Content Of NE Research Articles

Interaction of SPI pellets with plasma on JET and associated disruptions

The presented data refer to the Shattered Pellet Injector (SPI) experiments carried out at JET in 2019–2020. This paper is a full journal version of the data originally presented as posters at TMPDM_2020 and EPS_2021. This paper presents various aspects of the interaction of pellets with plasma and associated disruptions. The experiment was performed with I p = (1.1–3.1) MA plasmas and mainly with Ne + D2 pellet composition, but also with Ar pellets. The Current Quench (CQ) time, τ 80−20, is the key characteristic of mitigation effectiveness. A pellet with a high content of Ne or Ar can reduce the CQ duration below the upper required JET threshold. Plasmas with high (thermal + internal poloidal magnetic) pre-disruptive plasma energy require a high content of Ne pellets to obtain a short CQ duration. Pellets with a small amount of Ne (and accordingly large amount of D), instead of causing a mitigated CQ, create the conditions for a ‘cold’ Vertical Displacement Events (VDE). The SPI was applied to plasma with different status: mainly to normal (‘healthy’) plasma, i.e. not prone to disruption, post-disruptive and VDE plasma. This study shows that SPI effectiveness in terms of CQ duration and, accordingly, EM loads does not depend on the state of the plasma, whether it is ‘healthy’ or post-disruptive plasma. SPI has been shown to reduce the axisymmetric vertical vessel reaction forces by about (30–40) % compared to unmitigated disruptions. On JET, the VDE, whether ‘hot’ or ‘cold’, always creates the conditions for a toroidal asymmetry in the plasma, so the VDE on the JET is referred to as Asymmetric VDE (AVDE). The interrupting of VDE and prevention of AVDE with SPI has been demonstrated. Thus, the effectiveness of disruption mitigation using SPI has been confirmed.

The Mechanisms of SAA/TLR4 Inducing Angiogenesis in Rheumatoid Arthritis through NETs Formation

Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease in which angiogenesis represents a critical early event of synovial inflammation. The present study aimed to reveal the potential molecular mechanisms of SAA/TLR4 induction of angiogenesis through NETs in RA. Materials and methods: Firstly, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to determinate TLR4 and NETs expression in synovial tissue, respectively. ELISA was used to detect the content of SAA, MPO and NE in serum and synovial fluid of patients. DNA quantification was done by fluorescence. DNA fluorescence staining was used to compare NETs formation in RA and HC sera, and to investigate the mechanism of NETs formation induced by SAA stimulation. PicoGreen DNA testing was used to characterize the DNA in the supernatants. Also, DNA fluorescence staining to explore whether NETs formation induced by SAA was dependent or independent on NADPH oxidase pathway. MTT assay, Wound healing assay, Tube formation assay were performed to analyze human veins umbilical cells (HUVECs) proliferation, migration, and tube vessels formation, respectively under NETs or NETs + DNase stimulants. Results: Firstly, we demonstrated that TLR4 was predominantly and widely expressed in synovial tissues with elevated serum levels of SAA, compared to osteoarthritis (OA) patients, and the similar results were observed for NETs formation. Afterwards, in a series of in vitro experiments, we reported an increased MPO and NE levels, and a relatively decreased DNA level in the sera of RA patients. Set apart, the levels of MPO and NE in RA were correlated to the disease activity. Moreover, an increased spontaneous NETs formation was observed in RA patients, enhanced under SAA stimulation and regulated by TLR4 activation. And the total DNA expressed in RA patients was partly composed of NET-DNA. Also, SAA induced NETs formation dependent on NADPH pathway. Finally, our results indicated that extracted SAA-induced NETs promoted endothelial cells (ECs) migration, proliferation, and vascular tube formation. Conclusion: Our current study highlighted the role of SAA/TLR4 interaction in the induction of angiogenesis through formed NETs. Therefore, this study offers new perspectives in the understanding of RA pathogenicity and its management.

Влияние парааминобензойной кислоты на воспалительный процесс при синдроме «сухого глаза» у больных сахарным диабетом (клинико-лабораторное исследование)

Purpose. Study of the effect of 0.007% PABA solution in the form of the drug Aktipol-M on the inflammatory process based on the assessment of the level of sIL-6R and NE in the lacrimal fluid (LF), with dry eye disease (DED) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Material and methods. The study involved 30 patients (60 eyes) with type 1 and 2 diabetes, aged 35 to 70 years, with a diagnosis of DED. Patients received Aktipol-M eye drops for one month. The contents of NE (10 patients, 20 eyes) and sIL-6R (20 patients, 40 eyes) were determined in the LF. The control group consisted of 10 healthy volunteers (20 eyes). Quantitative determination of the content of sIL-6R and NE was carried out by the method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Thirty patients (60 eyes) with type 1 and 2 diabetes, aged 35 to 70 years, with a diagnosis of DED were examined. The patients received Aktipol-M eye drops for one month. The content of NE (10 patients, 20 eyes) and sIL-6R (20 patients, 40 eyes) was determined in the LF. The control group consisted of 10 healthy volunteers (20 eyes). The quantitative determination of the content of sIL-6R and NE was carried out by the method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. The patients showed a higher content of sIL-6R (10974.8±1228.5 pkg/ml) and NE (3.85 ± 0.13 ng / ml) compared with the control group (4.6 ± 0.7 pkg / ml and 0.22 ± 0.08 ng/ml, respectively). After 1 month after the start of treatment, a significant decrease in these parameters was observed in all patients and in both eyes: on average, the content of sIL-6R by 80.5% and the NE content by 58.7%. Conclusion. PABA 0.007% in the dosage form of eye drops Aktipol-M has an anti-inflammatory effect, suppressing the production of sIL-6R and NE in the LF in DED in patients with diabetes. Key words: para-aminobenzoic acid, dry eye disease, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, neutrophilic elastase, soluble interleukin-6 receptor.

In vivo microdialysis and in vitro HPLC analysis of the impact of paeoniflorin on the monoamine levels and their metabolites in the rodent brain.

Background: Paeoniflorin (PF) possesses several effects such as analgesic, the anti-spasmodic effect on smooth muscle. It protects the cardiovascular system and reveals the neuroprotective effect on cerebral ischemia. Monoamine system has been identified to have complex regulatory effects in pain signaling. There are no reports regarding the impact of PF on monoamine levels in the rodent brain by microdialysis. In this study, the effects of PF on monoamines and their metabolites in the rodent brain using in vivo microdialysis and in vitro high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.Methods: Male S.D. rats were anesthetized, fixed onto the stereotaxic instrument to identify the positions of corpus striatum and cerebral cortex. Drilled a hole in the skull of anesthetic rats and proceeded microdialysis, and gave PF (100 μg, i.c.v.). Collected the dialysate and the concentration of monoamines and their metabolites in dialysate and analyzed with HPLC-ECD. Male ICR mice were administered with PF (96 μg, i.c.v.) and with Ringer solution as a control. After 20 mins of administration, the mice were cut off the brain immediately and separated into eight regions according to the method of Glowinski. Added extraction solution to each region, homogenized and extracted for further procedure. The extract was centrifuged, sucked the transparent layer and centrifuged once more. The transparent layer was filtered with a 0.22 μm nylon filter and analyzed with HPLC-ECD (electrochemical detection).Results: PF increased the content of DOPAC and NE in the cortex, and increased the content of NE and decreased the content of 5-HT in the medulla of the homogenized mice brain tissue. By microdialysis, PF increased the content of DOPAC and 5-HIAA in anesthetic rat cortex and expanded the content of DOPAC, HVA, and 5-HIAA in anesthetic rat striatum.Conclusions: It reveals that PF could activate the release of monoamines and increase their metabolites in the rodent brain.

Description and evaluation of a net energy intake model as a function of dietary chewing index.

Previously, a linear relationship has been found between net energy intake (NEI) and dietary chewing index (CI) of the diet for different types of cattle. Therefore, we propose to generalize and calibrate this relationship into a new model for direct prediction of NEI by dairy cows from CI values (CINE; min/MJ of NE). Furthermore, we studied the forage-to-concentrate substitution rate in this new NEI model. To calibrate the model on a diverse set of situations, we built a database of mean intake from 14 production experiments with a total of 986 primi- and multiparous lactating dairy cows of different breeds fed 136 different diets ad libitum. The NEI were estimated by the Nordic feed evaluation system. The CINE value of diets was estimated from the intake of concentrate, intake of forage neutral detergent fiber (NDFf), particle length of forage, indigestible NDFf/NDFf, body weight, NDFf/body weight, and the content of NE in DM. We show that the slope values in this regression are proportional to the squared intercepts, giving the nonlinear equation NEI=NEI0-k×NEI0a×CINE, where the parameter k represents the decline in NEI with the increasing CINE of the diet and a was estimated to have a value of 2, implying a constant maximum daily chewing time. The intercept NEI0 in the regression of NEI on CINE may be interpreted as metabolic net energy intake capacity of the cows fed without physical constraints on intake. Based on experimental data, the maximum chewing time was estimated as 1/(4 × k). The NEI0 values were parameterized as a linear function of metabolic body size, energy-corrected milk yield (kg/d), days in milk, and days in milk squared. Prediction accuracy was evaluated by mean square prediction error (MSPE) and its decomposition into central tendency, regression, and disturbance, across and within experiments on independent data from 19 experiments including 812 primi- and multiparous lactating dairy cows of different breeds fed 80 different diets ad libitum. The NEI model predicted NEI with an MSPE of 8% of observed, and across the 19 experiments the error central tendency, error regression, and error disturbance were 4.2, 40.6, and 84.9% of MSPE, respectively. The described intake model implies a variable forage-to-concentrate substitution rate as a nonlinear function of NEI0, CINE of forage, and supplementation of concentrate.

La-Substituted CaFeAsH Superconductor with Tc = 47 K

La-substituted CaFeAsH, (Ca1−xLax)FeAsH, were synthesized by the solid state reaction at 1173 K under high pressure of 2.5 GPa. The ρ–T anomaly corresponding to tetragonal to orthorhombic structural transition was suppressed by La-substitution and then the superconductivity was observed at an electron doping content of Ne > 0.05. The maximum onset Tc of 47.4 K was reached for Ne = 0.18, which is significant increase compared to 23 K achieved by direct electron doping to the FeAs-layer via Co-substitution to the Fe-site. This value of Tc value fits well to the phenomenological relation between Tc and the bond angle of As–Fe–As in indirectly electron doped LnFeAsO (Ln = Lanthanide). These results indicate that the electron was doped via the indirect mode through the aliovalent ion substitution to CaH-layer (Ca2+ → La3+ + e−).

Neutrophil elastase inhibitor on proliferation and apoptosis of U937 cells

To study and compare the effect of neutrophil elastase inhibitors (GW311616A and sivelestat) on the proliferation and apoptosis of U937 cells. Inhibitory effects of GW311616A and sivelestat on the proliferation of U937 cells were assayed by MTT assay. The morphologic changes of U937 cells were detected by transmission electron microscope, and apoptosis was observed by AnnexinV-FITC/PI staining. The changes of cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. The expression of NE in U937 cells was observed by indirect immunofluorescence, the variations of content and activity of NE in U937 cells were measured through ELISA assay and colorimetric method. MTT showed that both NE inhibitors could inhibit the proliferation of U937 cells in a dose dependent manner. The IC50 of GW311616A and sivelestat were 150 and 214 μmol/L respectively. The inhibition effect of GW311616A was significantly higher than of sivelestat (P<0.01). Typical apoptosis morphological changes of U937 cells was observed through electron microscope. AnnexinV-FITC/PI staining showed that U937 cells could be induced to undergo apoptosis by the two inhibitors, the apoptosis ratio of 150μmol/L GW311616A group (13.60%) was significantly higher than that of 150μmol/L sivelestat group (3.69%)(P<0.01). The result of flow cytometry indicated that the apoptosis ratio of 150 μmol/L GW311616A group was 14.61%, U937 cell cycle was mainly blocked in G2/M phase; meanwhile 150 μmol/L sivelestat group as 4.25% with cell cycle in S phase. The fluorescence intensity of GW311616A group obviously decreased than of sivelestat group. And the two inhibitors could reduce the content and activity of NE in U937 cells, but the effect of GW311616A was significantly higher than of sivelestat (P<0.01). GW311616A and sivelestat could inhibit the proliferation and cause apoptosis of U937 cells. Furthermore, GW311616A was more effective and harmful to cells than sivelestat.

Effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to amitraz on norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine levels in brain regions of male and female rats

The effects of maternal exposure to amitraz on brain region monoamine levels of male and female offspring rats at 60 days of age were observed. Maternal and offspring body weight, physical and general activity development were unaffected by the exposure of dams to amitraz (20 mg/kg bw, orally on days 6–21 of pregnancy and 1–10 of lactation). Male and female offspring were sacrificed at 60 days of age and possible alterations in the content and metabolism of NE, DA and 5-HT were determined in brain regions by HPLC. The results showed that all these neurotransmitter systems were altered in a brain regional-related manner. In male and female offspring, amitraz induced a significant decrease in the prefrontal cortex 5-HT and its metabolite 5-HIAA and DA and its metabolites DOPAC and HVA levels with interaction of sex. Nevertheless, we verified that striatum DA and 5-HT and corresponding metabolite contents decreased in male and female offspring without statistical distinction of sex. In contrast, amitraz did not modify 5-HT content, but caused an increase in 5-HIAA content in the medulla oblongata and hippocampus in male and female offspring. Alterations in the hippocampus DA, DOPAC and HVA levels after amitraz exposure were also observed displaying a sex interaction. NE levels also showed a decrease after amitraz treatment in the prefrontal cortex and striatum without statistical sex interaction, but MHPG levels decreased in both regions with a sex interaction. Amitraz evoked increases in 5-HT turnover in the prefrontal cortex as well as in DA turnover in the striatum and hippocampus but decreases in NE turnover in the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex and striatum. The present findings indicated that maternal exposure to amitraz altered noradrenergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic neurochemistry in their offspring in the prefrontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus, and those variations could be related to several alterations in the functions in which these brain regions are involved.

INTERSTELLAR RESIDENCE TIMES OF PRESOLAR SiC DUST GRAINS FROM THE MURCHISON CARBONACEOUS METEORITE

The time span between the formation of presolar grains in stellar outflows and their incorporation into early solar-system solids is poorly constrained. Knowledge of this time span is essential for a better understanding of the processing of grains in the interstellar medium (ISM) and formation processes of the solar system. Here, we report interstellar residence times of ∼3–1100 Myr for large (∼5–50 μm) presolar SiC grains, based on their content of He and Ne produced by Galactic cosmic rays. A majority of these grains have interstellar residence times on the order of a few tens up to less than 200 Myr, considerably shorter than theoretical estimates of interstellar dust lifetimes (∼500 Myr), but long enough to require formation of the majority of the grains before that of the presolar molecular cloud. The age distribution may be explained by starburst activity 1–2 billion years prior to the birth of the Sun. Our findings provide essential "ground truth" to constrain models of interstellar dust lifetimes and destructive processes in the ISM.

Effects of single and repeated administrations of Toki-shakuyaku-san on the concentrations of brain neurotransmitters in mice.

The amounts of monoamine-related substances (NE, MHPG, DA, DOPAC, HVA, 5-HT, and 5-HIAA and acetylcholine (ACh) in the cerebral cortex, corpus striatum and hippocampus of mice treated orally with a powdered extract of Toki-shakuyaku-san (TSS) were measured using the HPLC-ECD method. Single administration of TSS at 50 mg/kg decreased the content of NE in the hippocampus, but increased the contents of DA, DOPAC and HVA. Single administration of TSS at 50 mg/kg increased the contents of DA and HVA in the cerebral cortex and those of DA, DOPAC and HVA in the hippocampus, but decreased the content of NE. Repeated administration (twice a day, for 14 days) of TSS at 50 mg/kg increased the contents of DA, DOPAC and 5-HIAA in the cerebral cortex, while 500 mg/kg increased the contents of NE, MHPG, DOPAC, 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the cerebral cortex, and the NE and DA in the corpus striatum. With regard to ACh content, single and repeated administrations of TSS at 50 and 500 mg/kg had no influence in the three regions of mouse brain. These results suggest that single administration of TSS stimulates the function of the dopaminergic nervous system in the hippocampus in mice and inhabits the function of the adrenergic nervous system, and that repeated administration of TSS stimulates the function of the adrenergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic nervous systems in the cerebral cortex. TSS, however, did not show any influence on the brain ACh content in mice.

Catecholamines in Rabbit Nodose Ganglion Following Exposure to an Acute Emotional Stressor

The aim of the present investigation was to examine catecholamine content and the activities of catecholamine synthesizing and degrading enzymes in the nodose ganglia of rabbits with different patterns of arterial blood pressure during exposure to an acute emotional stressor. The stress protocol involved exposure of immobilized adult male rabbits to electrical stimulation ofthe ventromedial hypothalamus and the skin for 3 hours. Stress-resistant rabbits that had small fluctuations in arterial pressure during exposure to the stressor had significant reductions in levels ofnorepinephrine (NE) in the nodose ganglion during the 3 hours of stress exposure. In contrast, stress-sensitive rabbits that had progressive decreases in arterial pressure exhibited significant elevations in nodose ganglion content of NE, dopamine (DA) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) throughout the period of stress. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity was changed during the course of the experiment while monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was unaffected by stress exposure. The changes in nodose ganglion catecholamine content of stress-sensitive and stress-resistant rabbits suggest that the nodose ganglion plays an important role in the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis during exposure of animals to an acute emotional stressor.

Mechanism of the hypothermic effect of MPP + administered centrally in mice

The neurotoxin methyl phenyl pyridinium (MPP +) was administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) to mice. From the 1.25 μg dose per mouse, MPP + elicited a dose-dependent hypothermic effect from doses as low as 1.25 μg per mouse. The minimal lethal dose was determined to be between 17.5 and 20 μg per mouse. The hypothermia induced by 2.5 μg MPP + was unaffected by pretreatment with propranolol (8 mg/kg, i.p.), scopolamine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) and haloperidol (250 μg/kg, i.p.). It was decreased by yohimbine (4 mg/kg, s.c.), idazoxan (5 mg/kg, s.c.) and desipramine (20 mg/kg, i.p.). In mice injected i.c.v. with 6 hydroxydopamine (50 μg, 8 days before testing with MPP + 2.5 μg), a significant reduction in the hypothermic effect of MPP + was observed. A similar 6 OHDA injection has been shown previously to reduce by about 40% the DA striatal content of DA and by about 70% the hypothalamic content of NE. On the contrary, in mice injected with MPP + (17.5 μg, 8 days before testing with 50 μg 6 OHDA) there was no modification in the hypothermic effect of 6 OHDA (50 μg). This injection of MPP + reduced by about 40% the striatal content of DA but did not affect the hypothalamic content of NE. It is concluded that MPP + decreases body temperature, at least in part, by acting as an indirect NE agonist, which stimulates α2 adrenoreceptors. In contrast, this agent in the present experimental conditions, does not destroy NE neurons in opposition to its action on DA neurons.

Morphine decreases 3H-norepinephrine release and increases endogenous norepinephrine levels in the isolated cat superior cervical ganglion

The isolated cat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) was labeled in vitro with either 3H-norepinephrine ( 3HNE) or 3H-choline and stimulated through its preganglionic trunk. The release of 3HNE and of 3H-acetylcholine ( 3HACh) elicited by the stimulation was measured under control conditions and in the presence of drugs. The incubation during 30 min with 10 μM morphine lead to a 70 % decrease in the amount of 3HNE released in response to the preganglionic stimulation (10 Hz, 80 V, during 5 min). No further decrease in 3HNE release was produced by a 10 times higher concentration of morphine. The reduction in 3HNE release caused by morphine was coincident with a 60 % increase in the endogenous content of NE. Both effects of morphine were entirely prevented by an antagonist of opioid receptors, 1.0 μM naltrexone. The opioid antagonist did not modify by itself either the stimulation-induced release of 3HNE or the endogenous content of NE. The basal efflux of 3HNE was not altered by morphine. In ganglia labeled with 3H-choline, morphine (10 and 100 μM) did not modify either the basal efflux of 3HACh or the release of 3HACh evoked by stimulation of the preganglionic trunk (5 Hz, 40 V, during 5 min). These observations suggest that in the cat SCG morphine has a direct action on the dendrites of the postganglionic neuron which store and release NE. The effects of morphine in vitro on 3HNE release and on the tissue levels of NE may be mediated through the interaction with dendritic opioid receptors.

Ionic mechanisms involved in the release of 3H-norepinephrine from the cat superior cervical ganglion

It has previously been reported that in the isolated cat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) labeled with tritiated norepinephrine ( 3HNE), the stimulation of the preganglionic trunk at 10 Hz as well as the exposure to 100 μM exogenous acetylcholine (ACh), produced a Ca ++-dependent release of 3HNE. The present results show that a Ca ++-dependent release of 3HNe was produced also by exposure to either 50 μM veratridine or 60 mM KC1. Tetrodotoxin (0.5 μM) abolished the release of 3HNE induced by preganglionic stimulation, ACh and veratridine but did not modify the release evoked by KC1. The metabolic distribution of the radioactivity released by the different depolarizing stimuli showed that the 3HNE was collected mainly unmetabolized. In the cat SCG neither the release of 3HNE evoked by KC1 nor the endogenous content of NE was modified by pretreatment with 6-OH-dopamine (6-OH-DA). On the other hand, this chemical sympathectomy depleted the endogenous content of NE in the cat nictitating membrane, whose nerve terminals arise from the SCG. The data presented suggest that the depolarization-coupled release of NE from the cat SCG involves structures that are different to nerve terminals and that contain Na + channels as well as Ca ++ channels.

Effects of corticotropin on the thymus and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal system.

1. Intramuscular administration of ALG to guinea pigs at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day for 10 days induces the development of thymomegaly. 2. Thymomegaly is accompanied by overproduction of STH and PL in the adenohypophysis, stimulation of lymphopoiesis (through T-lymphocytes), and depression of glucocorticoid function of the adrenals as a result of reduced ACTH secretion. 3. In thymomegaly induced by ALG, the content of DA, NE, and serotonin in the hypothalamus increases. 4. Zn-ACTH in a dose of 1 U/kg/day for 5–10 days is sufficient for attaining thymic involution.

Rare gases and 36Cl in stony-iron meteorites: cosmogenic elemental production rates, exposure ages, diffusion losses and thermal histories

Metal and silicate portions from 13 mesosiderites, one pallasite, Bencubbin (“unique”) and Udei Station (‘iron with silicate inclusions’) have been analysed for their content of He, Ne and Ar; in most cases 36Cl could be determined as well. 36Cl-36Ar cosmic ray exposure ages fall between 10 and 160 Myr. Half of the metal samples show a deficit of spallogenic 3He (up to 30%) which we ascribe to a loss of tritium. The observed depletion of 3He in the silicates is correlated with their mineralogical composition: feldspar has lost its 3He in all cases, pyroxene definitely in one and possibly in five others, while olivine has been affected in only two meteorites. The thermal histories during their exposure to the cosmic radiation have been different for different meteoroids. Nevertheless, with the exception of Veramin, the data are compatible with the assumption of a continuous diffusion loss during a considerable fraction of the exposure era. For Veramin, however, an episodic event late in the exposure history is required. The exceptionally high 39Ar36Cl ratio in the metal, which is due to a high 39Ar activity, indicates that the event occurred during the last 500,000 years or so and resulted in an extremely excentric orbit (large aphelion).Production rates of 38,39Ar from Ca and 21,22Ne from Mg are given. The ratio P38CaP21Mg is close to unity. The ratios P38CaP38Fe vary between 20 and 50, and are not correlated with the absolute production rate of 38Ar from metal. The 22Ne21Ne production ratio from Mg is found to be close to but below unity.Of the mesosiderites only Veramin shows unambiguous evidence for primordial rare gases with larger amounts and a higher 20Ne36Ar ratio in the olivine, suggesting in situ fractionation to have at least been partly responsible for the abundance pattern found. Bencubbin contains large amounts of strongly fractionated primordial gases, but again part of the fractionation may have occurred in situ. Udei Station shows an excess of (3.5 ± 0.6) × 10−10 cm3 STP 129Xe/g in the non-magnetic portion.

Content of catecholamines in the adrenal medulla in hypertension and other diseases

Adrenal medullary tissue removed at autopsy from 100 patients was examined for NE, E, and DA by fluorimetry. No significant differences of total amine content were observed between specimens removed less than 12 hours and those obtained 50 hours after death. Separate analysis of each adrenal gland of 19 patients disclosed a considerable variation of NE and E content of the two glands. In 13 children up to the age of 14 years the total amine content and the proportion of E increased with age. In hypertensive patients treated with reserpine the adrenal medullary content of NE and E did not differ significantly from that of a similar group of hypertensives treated with other drugs or from that of a group of normotensive patients. However, DA was not detected in reserpine-treated subjects. Patients who died of malignant neoplasia of lung or gastrointestinal tract had a markedly higher content of E and NE than any other group.

570 Failure of ethanol and barbiturates to alter the content of brain 5ht and ne

570 Failure of ethanol and barbiturates to alter the content of brain 5ht and ne