Tissue expansion is the process by which extra skin is generated using a device that applies pressure from underneath the skin. Over the course of weeks to months, stretching by this pressure creates a flap of extra tissue that can be used to cover a defect area or enclose a permanent implant. Conventional tissue expanders require a silicone shell inflated either by external injections of saline solution or air, or by internal osmotic pressure generated by a hydrophilic polymer. In this study, a shell-free tissue expander comprised only of a chemically cross-linked biocompatible polymeric hydrogel is developed. The cross-linked network of hydrophilic polymer provides for intrinsically controlled swelling in the absence of an external membrane. The new type of hydrogel expanders were characterized in vitro as well as in vivo using a rat-skin animal model. It was found that increasing the hydrophobic polyester content in the hydrogel reduced the swelling velocity to a rate and volume that eliminate the danger of premature swelling rupturing the sutured area. Additionally, increasing the crosslinking density resulted in enough mechanical strength of the hydrogel to allow for complete post-swelling removal, without the hydrogel cracking or crumbling. No systemic toxicity was noted with the expanders and histology showed the material to be highly biocompatible. These expanders have an advantage of tissue expansion without requiring an external silicone membrane, and thus, they can be cut or reshaped at the time of implantation for applications in small or physically constrained regions of the body.

Objective and subjective performance evaluations of wet wipes including herbal components

In this study, wet wipes were produced for body applications with nonwoven fabrics consisting of polyester and cellulose (viscose and Tencel®). Fabrics were wetted by natural-based wetting solutions (rose water, olive oil) which were functionalized by sodium alginate and natural antibacterial agents (cinnamaldehyde and geraniol) without preservatives. Besides physical characteristics (weight, thickness, porosity, fiber orientation), bending rigidity, Handle-O-Meter measurements, and moisture management test parameters of the nonwoven fabrics were determined. Subjective hand and wiping performances of produced wipes were determined by subjective evaluations carried out on 10 female subjects. According to the results, 100% Tencel® and its blend with viscose have good absorption and moderate transfer characteristics. Polyester content up to 60% is acceptable for wet wipes for the body according to their liquid absorption, transfer, and subjective evaluation results if fabric weight is sufficient. Among the functionalized wetting solutions, antibacterial performance of the solution including olive oil, sodium alginate and cinnamaldehyde was the maximum and it has acceptable hand values according to objective Handle-O-Meter results and subjective evaluation results.