Patchouli Alcohol Content Research Articles

Extraction of patchouli essential oil using multi-injection steam distillation

Abstract Patchouli essential oil is typically obtained through traditional batch distillation, a process involving the introduction of a sole stream of steam at the base of the tank or column, followed by the condensation of the resulting vapor at the top of the tank. In a quest to explore the impact of the multiple injection steam method on both the yield and quality of the oil product, a comparison with the conventional single injection steam approach was conducted. The research variables encompassed different steam valve openings. The findings revealed that the steam valve openings indeed played a role in affecting the yield of the oil product. Curiously, the utilization of the multiple injection steam method yielded a somewhat lower oil output compared to the single injection steam approach. Specifically, with varying steam valve openings, the average yield for the multiple injection steam method hovered around 2.6%. In contrast, the single injection steam method consistently demonstrated a superior average yield of about 3.9%. Intriguingly, an examination of the essential components of patchouli oil, particularly the patchouli alcohol content, indicated no marked disparity between the two methods. This suggests that the utilization of the multiple injection steam method did not substantially alter the essential oil’s composition.

PcENO3 interacts with patchoulol synthase to positively affect the enzymatic activity and patchoulol biosynthesis in Pogostemon cablin.

Patchouli alcohol, a significant bioactive component of the herbal plant Pogostemon cablin, has considerable medicinal and commercial potential. Several genes and transcription factors involved in the biosynthesis pathway of patchouli alcohol have been identified. However, so far, regulatory factors directly interacting with patchouli synthase (PTS) have not been reported. This study was conducted to analyze the interaction between PcENO3 and PcPTS to explore the molecular regulation effect of PcENO3 on patchouli alcohol biosynthesis. PcENO3, a homologous protein of Arabidopsis ENO3 belonging to the enolase family, was identified and characterized. Subcellular localization experiments in Arabidopsis protoplast cells indicated that the PcENO3 protein was localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. The physical interaction between PcENO3 and PcPTS was confirmed through yeast two-hybrid (Y2H), GST pull-down, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. Furthermore, the Y2H assay demonstrated that PcENO3 could also interact with JAZ proteins in the JA pathway. Enzymatic assays showed that the interaction with PcENO3 increased the catalytic activity of patchoulol synthase. Additionally, suppression of PcENO3 expression with VIGS (virus-induced gene silencing) decreased patchouli alcohol content compared to the control. These findings suggest that PcENO3 interacts with patchoulol synthase and modulates patchoulol biosynthesis by enhancing the enzymatic activity of PcPTS.

DESIGN OF SOLAR ENERGY-BASED ESSENTIAL OIL DISTILLATION DEVICE USING PHOTOVOLTAIC METHOD AS A SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY FOR HEATER

In this study, we tried to design a distillation device using a solar cell to generate electricity which would later be used as a heating source. The highest yield obtained was 21.58% by distillation for 6 hours and 4 days of drying time. The highest patchouli oil density value was obtained at 4 days of drying time with 6 hours of operating time. While the lowest density value of Patchouli oil was obtained at 2 days of drying time at 6 hours of operating time. From the results of the analysis using GC-MS showed the presence of identified chemical compounds including azulene, seychellene and several other compounds, based on the GC-MS results obtained 31.75% patcholi alcohol, and 20.50% azulene. According to International Market Standards, patchouli alcohol content should be higher than 30%, therefore this material meets the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) and besides that the physical and chemical properties of Patchouli oil are produced from the distillation process by utilizing sunlight using solar cells (photovoltaic). From these results it can be seen that the Patchouli oil that has been produced during this research can be sold in the market because it meets the Indonesian National Standard.

Genotype-environment Interaction and genotype selection for yield stability in the commercially important patchouli (Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth) crop

One of the best fixatives for strong perfumes that add strength, character, seductive notes, and enduring properties is patchouli essential oil. It is highly prized in the fragrance, soap, cosmetics, and flavor sectors and acts as a standalone perfume. It is possible to learn crucial information about the plant's growth patterns and general compatibility with different environmental conditions by examining the consistency of patchouli cultivation, production of essential oils, and other key qualities throughout different years/environments. Patchouli is gaining popularity due to how simple it is to grow, particularly in shady orchards or forests where it is challenging to grow other food crops. To prepare for its extensive cultivation in India, the study's objective was to identify stable patchouli lines with high essential oil yields and distinctive aromas. An analysis of variance was performed using the AMMI statistical model to determine the additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI model) families for the economic traits. There was statistical significance for each of the main impacts of genotype (G) and interaction (GEI). Except for X7, all of the characters are affected by the treatment's (T) components. Except for traits X1, X4, and X5, IPCA 1 is also determined to be relevant. The overall winning lines for the essential oil yield (EOY) were GEN 2, 12, followed by GEN 3, and GEN 11, and for the patchouli alcohol, GEN 6, followed by GEN 8, 9, 1, and 3. For ar-curcumin (%), GEN 15, 5, 10, 6, and 12, and γ-curcumin (%), GEN 1, 8, 7, 9, and 2 were the genotypes that performed best. In this research, GEN 2, and 12 for essential oil (EO) production were the most preferable and stable genotypes. With their high mean essential oil yield and stable patchouli alcohol content, the genotypes GEN 2 and 12 for essential oil yield and GEN 6 and 8 for patchouli alcohol content were the most promising and might be used for commercial cultivation.

Mini-Review: Extraction of Patchouli Oil from Pogostemon cablin Benth. Leaves

Pogostemon cablin Benth. var ‘Sidikalang’ leaves are the main source of patchouli oil which is used in the cosmetics and perfume industry because of its better fixative nature and provides the foreign exchange of around 60 % of Indonesia’s essential oil export revenues and is the largest patchouli oil supplier in the world with a contribution of 90 %. But apparently, several studies found that patchouli oil also has pharmacological activity such as aromatherapy, anti-influenza, antioxidants, and anti-microbial. This proves that leaves patchouli oil can be used as alternative medicine. Patchouli oil is composed of 20 main constituents, but the most important role as a determinant of the quality of patchouli oil is sesquiterpene patchouli alcohol (PA). The right extraction method is the most important factor so that the quality of patchouli oil is well maintained during the extraction process. Some methods that have been used for patchouli oil extraction include soxhlet, hydrodistillation, microwave-assisted hydrodistillation, microwave–air hydrodistillation, and water–bubble distillation. Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and water–bubble distillation methods are more efficient methods for patchouli oil extraction. The microwave-assisted hydrodistillation method produces a yield of 1.9437 to 2.7227 % with a PA content of 26.32 % within 120 min to 126 min, and the water–bubble distillation method produces a yield of 2.40 % with a PA content of 61.53 % within 360 min.

Vacuum Distillation of Aceh Patchouli Oil into Hi-Grade and Crystal Patchouli with Rotary Vacuum Evaporator

Patchouli or Pogostemon cablin benth is one of the most important essential oil-producing plants in Indonesia. In the world of trade, patchouli oil is widely used as raw material, a mixing agent, and a fixative. Patchouli oil can be upgraded to Hi-Grade Patchouli (HGP) with a Patchouli alcohol (PA) content of 40-80% through vacuum distillation technology. Furthermore, HGP can be further processed into crystal patchouli with a purity of up to 90-100%. This study aims to improve the quality of patchouli oil produced by the community. This study examines the effect of variations in vacuum pressure on the distillation process on the quality of the resulting patchouli oil, determines the impact of cooling temperature variations on the resulting crystal mass, and determines the crystal quality (patchouli alcohol content and crystal size). The method used was vacuum redistillation followed by crystallization of patchouli oil. In the redistillation stage, it is carried out using a rotary vacuum evaporator. Redistillation is conducted in two stages: the first is to produce a light fraction at a temperature of 125 ℃, and the second is to produce a heavy fraction at a temperature of 140 ℃. The variable that was varied was process pressure. The pressure used is 1; 2-3; 6-8 and 10-12 mbar. The process is continued with crystallization using the cooling method (cooling crystallization) with a cooling temperature variation of -12 ℃ and -15 ℃. The results showed that through the vacuum redistillation method, the quality of patchouli oil produced by the community could be increased in PA levels up to 81.79%. The lower the operating pressure, the highest the quality of patchouli oil is produced. The lower the crystallization cooling temperature, the more crystal mass is formed. The crystal purity of this HGP resulted in very high levels of crystalline PA, namely 99.6%. The crystal size obtained is 290-600 μm on average.

Rendemen dan kualitas minyak nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) dari Kalimantan Timur serta analisis tekno-ekonominya

This study aimed to determine the patchouli oil (PO) business in the province of East Kalimantan based on data on the yield and quality of PO produced from several PO production centers in East Kalimantan. Bangun Rejo Village in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, Sepaku I Village and Argo Mulyo Village in Penajam Paser Utara Regency were selected as samples in this study. PO extraction from plant samples from each village was carried out using a laboratory-scale wet distillation method (3 kg leaves, branches) per batch. Each batch was carried out with six replications using different samples. The sample of PO produced by farmers was used as a control. The results showed that the yield of PO from the three villages reached 1.25-1.76%, while the quality of the oil showed an acid number of 2.407-4.747%, ester number 11.843-16.768%, PO content 33.670-43.693%, iron content 1.096-8.538 mg/kg, density 0.614-0.822 g/cm3, refractive index 1.509 nD20 and light-yellow to yellow. PO produced by farmers has an acid number of 6.311-11.920%, ester number 16.269-19.822%, ethanol solubility 1:5-1:9, patchouli alcohol content 31.96-40.89%, iron content 0.460-1.105 mg/kg, density 0.946-1,509 g/cm3, refractive index 1.508-1.510 nD20 and yellow to dark yellow in colour. Techno-economic analysis (using laboratory-scale extraction yield data) shows that PO refining business in the two villages is feasible to be carried out with B/C values of 3.62 and 6.37 for Sepaku I Village and Bangun Rejo Village. Still, it is not feasible for Argo Mulyo (B/C value of 0.842)

Antidepressant-like Activity of Patchouli Oil var. Tapak Tuan (Pogostemon cablin Benth) via Elevated Dopamine Level: A Study Using Rat Model.

Essential oils are gaining popularity for their use in treating depression, including that extracted from patchouli leaves and stems (Pogostemon cablin). Herein, we used patchouli oil (PO) containing a high amount of patchouli alcohol derived from P. cablin var. Tapak Tuan. The aim of this study was to investigate the antidepressant potential of PO, with a variety of patchouli alcohol concentrations obtained from a separation process using vacuum distillation with different temperature ranges. The initial patchouli oil (iPO) was traditionally distilled by a local farmer and further distilled using a rotary evaporator at temperature ranges of 115–160 °C (POF-1); 120–160 °C (POF-2), and 125–160 °C (POF-3), resulting in products with different patchouli alcohol concentrations. POF-3, with the highest patchouli alcohol content of 60.66% (based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry), was used for cooling crystallization, resulting in 100% patchouli alcohol crystal (pPA). A tail suspension test (TST) was performed on a rat model to screen the antidepressant potential of iPO and its derivatives. The TST results revealed that POF-3 had the best antidepressant-like effect and was second only to the fluoxetine-based antidepressant, Kalxetin®, where both groups had significant reductions of immobility time post-treatment (p < 0.0001). Other than patchouli alcohol, POF-3 also contained ledol and trans-geraniol, which have been reported for their antidepressant-related activities. Brain dopamine levels increased significantly in the group treated with POF-3 (p < 0.05 as compared with the control group), suggesting its primary anti-depressant mechanism. These findings suggest the potential of vacuum-distilled patchouli oil in reducing depression via dopamine elevation.

Influence of Organic Nutrients on Growth, Yield and Essential Oil Composition of Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) Under Foothill Conditions of Arunachal Pradesh, India

Pogostemon cablin Benth., an aromatic plant species yields essential oil with immense industrial as well as pharmaceutical applications. In the backdrop of promoting organic cultivation of crops yielding essential oil and related products, the present investigation was designed to evaluate the influence of organic nutrients on growth, yield and essential oil composition of Pogostemon cablin under foothill conditions of Arunachal Pradesh. Different organic nutrients such as FYM (Farmyard manure)@10t/ha; FYM@15t/ha; Vermicompost@5t/ha; Vermicopost@7.5t/ha; Neem cake@1.5t/ha; Neem cake@2.5t/ha; were applied and compared with the check NPK@150:50:50 kg/ha under Randomized Block Design in open field conditions and their influence was observed on plant height, number of branches per plant, collar diameter, herbage yield (fresh and dry), essential oil yield and essential oil composition. It can be concluded that depending upon the requirements of P. cablin essential oil or fresh/dried herbage, as well as essential oil composition the conditions and composition of organic nutrients varies. Present investigation recommends application of vermicompost@7.5t/ha for high essential oil yield, FYM@10t/ha for dried and NPK@150:50:50 kg/ha for fresh herbage yield respectively, while maximum patchouli alcohol content can be obtained in the essential oil extracted from the plants where no input is given.

Development of a unique method to evaluate the effectiveness of traditional steam distillation of patchouli essential oil

Patchouli essential oil is a vital raw material for the perfume, medicine, cosmetics, and additive for food industries. Currently, in Indonesia, the usual method employed by traditional farmers to extract the patchouli essential oil from patchouli plant – Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., Lamiaceace is steam distillation. Information of the yield and quality of patchouli essential oil during product processing by the distillation is an important issue on evaluation of the distillation efficiency and economic issues, i.e. fuel expenses. Due to many types and non-standard construction of distillation units applied in place, however, it was difficult to find an accurate performance of the distillation process and to compare raw material quality in several locations. In this study, a small unit of steam distillation with a capacity of 1 kg of raw material was constructed. The unit was equipped with a condenser and temperature monitoring. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the current operating distillation unit by the farmers. To compare the results, in this study, it was collected patchouli plants from four locations of different districts of Aceh Province (Aceh Besar, Sabang, Aceh Jaya, and Aceh Selatan). The quality of the essential oils obtained was analyzed using a gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS). The patchouli plant from Sabang provided the highest yield percentage of patchouli essential oil up to 4.5% as compared with the other locations. Moreover, the plant from Aceh Selatan has the lowest yield percentage (2.1%). The content of patchouli alcohol (PA) in Sabang's sample was 29.33%. Aceh Jaya's sample has the lowest percentage of PA (27.77%). These findings provided the actual quality of the patchouli plants from several locations in Aceh Province and improve the current method of the steam distillation unit..

Enhancing the Quality of Patchouli Oil using Zeolite and Bentonite Nano-Particle Adsorbents

The overall quality of patchouli oil is closely related to the purification process during manufacturing. This research provided an effective and efficient method for purifying Aceh patchouli oil to secure high-quality patchouli oil. Purification was done by utilizing natural mineral sources that were sufficiently available in Aceh and applying them in various adsorption processes, analyzing the adsorption of Fe levels in patchouli oil, and characterizing nano adsorbents used in the adsorption process. Nanoparticles of zeolite and bentonite were used during the adsorption process with patchouli oil sourced from the South Aceh area. The adsorption process purified 20 mL of patchouli oil at a temperature of 45 ℃ with variable mass nano adsorbent 1; 3; 5 g, and variable stirring time 60; 180; 300 minutes. The purification filtrate was later analyzed for patchouli alcohol levels using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fe levels using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. The characterization of nano adsorbents was conducted using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffractometry (XRD). The results showed that the most efficient adsorption process occurred in nano zeolite with a mass of 5 g and a stirring time of 300 minutes, where the patchouli alcohol content was 28.54%, Fe 0.8165 mg/kg. Meanwhile, nano zeolite’s most significant constituent components were silicon oxide (SiO2) of 48.9% and silicon carbide (CSi) of 31.3%. Visually the sample did not change color due to the low quality of patchouli oil, but the Fe level in the patchouli oil samples complied with SNI 06-2385-2006 with a maximum of 25 mg/kg. In addition, nano zeolite had an adsorption capacity of 0.96 mg/g with an adsorption efficiency of 98.49%.

Rapid determination of patchouli oil quality as a tropical plant using infrared technology

Patchouli alcohol (PA) content is an important indication in the world patchouli oil trade. Testing the PA content of patchouli oil usually takes a long time and expensive, so that it greatly inhibits the activity of buying and selling patchouli oil in the community. Therefore the main objective of this study is to develop NIRS technology to estimate the PA content in Aceh patchouli oil purified rapidly and appropriately using PLSR and PCR methods. The sample in this study was patchouli oil which was purified into 20 types based on PA content. Laboratory test using GC-MS. Near infrared (NIR) spectrum of Patchouli oil samples were acquired and recorded using self-developed FT-IRIPTEK T-1516. The results showed that NIRS technology with PLSR and PCR methods provides a solution to solve the problem of PA content prediction in Aceh’s patchouli oil. SNV pretreatment is proven to improve prediction accuracy and robustness of the prediction model that built. The PLSR-SNV method succeeded in obtaining a prediction model that was categorized as very good model performance, while PCR-SNV method succeeded in obtaining a prediction model that was categorized as good model performance.

Characterization of patchouli oil (Pogostemon cablin Benth) production of Tinombala Village, Ongka Malino District, Parigi Moutong Regency

Patchouli oil comes from Tinombala village which has never been tested for the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of patchouli oil by characterizing parameters of physical and chemical properties including color, refractive index, specific gravity, solubility in alcohol, acid number, ester number, iron content (Fe), and patchouli alcohol and alpha copaene content.. Sampling was done by random sampling. The results show a specific gravity of 25/25oC sample A = 0.9564, B = 0.9658, and C = 0.9590, refractive index (nD20) sample A = 1.5111, B = 1.5085 and C = 1.5086, the solubility in alcohol using ethanol of the three samples is >1:10 while using methanol 1:10, the acid number of the sample A=21.0375, B=9.1162 and C=19.6350, the ester number of the sample A=28,05, B=21.04 and C=21.04, iron (Fe) content of sample A=1.84210 mg/L, B=0.186842 mg/L and C=6.78950 mg/L, patchouli content alcohol sample A=,16,96%, B=15,52% and C=14,55% and for alpha copaene not detected. The results showed that the quality of patchouli oil in Tinombala village did not meet the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). Only the specific gravity, refractive index, and iron content are by the quality requirements, while the acid number and ester number and the main component determining the quality of patchouli oil, namely the patchouli alcohol content are still below the Indonesian National Standard, which is below 30%.

Interaction between mycorrhizal fertilizers and varieties to increase organic patchouli production in the Entisol soil of Aceh Besar

The purpose of this study was to determine the interaction effect of the use of mycorrhizal biofertilizers and varieties to increase the production of organic patchouli on the Entisol soil of Aceh Besar. This study used a factorial randomized block design with three replications. The first factor observed was mycorrhizal biofertilizer from the various genus, namely Glomus mosseae, Gigaspora sp. and the mixed genus of Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sp. While the second factor is the use of varieties, namely Tapak Tuan and the Lhokseumawe variety. The results showed that the best interactions on the growth and production, P205 uptake, and oil content were found in the mixed mycorrhizal genus (Glomus mosseae + Gigaspora sp.) with the Tapak Tuan variety. From the patchouli alcohol content test results, the best results were obtained in a combination of mixed mycorrhizal biofertilizers and the Tapak Tuan variety by 30%.

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth) essential oil yield stability with the unique aroma of ar-curcumene and genotype selection over the years

The goal of this study was to see how much genetic and environmental interaction affects essential oil yield and patchouli alcohol content and find superior genotypes over the years of patchouli's unique aroma in India. The tests were carried out for one year in 2013–2014 (initial evaluation trial) and then for three years in 2015–2016, 2016–2017, and 2017–2018 (major yield assessment trials). The fourteen patchouli genotypes and one commercial variety (CIM- Samarth) were studied in an RBD design with three replications. A pooled analysis of variance was performed across the environments/years for the eleven economic attributes. The results showed that most of the attributes had significant differences. In all three environments/years, genetic correlations between economic traits played a critical role in genetic improvement, for example, the traits X3-vs-X4, X3-vs-X5, and X4-vs-X5. As a result, according to correlations throughout the selective environments/years, picking these features will be favorable. Furthermore, the heritability in a broad sense (h2BS) was expressed as a percentage. The scores for all ten attributes ranged from 87.13 to 99.25%. The genetic advance over mean (GAM) percent, which ranged from 13.42 to 162.83%, was equally fascinating. The four winning genotypes for essential oil yield, G/PATC-11, G/PATC-1, G/PATC-2, and G/PATC-5, and the lines G/PATC-1, G/PATC-4, G/PATC-9, and G/PATC-11 for patchouli alcohol percent), were explained by biplot analysis as stable and higher-yielding genotypes. The percentage of ar-curcumene in stable genotypes with a distinct fragrance ranged from 8.60 to 8.71% in G/PATC 4, G/PATC 11, G/PATC 14, and G/PATC 1. Ar-curcumene has been found for the first time in the patchouli (Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth) species. As a result, it may be prudent to cultivate these stable genotypes on a big scale in India.

Transcriptome analysis of two Pogostemon cablin chemotypes reveals genes related to patchouli alcohol biosynthesis.

Pogostemon cablin, a medicinally and economically important perennial herb, is cultivated around the world due to its medicinal and aromatic properties. Different P. cablin cultivars exhibit different morphological traits and patchouli oil components and contents (especially patchouli alcohol (PA) and pogostone (PO)). According to the signature constituent of the leaf, P. cablin was classified into two different chemotypes, including PA-type and PO-type. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of PA biosynthesis, the transcriptomes of Chinese-cultivated P. cablin cv. PA-type “Nanxiang” (NX) and PO-type “Paixiang” (PX) were analyzed and compared with ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology. We obtained a total of 36.83 G clean bases from the two chemotypes, compared them with seven databases and revealed 45,394 annotated unigenes. Thirty-six candidate unigenes participating in the biosynthesis of PA were found in the P. cablin transcriptomes. Overall, 8,390 differentially expressed unigenes were identified between the chemotypes, including 2,467 upregulated and 5,923 downregulated unigenes. Furthermore, six and nine differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mapped to the terpenoid backbone biosynthetic and sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthetic pathways, respectively. One key sesquiterpene synthase gene involved in the sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthetic pathways, encoding patchoulol synthase variant 1, was significantly upregulated in NX. Additionally, GC-MS analysis of the two chemotypes in this study showed that the content of PA in NX was significantly higher than that of PX, while the content of PO showed the opposite phenotype. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that the DEG expression tendency was consistent with the transcriptome sequencing results. Overall, 23 AP2/ERF, 13 bHLH, 11 MYB, 11 NAC, three Trihelix, 10 WRKY and three bZIP genes that were differentially expressed may act as regulators of terpenoid biosynthesis. Altogether, 8,314 SSRs were recognized within 6,825 unigenes, with a distribution frequency of 18.32%, among which 1,202 unigenes contained more than one SSR. The transcriptomic characteristics of the two P. cablin chemotypes are comprehensively reported in this study, and these results will contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of PA biosynthesis. Our transcriptome data also provide a valuable genetic resource for further studies on P. cablin.

Effects of 5-azacytidine on DNA methylation and index components in patchouliol-type Pogostemon cablin

This study aims to explore the relationship of DNA methylation with the contents of the index components as well as the growth and development of Pogostemon cablin. The demethylation reagent 5-azacytidine(5-azaC) was used to treat the tissue culture seedlings of patchouliol-type P. cablin. High performance liquid chromatography was employed to evaluate the changes of DNA methy-lation in P. cablin, and GC-MS to detect the contents of index components in P.cablin. The agronomic characters of P.cablin were measured using the common methods. The results showcased that DNA methylation of P.cablin was significantly reduced by 5-azaC in a concentration-dependent manner. Thirty days after treatment with 5-azaC at different concentrations, the content of patchouli alcohol changed slightly; compared with that in the control group, the content of pogostone in 50 μmol·L~(-1) and 100 μmol·L~(-1) 5-azaC groups was significantly up-regulated. The 100 μmol·L~(-1) 5-azaC group had the largest differences in contents of pogostone and patchouli alcohol compared with the control group, followed by the 50 μmol·L~(-1) 5-azaC group. Ninety days after disinhibition, the content of pogostone in the treatment group was significantly increased and the content of patchouli alcohol was significantly decreased. In addition, 5-azaC significantly inhibited the growth and development of P.cablin in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that DNA methylation regulates the biosynthesis of the index components in patchouliol-type P.cablin and proper demethylation can directly promote the synthesis of pogostone and indirectly affect the accumulation of patchouli alcohol.

Isolasi dan Penentuan Kadar Minyak Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth) Asal Peunaron Kabupaten Aceh Timur Menggunakan GC-MS

This study aims to determine the result of isolation of patchouli oil from Peunaron East Aceh and determine the quality of patchouli oil and to determine the levels contained in patchouli oil. Analysis of the results of the research data is described using quantitative and descriptive analysis. Based on research that has been done that the results of isolation of patchouli oil from Peunaron , East Aceh Regency, yields a value of 2,04%. Patchouli oil quality obtained shows yellow results with a specific gravity value of 0,950 that meets SNI standards. The determine of the refractive index produces a value of 1,50039 with results that do not meet SNI standards and the resulting patchouli oil content is 33 chemical compound components with the main component of patchouli alcohol content of 3,65%. It can be concluded that patchouli oil from Peunaron, East Aceh Regency still does not meet SNI standards.

Optimalisasi Isolasi Patchouli Alkohol Dari Minyak Nilam (Patchouli Oil) Dengan Metode Distilasi Vakum

This study aims to isolate the alcoholic patchouli from patchouli oil using a vacuum distillation method using vacuum distillation unit. The isolation process is conducted by varying vacuum pressure, distillate volume, and remaining residue volume. The vacuum pressure variated at 1, 1,5, 2, and 2,5 mmHg, distillate volume by 70, 80, and 90 ml, while remaining residue volume at 10, 20, and 30 ml. Samples were analyzed using GC-MS to determine the concentration of patchouli alcohol and analyzed using a pycnometer to determine its density. The results showed that the use of low pressure affected separating patchouli alcohol from patchouli oil. The highest patchouli alcohol content from the isolation results is 100% obtained in 10 ml of remaining residue volume at a pressure of 2 mmHg. This vacuum distillation method is quite effective.

Identification of patchouli oil components distilled using ultrasonic waves

Patchouli oil identification using ultrasonic waves is carried out using sonic tools.This treatment is done on distilled patchouli oil. The addition of ultrasound waves aims toincrease the alcohol patchouli component and identify the patchouli oil component aftersonification. The use of ultrasonic waves of 40 kHz. The variables used in this study wereultrasonic wavelengths, namely 20, 30, and 40 minutes, and temperatures of 35 °C, 40 °C, and45 °C. The results obtained were analyzed using GCMS. The analysis showed that there was anincrease in the number of alcohol patchouli before and after the use of ultrasonic waves. Fromthe results of the study, the length of time using ultrasonic significantly affected the patchoulialcohol content and patchouli oil components.