Oleic Acid Content Research Articles

Study on HPLC fingerprint of Saposhnikovia divaricata lipophilic components and anti-aging effects

Saposhnikovia divaricata is commonly used in clinical practice as a heat-clearing and detoxifying traditional Chinese medicine. Current research on Saposhnikovia divaricata has mostly focused on chromones, while studies on its lipophilic parts remain scarce. In this study, samples of the lipophilic components of Saposhnikovia divaricata (SDL) from different regions in China were collected to establish an HPLC fingerprint. The quality of SDL was evaluated through chemical pattern recognition and multi-component content determination. Furthermore, using the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model, the anti-aging ability of SDL was preliminarily studied. In the HPLC fingerprints of 11 batches of SDL, 19 common peaks were identified, and 4 components were characterized as follows: peak 14, linolenic acid (ALA); peak 15, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); peak 16, linoleic acid (LA); peak 17, oleic acid (OA). The similarity of the fingerprint ranged from 0.704 to 0.929. The results indicate that the content of ALA, DHA, LA, and OA are 0.040–0.440 mg/g, 0.003–0.116 mg/g, 1.047–6.460 mg/g, and 0.040–0.294 mg/g, respectively. HCA analysis divided 11 batches of SDL into two categories, and PCA analysis extracted 6 principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 85.91%. The anti-aging ability of the SDL was proved by measuring the lifespan, reproductive capacity, body length, mobility, lipofuscin content, and heat stress resistance of C. elegans. The combination of high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint and chemical pattern recognition for multi-component content determination is a reliable, comprehensive, and promising evaluation of the quality of SDL. The confirmation of SDL’s anti-aging ability provides the possibility for the research of Saposhnikovia divaricata in the field of healthy food and cosmetics.

Quality indicators of new sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) varieties for high oleic and oilseed use under different growing conditions

Purpose. To study the influence of steppe and forest-steppe climatic conditions on the yield, oil content in seeds and fatty acid composition of oil in new sunflower varieties of high oleic and oilseed use. Methods. The research was conducted in accordance with “Methods of qualification examination of plant varieties for their suitability for distribution in Ukraine (general part)” and “Methods of qualification examination of plant varieties for their suitability for distribution. Methods of determining quality indicators of plant production”. The following methods were used in the research: laboratory, comparison, generalisation, mathematical statistics, analysis and synthesis to draw conclusions. Results. The fatty acid composition of the seeds of new varieties of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) of high oleic and oilseed use, grown in different soil and climatic conditions, was studied. According to the results of the analysis in the steppe zone, the variety ‘LG50648’ has the highest economic and value characteristics: oil content (51,0%), oleic acid (85.1%), yield (3.11 t/ha); varieties ‘SULIANO’ and ‘MAS 908HOCP’ – yield (3.40 and 3.91 t/ha) and oleic acid content (85.8 and 86.1%) regardless of the gro­wing conditions. It was found that high oleic sunflower varieties ‘MAS 908HOCP’, ‘LG50648’, ‘SULIANO’ grown under steppe and forest-steppe conditions yielded higher quality oil. The maximum content of oleic acid in 2022–2023 was characteristic of the seeds of the varieties ‘MAS 908HOCP’ (86.1% in the steppe and 85.8% in the forest steppe) and ‘SULIANO’. The hi­ghest linoleic acid content was obtained in the seeds of the oilseed use varieties ‘STK104’ (62.9% in the steppe and 58.5% in the forest steppe) and ‘STK103’ (61.2% in the forest steppe). Among the high oleic varieties, the best results were obtained with ‘LG50648’ (5.7% in the steppe and 5.9% in the forest steppe). Conclusions. Oil content of sunflower varieties and fatty acid composition are determined by varietal characteristics of sunflower and environmental conditions. Modern sunflower varieties, which are included in the State Register of Plant Varieties of Ukraine, have high yield potential and can provide a large yield of vegetable oil per unit area. Agroclimatic conditions have different effects on the gross seed yield and oil quality in the conditions of the forest steppe and steppe of Ukraine.

Fatty Acid Profiling of Major Fatty Acids in Safflower Genotype

Fatty acid profiling is a process of analyzing the composition and quantity of different fatty acids. Fatty acids are organic molecules that are essential for a variety of biological processes in the body, including energy storage and membrane function. Safflower seed contains major four fatty acids viz. linoleic acid, Oleic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid. The analysis of fatty acid profiles is important for understanding the nutritional quality of the oil and products derived from it. According to hull types of seeds, the seed oil content ranges from 20 % to 45 %. Fatty acid profiling of safflower involves analyzing the types and quantities of fatty acids present in safflower oil. This can provide insights into its nutritional value, stability, and potential health benefits from the oil derived from each genotype. This research is conducted to know the content of saturated as well as unsaturated fatty acid in safflower oil from selected genotypes. The major four fatty acid composition of safflower genotypes reveals palmitic acid content ranges from 5.09% (GMU-2969) to 6.93% (GMU-3929). The stearic acid content ranged between 1.69% (GMU-2969) to 3.55% (GMU-3780). The oleic acid content ranged from 12.88% (GMU-2749) to 20.69% (GMI-3177) and the percent linoleic acid content ranged from 71.31 (GMU-3177) to 78.44% (GMU-2749).

Studying the biochemical composition of peanut accessions from the VIR collection

Background. Peanut is one of the most important oil crops for food purposes. Natural peanut butter contains two unsaturated fatty acids, oleic and linoleic, which make up to 80% of the total fatty acid content in peanut oil. The quality of oil depends on the ratio between these two acids. Analyzing the diversity of oil content and fatty acid composition in peanut accessions preserved at VIR and assessing the effect of soil, climate, and other factors on these characters is vital for the development of new peanut cultivars rich in oil. Materials and methods. Peanut germplasm accessions were studied for their biochemical composition of fatty acids and the content of oil and protein. The accessions were reproduced for three years (2019–2021) at two ecogeographic locations: in Krasnodar Territory, and Astrakhan Province. Cv. ‘Otradokubansky’ was used as a reference. ANOVA was applied for statistical data processing. Results and discussion. The percentage composition of 18 fatty acids was calculated in peanut oil, with oleic and linoleic acids dominating. The content of oleic acid depended on the genotype for 42–53%, and that of linoleic acid, for 50–71%. The latter was also influenced by the place and year of cultivation. The ranges of variation over the three years of studies in Krasnodar Territory were 35.4–57.6% for oleic acid, and 18.3–38.1% for linoleic acid, whereas in Astrakhan Province they were 33.4–51.2%, and 30.9–42.7%, respectively. Under unfavorable conditions, the content of oleic acid in peanut prevailed. The oil content depended on the genotype for 81%, and its percentage was 32.0–44.4%.

Determination of global yield isotherms of macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) extract using supercritical CO2 and its biological potential

This study investigates the effectiveness of macaúba oil extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide, focusing on determining operational parameters such as temperature and pressure that maximize the quality and yield of the extract obtained. The extraction was carried out using freeze-dried macaúba pulp, under varying conditions of pressure and temperature. The overall yield isotherms of macaúba oil obtained, the solubility of the solute, composition of fatty acids, triglycerides, phenolic compounds, in addition to the antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity, were evaluated, before and after extraction. The results demonstrated that, under the conditions evaluated, the extraction process achieved maximum oil yields of 24.4 %, with a predominance of unsaturated acids rich in antioxidants and high concentrations of oleic acid (64.12 %), β-carotene (80.06 mg/kg) and α-tocopherol (114.66 mg/100 g of oil). This promising method offers a sustainable alternative for the production of compounds with high nutritional value, highlighting its potential for industrial applications.

Exploring the use of POLY4 for the improvement of productivity, peanut quality, and soil properties in Southern India.

Polyhalite-based POLY4, a multi-nutrient source containing potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulphur, is increasingly recognised for its potential to improve crop yields and soil health in agricultural systems. It is also been considered as a feasible approach for addressing the deficiency in potassium, calcium, and sulphur within a single application source. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of polyhalite-based POLY4 application, either as a complete or partial substitute for traditional potassium fertiliser and gypsum supplement, on the improvement of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) growth and soil quality. An extensive field study was conducted from 2021 and 2022, employing ten distinct nutrient management treatments with three replications in a randomised complete block design. The findings of the study indicated that the application of polyhalite (POLY4) in conjunction with only NP fertilisers resulted in a higher yield advantage (approximately 150-200 kg ha-1) than in plots treated with NPK + gypsum (at 500 kg ha-1) and control plots. The application of polyhalite-based fertiliser (POLY4) at a rate that was 100% equivalent to K along with NP fertilisers resulted in a significant increase in pod yield (5.3-12.8%) over NPK + gypsum and control plots. Thus, the increased crop yield led to an increase in gross returns of 4.88% and in net returns of 4.28% with the application of POLY4 (100%) + NP fertilisers over other treatments. Likewise, variable rates of conventional fertilisers along with POLY4 (100% recommended) + NP + gypsum at 310 kg/ha significantly increased the linoleic acid content (38.5%), oleic acid content, and oil content (48.1%) by reducing palmitic acid (11.96%) content in the groundnut seed. Interestingly, POLY4 use at the 50% recommended rate also resulted in yields that were comparable with those obtained with 100% NPK. Therefore, applying POLY4, a polyhalite fertiliser, in either a 100% or 50% equivalent of essential K can be an effective way of increasing the production of peanut crops and promoting agricultural sustainability.

Comparative analysis of production performance, carcase traits, and meat quality in yearling beef of Limousine, Sardo-Bruna, and their crosses

The aim of this study was to compare animal performance and meat quality of a local cattle breed of Sardinia Island with specialised meat purebred or obtained by crossbreeding. For this purpose, 10 Sardo-Bruna (SB; 5 males, 5 females), 10 Limousine (L; 5 males, 5 females) and 10 Limousine × Sardo-Bruna crossbreed (L × SB; 5 males, 5 females) were compared simultaneously from 12 to 20 ± 1 (mean ± SEM) months old. During the trial, body weight (BW) was recorded once a month for estimating the average daily gain (ADG). At slaughter, carcase measurements, pH and colour traits were recorded from the left side of the carcase. Proximate composition, fatty acid (FA) profile, cooking and drip losses were evaluated using the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle. The SB group showed a lower cold carcase yield compared to L and L × SB genetic types. Males had a higher ADG, slaughter weight, hot and cold carcase weights, hot and cold carcase yields, and cooking losses than females. Females group showed a higher intramuscular fat content and rib fat thickness compared to males. No relevant differences among genetic types and between sexes were observed for meat and fat colours and pH. Concerning the FA profile, SB genetic type evidenced a higher oleic acid content and a better nutritional index than other genetic types while males had a higher PUFA content than females. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that the Limousine breed can be effectively used to enhance carcase yield of local breed without effects on meat quality.

Dynamic changes in aroma compounds and precursor substances during rice cooking

Cooking is a key process in forming cooked rice flavor, and more data on aroma compounds should be needed during rice cooking. This paper tracked dynamic changes in aroma compounds, sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids during cooking. After soaking, the content of glucose, fructose, oleic acid, and linoleic acid increased. In the hydrothermal cooking stage, glucose, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and alanine increased significantly (p < 0.05), while fructose, oleic acid, and linoleic acid first increased and then decreased. In raw rice and soaked rice, alkanes and alkenes were the main volatile compounds, and the content of hydrocarbon compounds decreased in the hydrothermal cooking stage, and many aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, and furan compounds were generated. A total of 28 aroma compounds were sniffed by GC-O-MS, and 13 aroma compounds with OAV >1 were screened out. These results showed that raw rice and soaked rice had similar aroma characteristics and aroma precursor substances that mainly accumulated in the SO10 or ST10 stage, and hydrothermal cooking was the key process of rice aroma formation.

Associations of the rs12504538 and rs6824447 Polymorphisms of the Elovl6 Gene with Estimated Elongase and Desaturase Activity and Fatty Acid Concentrations in Mexican Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Background: This study aimed to investigate the possible associations of the rs12504538 and rs6824447 polymorphisms of the Elovl6 gene with estimated elongase and desaturase activity and saturated fatty acid concentrations in Mexican women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). Methods: We recruited 172 women in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy who had undergone an oral glucose tolerance test, including 66 who had diagnosed with GDM according to the 2016 ADA criteria and 106 who had normal glucose tolerance test results, from the General Hospital and Health Centers of the Health Ministry of Guanajuato, México. Participants were matched by gestational week. Data on age, gestational week and anthropometric characteristics were collected. Blood samples were drawn after an overnight fast for the measurement of serum glucose, lipid, NEFA, serum fatty acid and insulin levels; SNP genotyping and quantification of fatty acids was performed and elongase and desaturase activity was estimated. Findings: With the exception of HDL-cholesterol, all variables, including NEFA levels, were significantly greater in the GDM group than in the non-GDM group. The rs6824447 polymorphism of the Elovl6 gene, an age &gt;25 years and HOMA-IR levels were associated with the development of GDM (OR=5.1, 95% CI 1.56-17.1, p=0.006; OR=4.89, 95% CI 1.65-14.4, p=0.003; OR=34.1 95% CI 8.7-133, p&lt;0.000001, respectively). Palmitic acid (OR=1.08; 95% CI: 1.06-1.11; p&lt;0.001) and oleic acid (OR=1.17; 95% CI: 1.14-1.2; p&lt;0.001) concentrations were also associated with the development of GDM. No differences in the estimated elongase and desaturase activity among the non-GDM and GDM groups were found and only the activity of Δ9D SCD18 desaturase was marginally high in GDM patients (p=0.050). Conclusion: The rs6824447Elovl6 polymorphism is associated with the development of GDM, as are high serum palmitic acid, oleic acid and stearic acid concentrations and estimated Δ9D SCD18 desaturase activity.

Preparation of pure phase silver nanoparticles: Morphological, optical, binding interactions with bovine serum albumin and antioxidant potential studies

Pure silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using Senecio madagascariensis plant extract and oleic acid as capping agents. The powder X-ray diffraction patterns of the silver nanoparticles were indexed to the face-centred cubic phase of Ag. TEM images of the nanoparticles revealed polydisperse spherical nanoparticles with particle size of 9 to 22 nm range. The GC-MS revealed terpenes as some phytochemicals extracted, which the FTIR bands corroborated. The results confirmed that increase in oleic acid concentration increased the size of the silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles' optical band gaps, Eg, were 2.26 – 2.56 eV, which decreased with particle size. The AgNPs exhibited potential antioxidant activity, as demonstrated by the DPPH scavenging assay. The DPPH scavenging activity was highest, with AgNP1 at 80 % and an IC50 of 1.668 μg/mL. Fluorescence and ultraviolet (UV) titrations were used to study the interaction of the silver nanoparticles (AgNP1) with bovine serum albumin (BSA). The Kapp value of the AgNP1 was calculated to be 3.14 × 104 ± 0.02 Lmol−1, KSV calculated as 7.38 × 104 ± 0.12 M−1. In the study, AgNPs bind to BSA potentially through a static quenching mechanism with one binding site that leads to developing a ground state complex. It is proposed that AgNPs bond to BSA's surface spontaneously based on its thermodynamic characteristics and binding constants.

Genetic and environmental influences on fatty acid composition in different fenugreek genotypes

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) plays a crucial role in both the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its rich nutritional profile and medicinal properties, such as regulating blood sugar and reducing inflammation. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the fatty acid composition in fenugreek seeds, revealing significant variability influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The analysis showed that linoleic acid ranged from 32.16 % to 45.96 %, linolenic acid from 17.3 % to 31.21 %, oleic acid from 11.40 % to 20.32 %, stearic acid from 3.78 % to 6.76 %, and palmitic acid from 8.74 % to 16.44 %. Both genotype and environmental conditions had a profound impact on these profiles, with notable variations arising from differences in water availability. The Israel and Kermanshah (Iran) genotypes recorded the highest linoleic acid levels under irrigated conditions, while the Kayseri (Turkey) genotype exhibited the highest linolenic and stearic acid values across both irrigated and non-irrigated environments. Additionally, the Ahvaz (Iran) and Ukraine genotypes excelled in oleic and palmitic acid concentrations. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) biplots further highlighted the complex genotype-environment interactions, providing essential insights for breeding fenugreek varieties optimized for diverse agro-climatic conditions.

Unraveling the genetic basis of oil quality in olives: a comparative transcriptome analysis.

The balanced fatty acid profile of olive oil not only enhances its stability but also contributes to its positive effects on health, making it a valuable dietary choice. Olive oil's high content of unsaturated fatty acids and low content of saturated fatty acids contribute to its beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The quantities of these fatty acids in olive oil may fluctuate due to various factors, with genotype being a crucial determinant of the oil's quality. This study investigated the genetic basis of oil quality by comparing the transcriptome of two Iranian cultivars with contrasting oil profiles: Mari, known for its high oleic acid content, and Shengeh, characterized by high linoleic acid at Jaén index four. Gas chromatography confirmed a significant difference in fatty acid composition between the two cultivars. Mari exhibited significantly higher oleic acid content (78.48%) compared to Shengeh (48.05%), while linoleic acid content was significantly lower in Mari (4.76%) than in Shengeh (26.69%). Using RNA sequencing at Jaén index four, we analyzed genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. Differential expression analysis identified 2775 genes showing statistically significant differences between the cultivars. Investigating these genes across nine fundamental pathways involved in oil quality led to the identification of 25 effective genes. Further analysis revealed 78 transcription factors and 95 transcription binding sites involved in oil quality, with BPC6 and RGA emerging as unique factors. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying oil quality in olive cultivars. The findings have practical implications for olive breeders and producers, potentially streamlining cultivar selection processes and contributing to the production of high-quality olive oil.

Seed inoculation with Rhizobium japonium bacteria improved fatty acid composition of different soybean (Glycine max L.) genotypes

BackgroundSoybean is an important crop for food security as it fulfills global oil requirements. Seed inoculation with bacteria is frequently used to increase its production; however, it could change the seed composition. Nevertheless, the genotypes respond differently to the bacteria. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the impact of Rhizobium bacteria on the seed composition. MethodsThis two-year (2018 and 2019) study investigated the effects of seed inoculation with Rhizobium japonicum on fatty acid composition of different soybean genotypes. Three frequently cultivated soybean genotypes, i.e., ‘Gapsoy16′, ‘Traksoy’, and ‘İlksoy’ were included in the study. The seeds were either inoculated with R. japonicum or sown without inoculation. The fatty acid profile, i.e., saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acid) and unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and arachidic acids) was determined, and the collected data were analyzed by single and multivariate analysis. ResultsSeed inoculation with R. japonicum significantly altered the fatty acid composition of different genotypes; however, varied effects were recorded for the genotype. Linoleic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid made up ∼ 33 % of total fatty acids in seeds. Linoleic acid contents varied between 30.78–34.02 %, whereas oleic acid contents ranged between 27.85–31.04 %. Similarly, palmitic acid contents differed between 15.53–16.93 %. The ‘İlksoy’ and ‘Gapsoy’ had the highest contents of palmitic and oleic acids, respectively. Overall, inoculation of bacteria increased the composition of unsaturated fatty acids and lowered saturated fatty acids. ConclusionSeed inoculation with R. japonicum increased the essential fatty acid composition in ‘Traksoy’ genotype. However, ‘İlksoy’ genotype recorded a decrease in unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, ‘Traksoy’ can be inoculated with R. japonicum to improve fatty acid profile.

High-concentrated synthesis of surface modified iron oxide nanoparticles using ethanol-enhanced supercritical CO2 media

In the synthesis of surface modified metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), supercritical CO2 is an attractive medium to achieve a simple and green chemistry approach without waster liquor. However, the mass production of surface-modified NPs is still a serious challenge for their industrial utilization. In this work, we aimed to demonstrate the high-concentrated synthesis of surface-modified iron oxide NPs in ethanol-enhanced supercritical CO2. The synthesis and phase observation were performed at 30.0 ± 0.8 MPa of CO2, 100 °C and 18 h, while changing the total concentration of iron(Ⅲ) acetylacetonate, water and oleic acid and ethanol ratio. As a result, lower total concentration gave single nano-sized α-Fe2O3 nanocrystal under uniform phase while higher one gave aggregated α-FeOOH under ununiform phase. However, ethanol entrainer successfully homogenized the reaction field by drastically raising the solubilities of components, allowing the high-concentrated synthesis of single nano-sized α-Fe2O3 nanocrystal. Furthermore, synthesized nanocrystal had chemically and densely modified surface, showing the unimodal size distribution in cyclohexane. These results conclusively show that supercritical CO2 with ethanol entrainer is a promising medium to allow the mass production of densely modified nanocrystal and subsequent their industrial utilization in thin film fabrication and drug delivery system.

Impact of abiotic stressors on oleic acid accumulation in the leaves of young quinoa plants

Investigating the impact of not only individual stress factors but also their combined effect on plants becomes imperative in the context of natural and climatic fluctuations. 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2) and α-linolenic (18:3) serve as vital non-enzymatic antioxidants, making significant contributions to plant defense. Moreover, they are indispensable in assessing the nutritional and biological value of plant lipids. Currently, Chenopodium quinoa L., a member of the Amaranth family, is increasingly recognized as a valuable source of antioxidant metabolites. Current study examined the fluctuation patterns in oleic acid ester content, serving as a non-enzymatic antioxidant, when plant exposed to varying intensities of osmotic, saline, and combined stress. A constant concentration of oleic acid esters was shown under different levels of saline stress. Osmotic stress did not affect the oleic acid content. Under salt stress, the oleic acid content increased compared to the control, varying at different NaCl concentrations. However, under combined stress, there was a significant increase in ester content, peaking at a stress level of 200NaCl/L+PEG, followed by a decrease as stress increased. It was noted that signs of stress for the photochemical quenching index of YII and ETR in photosystem II of young quinoa plants also occur with a combination of exposure to 300 mM/L NaCl + PEG. It was suggested that the level of combined stress at 200NaCl/P is transitional from eustress to distress. The results obtained could potentially become the basis for the targeted synthesis of valuable plant antioxidants for food and pharmaceutical purposes in the future.

Nutrient profile, protease and cellulase activities of protein extracted from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae reared on various substrates

The Black Soldier Fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) larvae are recognized for their ability to convert diverse organic materials into protein-rich biomass, depending on the substrate they consume. The composition of these substrates can significantly impact the nutrient profile and enzyme activities of the resulting maggot protein extract (MPE). Therefore, this exploratory research aimed to assess the nutrient content, protease, and cellulase activity of MPE obtained from BSF maggots reared on different substrates, with a specific focus on substrates A (comprising restaurant waste and rejected milk), B (layer manure), and C (kitchen waste). The results showed that maggot meal from layer manure had the highest protein content (45.36%) and the lowest fat content (18.44%). Amino acids in maggot meal contained high levels of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Lauric acids were found in maggot meal from kitchen waste (33.79%), layer manure (32.18%), and restaurant waste and rejected milk (22.94%). Maggot meal from layer manure had the highest oleic acid content (15.13%). The protein concentration of MPE from various substrates ranged from 0.56 to 0.601 mg/ml (at 60% w/v ammonium sulfate saturation) and 0.555 to 0.609 mg/ml (at 70% ammonium sulfate saturation). The protease activity of MPE from layer manure substrates exhibited optimum activity and stability in neutral to alkaline pH, with activity levels of 0.748 U/mg at pH 7.0 and pH 11.0 (at 60% w/v ammonium sulfate saturation) and 0.774 units/mg at 70% w/v ammonium sulfate saturation. The highest cellulase activity was found in MPE from kitchen waste, which remained stable at pH 5.0-11.0. In general, maggots from different substrate sources exhibited distinct nutrient profiles and enzyme activities. Protein extract from maggots grown in layer manure showed the most suitable nutrient profile for use as an alternative source of protein feed and protease enzymes.

Colorimetric sensing of fatty acids in organic solvents using polydiacetylene-based nanocomposites

Colorimetric detection of long chain fatty acids by polydiacetylenes (PDAs)-based sensors is quite a challenge, mainly due to their relatively low solubility in aqueous media. In this study, we developed PDA/Zn2+/ZnO nanocomposites in various organic solvents for detecting fatty acids. Oleic acid and steric acid were used as representatives of fatty acids with bent and linear structures, respectively. The nanocomposites dispersed in ethanol exhibited blue-to-red color transition upon increasing the concentration of oleic acid. The use of other solvents including 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-octanol, 1,4-dioxane, hexane, octane and toluene affected the sensitivity of nanocomposites. Furthermore, incorporating cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) into the structure of the nanocomposites resulted in a systematic increase of sensitivity. The use of organic solvents simplified the method and allowed direct sensing of the fatty acids. Paper-based sensor was fabricated and utilized as a mobile test kit. This class of colorimetric sensors can also distinguish the bent and linear structures of fatty acids. Our study extends the utilization of PDA-based materials as colorimetric sensors of fatty acids in food industries.

Efficacy of Avocado Oil Cream in Wound Repair: Macroscopic Analysis, Inflammatory Cells Count, and Collagen Density

The wound healing process goes through a series of complex stages that are mutually continuous, namely inflammation, proliferation, and maturation. Following wound formation and the release of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors, inflammation occurs immediately after the hemostasis phase. Proliferation occurs when products processed by the growth factors are present. The final stage, maturation, is portrayed by the plan of the extracellular network. This study utilized oil from avocado fruit (Persea americana), which contains linoleic and oleic acid content that supports skin tissue repair. The study aimed to explore the effects of using avocado oil cream on the area of wound healing, the number of inflammatory cells, and the collagen density. Twenty-four female mice, aged eight weeks, were used as experimental animals by making excision wounds using a 4 mm biopsy punch on the dorsal skin on the left and right sides. The mice were divided into four groups based on the percentage of avocado oil in the topical cream included Group K (control, topical cream without avocado oil), Group P1 (5% topical avocado oil cream), Group P2 (10% topical avocado oil cream), and Group P3 (15% topical avocado oil cream). Macroscopic examination of the wounds was conducted daily on days 3, 6, and 9 after topical cream treatment using a digital caliper. A total of 48 skin tissue samples were collected from days 3, 6, and 9 after cream application, which were then processed for histopathology evaluations using hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson’s Trichrome staining. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to count the inflammatory cells, and Masson's Trichrome staining was employed to assess collagen density. The results revealed that avocado oil had a great impact on wound closure after 9 days of 15% avocado oil cream treatment, reducing the inflammatory cells after 3-6 days of 10% avocado oil cream therapy, and increasing collagen density after 9 days of 15% avocado oil cream application, as compared to the control, non-avocado oil cream group. Avocado oil can help close wounds, reduced the number of inflammatory cells, and increased collagen density when used in topical pharmaceutical formulations. Avocado oil cream may, therefore, be considered a viable option for wound repair treatment.

Metabolic engineering-induced transcriptome reprogramming of lipid biosynthesis enhances oil composition in oat.

The endeavour to elevate the nutritional value of oat (Avena sativa) by altering the oil composition and content positions it as an optimal crop for fostering human health and animal feed. However, optimization of oil traits on oat through conventional breeding is challenging due to its quantitative nature and complexity of the oat genome. We introduced two constructs containing three key genes integral to lipid biosynthesis and/or regulatory pathways from Arabidopsis (AtWRI1 and AtDGAT1) and Sesame (SiOLEOSIN) into the oat cultivar 'Park' to modify the fatty acid composition. Four homozygous transgenic lines were generated with a transformation frequency of 7%. The expression of these introduced genes initiated a comprehensive transcriptional reprogramming in oat grains and leaves. Notably, endogenous DGAT, WRI1 and OLEOSIN genes experienced upregulation, while genes associated with fatty acid biosynthesis, such as KASII, SACPD and FAD2, displayed antagonistic expression patterns between oat grains and leaves. Transcriptomic analyses highlighted significant differential gene expression, particularly enriched in lipid metabolism. Comparing the transgenic oat plants with the wild type, we observed a remarkable increase of up to 34% in oleic acid content in oat grains. Furthermore, there were marked improvements in the total oil content in oat leaves, as well as primary metabolites changes in both oat grains and leaves, while maintaining homeostasis in the transgenic oat plants. These findings underscore the effectiveness of genetic engineering in manipulating oat oil composition and content, offering promising implications for human consumption and animal feeding through oat crop improvement programmes.

Development of high oleic Spanish bunch groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) through marker-assisted backcrossing

ABSTRACT Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed crop. A specific type of groundnut, known as high-oleate groundnut, is particularly sought-after for its antioxidant properties and benefits to human health due to its favorable fatty acid profile. To breed high-oleic acid varieties of groundnut, two elite varieties of Tamil Nadu, India, TMVGn 13 and GJG 33, were hybridized with a high-oleic groundnut donor released in India, Girnar 4. The resulting progenies were then backcrossed with their recurrent parents for two generations, using marker-assisted backcross selection. Six progenies in the TMVGn 13 × Girnar 4 cross and nine progenies in the GJG 33 × Girnar 4 cross were identified as homozygous mutants for ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B genes, respectively. Three lines with high oleic acid content (>70%), good oil content (48–50%), and pod yield per plant were selected from these progenies. Following multi-location and adaptive research yield trials, these lines may be released as high-oleic acid varieties.