Concentration Of Luteolin Research Articles

Establishment of Quality Standards for Raw Material of Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob

Introduction: Cyanthillium cinereum has long been used in Thai traditional medicine. However, the standard information of C. cinereum raw material has not been established. Objective: This study aimed to present the standard information of C. cinereum raw material. Material and methods: The microscopic and macroscopic characteristics, the physicochemical analysis, and assays for bioactive contents of 24 samples of C. cinereum from different locations were evaluated to determine the standard information of the plant material. Results: The result showed the microscopic characteristic of pollens in all powder samples. No nicotine content in C. cinereum extract was observed with LC-MS; apigenin and luteolin were instead selected as markers. The observed average contents of apigenin and luteolin were 0.238 and 1.059 mg/g, respectively, using HPLC-UV. Nitrite and nitrate components in C. cinereum, which induced flavor aversion leading to smoking cessation, were determined. The average nitrite and nitrate content were 0.004 and 0.526 mg/kg in ethanol extract and 0.014 and 1.645 mg/kg in the water extract, respectively. The results did not substantiate the concern for high potassium content in C. cinereum materials for cardiovascular and renal patients where only traces were observed in all samples (3.113 and 20.898 mg/kg in ethanol and water extracts, respectively). Conclusion: The results can be used to establish the specification of C. cinereum, which will be useful for quality control of the raw material. This new information is crucial and can be utilized extensively prior to herbal product preparation.

The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor TabHLH1 increases chlorogenic acid and luteolin biosynthesis in Taraxacum antungense Kitag

Polyphenols are the main active components of the anti-inflammatory compounds in dandelion, and chlorogenic acid (CGA) is one of the primary polyphenols. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the transcriptional regulation of CGA biosynthesis remains unclear. Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HQT2) is the last rate-limiting enzyme in chlorogenic acid biosynthesis in Taraxacum antungense. Therefore, using the TaHQT2 gene promoter as a probe, a yeast one-hybrid library was performed, and a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, TabHLH1, was identified that shared substantial homology with Gynura bicolor DC bHLH1. The TabHLH1 transcript was highly induced by salt stress, and the TabHLH1 protein was localized in the nucleus. CGA and luteolin concentrations in TabHLH1-overexpression transgenic lines were significantly higher than those in the wild type, while CGA and luteolin concentrations in TabHLH1-RNA interference (RNAi) transgenic lines were significantly lower. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that overexpression and RNAi of TabHLH1 in T. antungense significantly affected CGA and luteolin concentrations by upregulating or downregulating CGA and luteolin biosynthesis pathway genes, especially TaHQT2, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (Ta4CL), chalcone isomerase (TaCHI), and flavonoid-3′-hydroxylase (TaF3′H). Dual-luciferase, yeast one-hybrid, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that TabHLH1 directly bound to the bHLH-binding motifs of proTaHQT2 and proTa4CL. This study suggests that TabHLH1 participates in the regulatory network of CGA and luteolin biosynthesis in T. antungense and might be useful for metabolic engineering to promote plant polyphenol biosynthesis.

Inhibitive Effect of Luteolin on Sevoflurane-Induced Neurotoxicity through Activation of the Autophagy Pathway by HMOX1.

Luteolin is a flavone compound occurring in a variety of medicinal plants, which is reported to have neuroprotective properties. In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of luteolin in alleviating sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity. GeneCards and Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform were employed to screen luteolin, sevoflurane, and neurotoxicity-related genes. Subsequently, we isolated primary neurons from the hippocampus of 1-day-old C57BL/6J mice and tested for cytotoxicity after treatment of different concentrations of luteolin. Next, we measured the expression of apoptosis by flow cytometry and assessed inflammation-related factors, including heme oxygenase-1 expression detected by immunohistochemical staining and neuronal apoptosis. Finally, water maze, open field, and fear conditioning tests were conducted to observe the interaction between luteolin and sevoflurane in cognitive impairment of mice. Luteolin had the lowest cytotoxicity at concentrations of 30 or 60 μg/mL; we selected 30 μg/mL for drug administration experiments in vitro. Luteolin inhibited sevoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis and inflammatory responses through the autophagic pathway and thus ameliorated sevoflurane-induced cognitive impairment in mice. Mechanistically, luteolin up-regulated heme oxygenase-1 expression, which activated the autophagy pathway in vitro. This was confirmed by subsequent histological experiments in mice and behavioral results showing rescue cognitive impairment. Our findings uncovered an inhibitory role of luteolin in sevoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis and inflammatory response through activation of autophagy arising from up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1, thereby alleviating sevoflurane-induced cognitive impairment in mice.

Role of Luteolin-Induced Apoptosis and Autophagy in Human Glioblastoma Cell Lines.

Background and Objectives: Malignant glioblastoma (GBM) is caused by abnormal proliferation of glial cells, which are found in the brain. The therapeutic effects of surgical treatment, radiation therapy, and chemo-therapy against GBM are relatively poor compared with their effects against other tumors. Luteolin is abundant in peanut shells and is also found in herbs and other plants, such as thyme, green pepper, and celery. Luteolin is known to be effective against obesity and metabolic syndrome. The anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities of luteolin have been investigated. Most studies have focused on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of luteolin, which is a natural flavonoid. However, the association between the induction of apoptosis by luteolin in GBM and autophagy has not yet been investigated. This study thus aimed to confirm the occurrence of luteolin-induced apoptosis and autophagy in GBM cells and to assess their relationship. Materials and Methods: A172 and U-373MG glioblastoma cell lines were used for this experiment. We confirmed the apoptosis effect of Luteolin on GBM cells using methods such as 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, immunofluorescence, Flow cytometry (FACS) western blot, and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Results: In the luteolin-treated A172 and U-373MG cells, cell viability decreased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. In addition, in A172 and U-373MG cells treated with luteolin at concentrations greater than 100 μM, nuclear fragmentation, which is a typical morphological change characterizing apoptosis, as well as fragmentation of caspase-3 and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which are apoptosis-related factors, were observed. Autophagy was induced after treatment with at least 50 μM luteolin. Inhibition of autophagy using 3MA allowed for a low concentration of luteolin to more effectively induce apoptosis in A172 and U-373MG cells. Conclusions: Results showed that luteolin induces apoptosis and autophagy and that the luteolin-induced autophagy promotes cell survival. Therefore, an appropriate combination therapy involving luteolin and an autophagy inhibitor is expected to improve the prognosis of GBM treatment.

Facile Synthesis of Co9S8 Nanocages as an Electrochemical Sensor for Luteolin Detection

A novel Co9S8 nanocage was fabricated via a metalorganic frameworks engaged strategy. The morphology and structure of the resulting Co9S8 nanocage were carefully confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Then the as-synthesized Co9S8 nanocage material was immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and served as an efficient sensing platform for determination of luteolin. Under optimized conditions, the prepared Co9S8/GCE shows significant electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of luteolin. By comparison with GCE and CoS/GCE, the proposed Co9S8/GCE results in great improvement in the electrochemical response of luteolin. Meanwhile, the Co9S8 based-sensor presents an excellent linear relationship with the concentration of luteolin ranging from 0.01 to 20 μM. Then, the limit of detection based on S/N = 3 was estimated to be 0.8 nM. In addition, the Co9S8/GCE displays good repeatability, reproducibility, and selectivity. Finally, the simplicity and low cost of this sensor makes it possible to determination luteolin in actual sample with good accuracy and precision.

Hybrid polylactic acid/Eudragit L100 nanoparticles: A promising system for enhancement of bioavailability and pharmacodynamic efficacy of luteolin

Luteolin is a valuable natural drug for the treatment of oxidative stress associated diseases, but its use is hindered by gastric instability and poor bioavailability. Given that hybrid polymeric nanoparticles may have potential applications in the design of oral drug delivery systems, this study aims to develop luteolin loaded hybrid polylactic acid/Eudragit L100 nanoparticles. By nanoprecipitation, different formulations were prepared, optimized and characterized in terms of physicochemical properties, stability and in vivo performance. The optimum formulation presented particle size of 452.23 ± 22.4 nm, zeta potential of 0.92 mV ± 0.04, entrapment efficiency of 71.02 ± 14.6% and loading efficiency of 11.21 ± 3.1%, in accordance with the values predicted created by Box-Behnken design. In vitro, the system was capable of protection of luteolin in simulated gastric fluid, while a release study confirmed the controlled luteolin release pattern. Interaction between system components was verified through infrared and thermal analysis. The maximum plasma concentration of luteolin in the optimized formulation was significantly improved (212.2 %, p < 0.05) when compared to conventional luteolin suspension whereas the relative bioavailability accounted 2.61-fold. In vivo pharmacodynamic studies in CCL4 toxicity induced model revealed faint liver, kidney and testicular changes in terms of biochemical and histological evaluation. The findings of this study revealed that hybrid polylactic acid/Eudragit L100 nanoparticles are responsible for improved pharmacological efficacy of orally administered luteolin, thereby indicating the benefits of using such system to overcome the problems facing luteolin oral delivery.

Extraction optimization of luteolin, antioxidant compound, from Arachis hypogaea L. hull using response surface methodology

Luteolin is the most abundant phytochemical phenolic compound contained within peanut hulls and has broad pharmacological characteristics and high bioavailability. In this study, the extraction conditions for luteolin from peanut hulls were optimized. The effects of methanol concentration and reaction temperature on luteolin solubility were determined using the central composite design (CCD) under response surface methodology. Luteolin content within in the extracts increased with increasing temperature and organic solvent-to-water ratios. The optimal conditions for luteolin extraction were 81°C and 87.5% methanol for a predicted extraction value of 174.51 mg/100 g, which was within 1.25% of the experimental value of 172.35 mg/100 g, confirming the predicted model. Additionally, compared to conventional stirring, the luteolin content of reflux-extracted peanut hull had a higher extraction efficiency by 42.50%. The antioxidant compound contents and antioxidant capacity of the extracts were also determined, with the effects of temperature and solvent concentration increasing along with the extracted luteolin. In this study, CCD optimized the conditions for obtaining luteolin from peanut hulls, suggesting that the improved extraction efficiency of the bioactive compound can expand the use of peanut shells in the nutraceutical and food industries.

Citric acid and enzyme-assisted modification of flavonoids from celery (Apium graveolens) extract and their anti-inflammatory activity in HMC-1.2 cells.

Apium graveolens (celery) of the family Apiaceae contains bioactive compounds including luteolin and apigenin. The purpose of this study was to increase the extraction yield of apigenin and luteolin in celery extract using green technology and to evaluate their biological activities. The results showed that CA and β-glucosidase-assisted celery extraction transformed apiin in the celery to apigenin with an increase in luteolin concentration. The CA and β-glucosidase-treated celery extract (CAGE) improved the anti-inflammatory properties of celery extract by inhibiting the expression and production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-31, and TNF-α) in IL-33-stimulated mast cells (HMC-1.2 cells). Their mechanism of action was tied to the inhibition of ERK, JNK, IKKα, IκBα, and NF-κB activation by CAGE in the stimulated cells. In conclusion, CA and enzyme treatment can be considered as a useful biotechnology tool for the improvement of bioactive compounds in celery and hence improve on their bioactivity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Apium graveolens commonly called celery is an edible agricultural product cultivated throughout the world and known as a "superfood." Celery contains bioactive compounds including apigenin and luteolin that contribute to their described biological activities. However, extracting celery using normal extraction procedures such as hot water and ethanol methods yields only a small amount of apigenin and luteolin. In the present study, we introduced an eco-friendly method using citric and β-glucosidase to obtain apigenin and luteolin-rich celery extract with improved anti-inflammatory activities. The present work will spark studies on the conversion of less biologically active compounds in functional food materials to more active compounds using CA and β-glucosidase, and the development of functional food with specifically enriched bioactive substances at the industrial levels.

Simultaneous determination of five micro-components in Chrysanthemum morifolium (Hangbaiju) using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging coupled with deep learning with wavelength selection

Chrysanthemum morifolium (Hangbaiju) is a kind of favored flower tea due to its health benefits. Rapid and accurate determination of chemical components is important for evaluating the quality of Hangbaiju. In this study, near-infrared hyperspectral imaging was used to explore the feasibility of determining the content of buddleoside, luteolin, apigenin, quercetin, and diosmetin in fresh and dry Hangbaiju. Partial least squares regression (PLSR), support vector regression (SVR) and convolutional neural network (CNN) were used to build regression models. Competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), successive projections algorithm (SPA) and a CNN based feature selection method (CNNFS) were used to select the optimal wavelengths. The prediction performances of luteolin and quercetin in fresh and dry Hangbaiju were good using both full spectra and optimal wavelengths, illustrating the feasibility of using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging to determine luteolin and quercetin in Hangbaiju. The relatively worse results of the other three components indicated that more efforts should be made to improve the prediction performances. CNN based regression and wavelength selection showed close results to the conventional regression and wavelength selection methods, indicating that CNN based regression and wavelength selection is promising to determine chemical components of Hangbaiju and other materials.

Luteolin has a significant protective effect against cadmium-induced injury in lung epithelial Beas-2B cells

To investigate the protective effect of luteolin against cadmium (Cd)-induced injury in human lung epithelial Beas-2B cells. Beas-2B cells were treated with different concentrations of luteolin (0-160 μmol/L) or Cd (0-40 μmol/L) for 24 h, and the cell viability was examined using MTT assay. After treatment with luteolin (0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 μmol/L) with or without Cd (5 μmol/L) for 24 h, the cells were examined for viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and morphological changes of the cell nuclei using Hoechst fluorescent staining. The levels of ROS, SOD, GSH and MDA in the treated cells were detected, and the expression levels of Akt, p-Akt and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) proteins were determined using Western blotting. Luteolin within the concentration range of 0-80 μmol/L did not significantly affect the survival rate of Beas-2B cells (P>0.05), but Cd at 5 μmol/L significantly decreased the cell viability (P < 0.05) with an IC50 of 24.6 μmol/L. In Cd-treated cells, treatment with luteolin significantly mitigated the decrease of cell viability, reduced LDH release and cell apoptosis, enhanced SOD activity and GSH content, and inhibited the production of MDA and ROS (all P < 0.05). Luteolin also significantly up-regulated the expression levels of p-Akt and Nrf2 protein in Cd-treated Beas-2B cells (P < 0.05). Luteolin has a significant protective effect against Cd-induced injury in Beas-2B cells, and the effects are probably mediated, at least in part, by promoting the activation of Akt and Nrf2.

Polyphenolic Compounds Extracted and Purified from Buddleja Globosa Hope (Buddlejaceae) Leaves Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Centrifugal Partition Chromatography.

Chemical profiling of Buddleja globosa was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization (HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT/MS) and quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS). The identification of 17 main phenolic compounds in B. globosa leaf extracts was achieved. Along with caffeoyl glucoside isomers, caffeoylshikimic acid and several verbascoside derivatives (β-hydroxyverbascoside and β-hydroxyisoverbascoside) were identified. Among flavonoid compounds, the presence of 6-hydroxyluteolin-7-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, apigenin 7-O-glucoside was confirmed. Campneoside I, forsythoside B, lipedoside A and forsythoside A were identified along with verbascoside, isoverbascoside, eukovoside and martynoside. The isolation of two bioactive phenolic compounds verbascoside and forsythoside B from Buddleja globosa (Buddlejaceae) was successfully achieved by centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). Both compounds were obtained in one-step using optimized CPC methodology with the two-phase solvent system comprising ethyl acetate-n-butanol-ethanol-water (0.25:0.75:0.1:1, v/v). Additionally, eight Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) were tested for the extraction of polyphenols and compared with 80% methanol. The contents of verbascoside and luteolin 7-O-glucoside after extraction with 80% methanol were 26.165 and 3.206 mg/g, respectively. Among the NADESs tested in this study, proline- citric acid (1:1) and choline chloride-1, 2- propanediol (1:2) were the most promising solvents. With these NADES, extraction yields for verbascoside and luteolin 7-O-glucoside were 51.045 and 4.387 mg/g, respectively. Taken together, the results of this study confirm that CPC enabled the fast isolation of bioactive polyphenols from B. globosa. NADESs displayed higher extraction efficiency of phenolic and therefore could be used as an ecofriendly alternative to classic organic solvents.

Tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum) Prevents Oxidative and DNA Damage to Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells.

Eye diseases have a negative impact on the eyesight quality of the world population. The age-related macular degeneration (AMD) draws special attention since it is a chronic disorder characterized by oxidative and inflammatory damage to the retinal epithelial pigment, which triggers progressive vision loss. In the Brazilian Amazon, Astrocaryum aculeatum is an Amazonian fruit (Tucumã) used by riverside communities in traditional medicine to treat a number of ailments. These communities have recently shown to have increased longevity and reduced prevalence of age-related morbidity. Thus, the aim of this research was to chemically characterize and analyze the in vitro antioxidant effect and molecular damage prevention of the Tucumã ethanolic extract in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells in a model for AMD. The extract was chemically characterized by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with diode-array detection and mass spectrophotometry (HPLC-DAD-MS). In vitro protocols were performed, and the cytopreventive effect of Tucumã on RPE cells exposed to high concentrations of superoxide anion, an oxidant and genotoxic molecule, as well as the effect of Tucumã extract on oxidative and molecular makers were assessed. Biochemical and flow cytometry analyses were conducted in these protocols. The extract presents high concentrations of caffeic acid, gallic acid, catechin, luteolin, quercetin, and rutin. Treatment did not show cytotoxic effects in cells treated only with extract at 50 μg/mL. In fact, it improved cell viability and was able to prevent necrosis and apoptosis, and oxidative and molecular damage was significantly reduced. In summary, Tucumã is an important Amazon fruit, which seems to contribute significantly to improve human health conditions, as our findings suggest that its extract has a relevant chemical matrix rich in antioxidant molecules, and its consumption could improve eye health and contribute to prevention against oxidative stress through cytoprevention, reactive oxygen species reduction, and maintenance of DNA integrity in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells.

Green and Non-conventional Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Olive Leaves: Screening of Novel Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Investigation of Process Parameters.

Olive leaf as an agricultural waste contains valuable bioactive compounds that are mainly used for pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Lately the major component, oleuropein, has gained extra attention due to the anti-viral activity against SARS-CoV-2 that causes Coronavirus disease (Covid-19). In this study, extraction of the bioactive compounds from olive leaves was conducted using a non-conventional and green method. New generation green solvents, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) were used in combination with ultrasound assisted extraction. Screening of NADES type, temperature, and particle size were investigated using one-pot-at-a-time method while, NADES amount and liquid-to-solid ratio were optimized using experimental design. The results were evaluated in terms of total polyphenol yield (YTP), total flavonoid yield (YTF) and antiradical activity (AAR). At the optimized conditions, the highest total polyphenol yield and the highest total flavonoid yield were achieved with choline chloride–fructose–water (CFW) (5:2:5) as 187.31 ± 10.3 mg gallic acid equivalent g−1 dw and 12.75 ± 0.6 mg apigenin equivalent g−1 dw, respectively. The extracts were also analyzed for oleuropein, caffeic acid and luteolin contents. The highest amount of oleuropein and caffeic acid were extracted by glucose–fructose–water (GFW) (1:1:11) as 1630.80 mg kg−1 dw and 112.77 mg kg−1 dw, respectively.Graphic Supplementary InformationThe online version of this article (10.1007/s12649-021-01411-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Effect of luteolin on apoptosis and vascular endothelial growth factor in human choroidal melanoma cells.

To investigate the effects of luteolin on apoptosis, the cell cycle, and the expression and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human choroidal melanoma cells (C918 and OCM-1). C918 and OCM-1 cells cultured in vitro were treated with various concentrations of luteolin (0, 5, 10, 15 µmol/L). Cell growth was observed with an inverted microscope, and cell cycle arrest was detected by propidium iodide (PI) staining using flow cytometry. Apoptosis was detected by Hoechst33342 staining, and apoptosis rate was determined by Annexin V-FITC/PI experiments using flow cytometry. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2, Bax and VEGF was analyzed using Western blots. The levels of VEGF secreted by the cells into the supernatant was analyzed using ELISA. After treating with 5 to 15 µmol/L luteolin for 48h, the fusion degree of C918 and OCM-1 cells decreased, and more floating apoptotic cells appeared. Luteolin treatment increased the G0-G1 phase ratio of the C918 and OCM-1 cells, blocked cell cycle progression, and increased the apoptosis rate of the C918 and OCM-1 cells. Western blot showed that luteolin decreased the expression of Bcl-2 and VEGF in the C918 and OCM-1 cells and increased the expression of Bax protein. The ELISA results showed that 10 to 15 µmol/L luteolin decreased the cell secretion of VEGF. Luteolin may induce apoptosis by regulating the levels of apoptosis-related proteins in C918 and OCM-1 cells. Luteolin can induce cell cycle arrest, decrease the expression of VEGF.

Antidiabetic potential and metabolite profiling of biotransformed polyherbal extract using Wickerhamomyces anomalus strain(MTCC-4133)

Biochemical transformation is a green and efficient strategy that can be of help in case of potentiation of herbal treatments. Diabetes requires daily therapeutic interventions and the use of herbals can be safe and effective alternative however higher doses of herbs can cause much inconvenience. The potentiation of polyherbal combinations to reduce the dosage can be an attractive approach.The present study explored the biochemical transformation of a polyherbal extract derived from Syzygium cumini seed, Mangifera indica seed kernel, Momordica charantia fruit and Gymnema sylvestre leaf using Wickerhamomyces anomalus. The polyherbal extract was chromatographed and evaluated for antidiabetic potential, Pre and Post fermentation. Also, the fermentation kinetics was assessed as W. anomalus can produce ethanol which can be self-limiting.The extract produced no behavioral or physical changes in animals, confirming the safety in acute toxic exposure. The chromatographic analysis showed good presence of Hesperidin, Mangiferin and Corilagin in non-fermented extract which was significantly reduced and content of Apigenin, Luteolin, Quercetin, kaempferol and Isorhamnetin were increased after fermentation. The polyherbal extract showed good antidiabetic activity however fermented polyherbal extract showed a similar effect at half the dosage. The effects are also corroborated by histological studies.

Determination of effective medicinal components in Lonicera macranthoides flower buds

This study is to determination of active medicinal components in Lonicera macranthoides. The results of High-performance liquid chromatography showed that the contents of chlorogenic acid were as follows: Baiyun: 6.297%, jincuilei: 5.293%, yincuilei: 5.288%, common variety: 7.455%, common variety (after flowering): 4.140%. The contents of Luteolin in different Lonicera macranthoides varieties were as follows: Baiyun: 0.0264%; Jincuilei: 0.0573%; Yincuilei: 0.0347%; common variety: 0.0394%; common variety (after flowering) : 0.0197%.

Determination of the Contents of Apigenin and Luteolin in Vegetables

Determination of the Contents of Apigenin and Luteolin in Vegetables

99mTc-Luteolin: Radiolabeling, In Silico ADMET and Biological Evaluation as a Natural Tracer Tumor imaging

ABSTRACT The focus of the staged work was radiolabelled 5,7,3ʹ, 4ʹ tetra-hydroxy flavone (Luteolin), isolated from Plantago lanceolata L., (F. Plantaginaceae), with 99mtechnetium (99mTc) to produce a natural tracer 99mTc-Luteolin (99mTc-Lut), and to evaluate the biological distribution in silico and in vivo. Labeling was carried out by reduction reaction using SnCl2 as reducing agent giving a maximum radiochemical yield (RCY) up to 97% at 40°C, pH4, for 30 min., with concentration of 99mTc and Luteolin of 150 μL. The tracer (99mTc-Lut) showed 12 h., in vitro stability. In silico ADMET screening of 99mTc-Lut indicated its high bioavailability in all body organs. The bio-distribution profile indicating the highly uptake of the tracer 99mTc-Lut, in tumor mice target/non-target ratio (T/NT) up to two-fold compared to normal mice, whereas the clearance from mice was observed via both renal and feces pathway. 99mTc-Lut, could be valued as a probable natural radiopharmaceutical tracer for tumor appearance.

Content characteristics of mineral elements and its correlation with soil nutrients and effective components in Chrysanthemum morifolium from different producing areas in Macheng

In this study, 24 copies of samples of Chrysanthemum morifolium and soil from two main production towns in Macheng city were collected, and the contents of 13 mineral elements, 5 effective components and 14 soil nutrient factors in Ch. morifolium were determined. The enrichment characteristics of available soil nutrients by mineral elements were analyzed and the dominant factors affecting the effective components of Ch. morifolium were screened. The results showed that the content of mineral elements and soil nutrients and effective components are very different, and variation of soil fertility was much greater than that of inorganic elements in chrysanthemum plants. In general, the level of element content in Ch. morifolium from different producing areas is K&gt;N&gt;P&gt;Mg&gt;Ca&gt;Fe&gt;Mn&gt;Zn&gt;Cu&gt;Ni&gt;Cr&gt;Pb&gt;Cd. The content of K, N and Mg is higher than that of common crops, and the content of Cu, Cd and Pb in Ch. morifolium from various producing areas does not exceed the relevant standards. The N, P and K enrichment capacity in soil was stronger than that of other elements, and the Ca enrichment ability was the worst. The content of AvCu in the soil was positively correlated with the contents of N, Mg, K, Fe and Cu elements in Ch. morifolium. The contents of chlorogenic acid, luteolin, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid reached the pharmacopoeia standard. The percentage of chlorogenic acid and 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid in Ch. morifolium that from Huangtugang town in the active components were generally higher than that from Futianhe town, and the diffe-rences of luteolin contents in the two producing areas were relatively small. The correlation and regression analysis showed that the contents of Cu, Zn and Cr in Ch. morifolium were positively correlated with the active components, while the contents of Fe, Mn and Ni were negatively correlated with the contents of AvP, AvK, TK, AvMn and AvCu in soil. In general, Zn and Ca fertilizer should be added to the ecological planting of Ch. morifolium, K fertilizer should be added, and N and P fertilizer should be applied appropriately.

Metabolite Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Some Species of Genus Scutellaria Growing in Bulgaria.

Until now, the interest to plants from genus Scutellaria in Bulgaria has been focused mainly on the terpenes in them. The purpose of this study is to enrich the information on the composition of the Bulgarian Scutellaria species in terms of both polyphenolic content as well as primary metabolites such as mono-, oligosaccharides and organic acids. An aerial part of three Scutellaria species growing in four low mountain regions of Southern Bulgaria was used. The flavonoids scutellarin, baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, wogonoside, luteolin, chrysin and a caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycoside-verbascoside have been identified via HPLC in different extracts from Scutellaria altissima, Scutellaria albida and Scutellaria galericulata. The antioxidant activity of the extracts has been evaluated. The Scutellaria altissima from Mezek and Scutellaria galericulata from Parvenets we studied, which are the richest in flavonoids (represented mainly by baicalin, scutellarin and wogonoside), show the highest Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity. Hydroxyl Radical Averting Capacity of Scutellaria albida from Mezek and Scutellaria altissima from Bachkovo is the most pronounced, probably due to the content of scutellarin and luteolin and chrysin, respectively. Antioxidant activity of aqueous, methanolic and 70% and 96% ethanol extracts were also determined by the electrochemical method.