Liquid Phase Content Research Articles

Effect of sodium in brown coal ash transformations and slagging behaviour under gasification conditions

Alkali species in coal play an important role in mineral matter reactions during gasification. Brown coal ashes can be high in sodium (up to 20 wt%), which interacts with other minerals to significantly affect the formation of slag (liquid phase). At high temperatures, sodium in slag affects phase equilibria, liquidus temperature, and slag viscosity. We investigated phase transformations in brown coal ashes at 800–1000 °C and slags at 1200–1600 °C to study the behaviour of sodium species in the range of 3–15 wt% using X-ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and electron probe microanalysis. Sodium species appeared in coal ashes in different forms, such as sulfates, carbonates, and alumina-silicates, resulting in different ash bulk compositions. After processing under gasification conditions, alkaline species react with other minerals and may result in the appearance of a liquid phase. In this study, the liquid-phase content of ashes generally increased with increasing sodium concentration. In slags, sodium often decreased the liquidus temperature and solids content below liquidus temperature. It results lower slag viscosity in sodium enriched slags. These findings demonstrate the importance of phase transformations in brown coal mineral matter during gasification, and the potential they have to strongly affect the required operational conditions.

A study of deformation and strain induced in bulk by the oxide layers formation on a Fe-Cr-Al alloy in high-temperature liquid Pb-Bi eutectic

At elevated temperatures, heavy liquid metals and their alloys are known to create a highly corrosive environment that causes irreversible degradation of most iron-based materials. It has been found that an appropriate concentration of oxygen in the liquid alloy can significantly reduce this issue by creating a passivating oxide scale that controls diffusion, especially if Al is present in Fe-based materials (by Al-oxide formation). However, the increase of the temperature and of oxygen content in liquid phase leads to the increase of oxygen diffusion into bulk, and to promotion of the internal Al oxidation. This can cause a strain in bulk near the oxide layer, due either to mismatch between the thermal expansion coefficients of the oxides and bulk material, or to misfit of the crystal lattices (bulk vs. oxides). This work investigates the strain induced into proximal bulk of a Fe-Cr-Al alloy by oxide layers formation in liquid lead-bismuth eutectic utilizing synchrotron X-ray Laue microdiffraction. It is found that internal oxidation is the most likely cause for the strain in the metal rather than thermal expansion mismatch as a two-layer problem.

INFLUENCE OF MONOETHYLENE GLYCOL ON CORROSION INHIBITOR OF WET GAS PIPELINE

In wet gas pipelines, monoethylene glycol (MEG) is widely used as a hydrate inhibitor, which can absorb free water and make decrease the corrosion rate of carbon steel pipeline. On the other hand, the presence of MEG affects on the solubility and diffusivity of CO2 in water. So, this paper presents a study of MEG inhibition properties in acid gas with CO2 content of 4 mol. %, an influence of MEG content in the brine water, pH and temperature on the corrosion rate of carbon steel by linear polarization resistance (LPR) and mass loss methods. The results show that the more MEG content increases, the more corrosion rate decreases. However, this effect is not significant unless the MEG content in the bulk liquid phase is higher than 70 wt. %.

Microstructural properties of sintered Al–Cu–Mg–Sn alloys

A non-commercial Al4Cu0.5Mg alloy has been used for investigating the effects of the elemental Sn additions. Uniaxial die compaction response of the alloys in terms of green density was examined, and the results showed that Sn addition has no effect when compacting conducted under high pressures. In total, 93–95% green density was achieved with an applied pressure of 400 MPa. Thermal events occurring during the sintering of the emerging alloys were studied by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). First thermal event on the DSC analysis of the Al4Cu0.5Mg1Sn alloy is the melting of elemental Sn, whereas for Al4Cu0.5Mg alloy, it is the formation of Al–Mg liquid nearly at 450 °C. Also it is clearly seen on the DSC analysis that Sn addition led to an increase in the formation enthalpy of Al–Mg liquid phase. High Sn content and high sintering temperature (620 °C), therefore high liquid-phase content, caused decrease on the mechanical properties due to thick intergranular phases and grain coarsening. Highest transverse rupture strength and hardness values were obtained from Al4Cu0.5Mg0.1Sn alloy sintered at 600 °C and measured as 390 MPa and 73 HB, respectively.

Conversion of syngas toward aromatics over hybrid Fe-based Fischer-Tropsch catalysts and HZSM-5 zeolites

Direct conversion of syngas (CO + H2) toward aromatics has been demonstrated over a hybrid catalyst system composed of Fe-based FTS catalyst and HZSM-5 zeolite. Over the catalyst system, the aromatics were highly selective in the liquid hydrocarbon products with a content greater than 95%, and 70–90% of the aromatics were concentered on the toluene, xylene and 3C-branched alkylbenzenes. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of reaction conditions (temperature, pressure, space velocity and H2/CO ratio) and catalyst combination (Si/Al ratio of zeolite, weight ratio of HZSM-5 to Fe-based catalyst, metal modification of HZSM-5, and kind of Fe-based catalyst) on the CO conversion, selectivity to aromatics, aromatic distribution, and catalyst deactivation, combining with some characterization technologies (XRD, BET, NH3-TPD, H2-TPR, TG and 27Al NMR). The obtained results show that HZSM-5 zeolite was the crucial component for aromatic formation. Excessive loading of the zeolite in bed would greatly suppress the carburization of reduced Fe into Fe carbides as well as CO dissociation on the Fe carbides because of the increasingly unfavorable direct contact between the acidic HZSM-5 and Fe-based catalyst, resulting in a remarkably lower CO conversion. HZSM-5 zeolite having high Brønsted acidity favored the formation of aromatics with a high content in liquid phase. However, as HZSM-5 had originally lower Brønsted acidity or the Brønsted acidity decreased during the aromatic synthesis due to more coke deposition, the selectivity to hydrocarbons in liquid phase gradually shifted to iso-paraffins rather than aromatics. Reactions operated over FeMn-HZSM-5 catalyst system at lower temperature or higher pressure led to an easier deactivation of HZSM-5 mainly from coke deposition. Compared with the FeMn-HZSM-5, FeK-HZSM-5 deactivated seriously at same conditions probably due to heavier and olefinic primary hydrocarbons over the FeK catalyst. In addition, 27Al NMR showed that extraction of framework Al by in situ formed H2O and CO2 could be ignorable for the HZSM-5 deactivation. More detailed results and discussion from abundant experimental work on clarifying their effects on the aromatic synthesis can be found in the article.

Preparation of SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ phosphors using propylene oxide as gel agent and its optical properties

The SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ phosphors were prepared by sol–gel method using propylene oxide as gel agent. The precursors and phosphors were characterized by multiple techniques including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence spectrometer, long afterglow material optical test system, etc. The results indicate that the excitation and emission spectra intensity of phosphors firstly increase and then decrease with the addition of propylene oxide, and sample S3 reach maximum value. The maximum initial brightness can reach 7.28 cd m−2, and the afterglow time achieve to 253 min, but the initial brightness, afterglow time and decay rate are always declining. These phenomena can be explained on the basis of sample’s crystallization property, the change of aggregates size and increase of liquid phase content. What’s more, this sol–gel method is more advantageous than traditional sol–gel method of NH4HCO3 as gel agent, not only because the gel time is adjustable, but also the afterglow performance is enhanced remarkably.

Removal of Cr(VI) by corn stalk based anion exchanger: the extent and rate of Cr(VI) reduction as side reaction

Reduction of Cr (VI) often happens simultaneously with biosorption, making it difficult to exactly understand its removal mechanism. Quantitative description of Cr (VI) reduction is a key point to identify the two mechanisms. Herein, corn stalk based anion exchanger (CS-AE), capable of removing Cr (VI) rapidly and effectively, was used as model biosorbent to investigate Cr (VI) reduction. Batch experiments confirmed Cr (VI) was mainly removed via ion exchange with chloride ion on CS-AE. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to characterize Cr-laden CS-AE. Result showed the presence of Cr (III) on CS-AE surface and indicated N-contained group especially quaternary ammonium participated in the reduction reaction as electron donor. The effects of initial concentration, pH and sorbent dose on Cr (VI) reduction were studied by quantifying Cr (III) content both in liquid and solid phase. It was found that Cr (III) formation increased with initial Cr (VI) concentration because high concentrations of Cr (VI) enhanced oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) as well as the reactivity of Cr (VI). Acidic conditions facilitated the reduction reaction to form more Cr (III), and the positive relationship between H+ depletion and Cr (III) formation was observed. Increase of sorbent dose also can promote the reduction to some extent. Kinetic study showed that reduction of Cr (VI) could reach near equilibrium in about 20∼30 min under experimental conditions. Rate equations based on the change of Cr (III) amount were proposed to describe the reduction reaction, and better fittings were obtained with zero-order kinetic equation. Moreover, activated energy of Cr (VI) reduction reaction was evaluated as about 36.8 kJ/mol. It was also found that increase of temperature favored the reduction of Cr (VI).

Selection of Compositions in Ti-Cr-C-Steel, Ti-B, Ti-B-Me Systems and Establishing Synthesis Parameters for Obtaining Product by “SHS-Electrical Rolling”

For the production materials by the proposed Self-propagating High-Temperature Synthesis (SHS) - Electric Rolling method, there are no limitations in the length of the material and the width only depends on the length of rolls. The innovation method enables to carry out the process in nonstop regime, which is possible by merging energy consuming SHS method and Electrical Rolling. For realizing the process it is mandatory and sufficient, that initial components, after initiation by thermal pulse, could interaction with the heat emission, which itself ensures the self-propagation of synthesis front in lieu of heat transfer in the whole sample. Just after that process, the rolls instantly start rotation with the set speed to ensure the motion of material. This speed should be equal to the speed of propagation of synthesis front. The synthesized product in hot plastic condition is delivered to the rolls in nonstop regime, simultaneously, providing the current in deformation zone in order to compensate the energy loses. As a result by using the innovation SHS –Electrical Rolling technology we obtain long dimensional metal-ceramic product.In the presented paper optimal compositions of SHS chasms were selected in Ti-Cr-C-Steel, Ti-B and Ti-B-Me systems. For the selection of the compounds the thermodynamic analysis has been carried out which enabled to determine adiabatic temperature of synthesis theoretically and to determine balanced concentrations of synthesized product at synthesis temperature. Thermodynamic analysis also gave possibility to determine optimal compositions of chasms and define the conditions, which are important for correct realization of synthesis process. For obtaining non porous materials and product by SHS-Electrical Rolling, it is necessary to select synthesis and compacting parameters correctly. These parameters are the pressure and the time. In Ti-Cr-C-Steel, Ti-B and Ti-B-Me systems the high quality (nonporous or low porosity <2%) of materials and product is directly depended on the liquid phase content just after the passing of synthesis front in the sample. The more content of liquid phase provides the higher quality of material. The content of liquid phase itself depends on synthesis parameters: speed and temperature of synthesis. The higher the speed and temperature of synthesis we have, higher the content of liquid phase is formed. The speed and the temperature of synthesis depend on the Δρ relative density of sample formed from initial chasm, this mean it depends on the pressure of formation of the sample. The paper describes the results of determination of optimal pressures in Ti-Cr-C-Steel, Ti-B and Ti-B-Me systems. Their values are defined as 50-70 MPa, 180-220 MPa and 45-70 MPa.

Electrochemical Behavior of U(VI) in Imidazolium Ionic Liquid Medium Containing Tri‐n‐butyl Phosphate and Chloride Ion and Spectroscopic Characterization of Uranyl Species

AbstractThe electrochemical behaviour of UO2(NO3)2in a solution of tri‐n‐butyl phosphate (TBP) present in 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (C4mimNTf2) ionic liquid was studied in the presence of chloride ion, to understand the decomplexation behaviour of uranyl ion (UO22+)from TBP coordination, and to examine the possibility of underpotential reduction of UO22+. The mole ratio of U : NO3 : TBP : Cl in ionic liquid solution was varied from 1 : 2 : 2 : 0to 1 : 2 : 2 : 6 in the study. The cyclic voltammogram of UO2(NO3)2 present in TBP/C4mimNTf2, was compared with the voltammograms obtained in the presence of 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride (C4mimCl). The current density of UO22+ reduction increased with increase in the chloride content of ionic liquid phase, which was attributed to the formation of chloro complexes of uranium (VI), and these chloro complexes were found to undergo facile and favourable reduction at the working electrode. The diffusion coefficient of uranylspecies was determined at various concentrations of chloride ion and the nature of uranylspecies diffusing at the working electrode at various mole ratios of U : NO3 : TBP : Cl was characterized by UV–Visible, ATR‐FTIR and Raman spectroscopy.

Relationship between Ionic Interation and NMR Relaxation Behavior in LiClO4-PC Solution Coexisting with Fumed Metal Oxide

Lithium ion battery (LIBs) is indispensable to various electrochemical devices in practical use such as a cell phone, electric vehicle due to its high energy density, high voltage. Although the extended use of LIBs technology, batteries which have higher capacity and can stand up to high speed charge/discharge than those of LIBs are demanded. Various studies have reported that the liquid phase occurring adjacent to solid particles has an anomalous behavior when compared to bulk solution[1]. Solid-liquid interface is performed as a base in charge-discharge of LIBs, so an elucidation of liquid phase properties of solid-liquid interface in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution system is important for improving the performance of energy storage devices such as LIBs. In addition, properties of the highly-concentrated electrolytes for performance improvement of LIBs are attracted. In this study, NMR spectroscopic behavior of non-aqueous LiClO4 solution mixed with fumed oxide nanoparticles as model system of gel electrolyte for LIBs, and their dynamic properties and influences to solvent molecules from solid phase or Li+ ion by measurement of the spin-spin (T 2) relaxation time and electrochemical measurement. Samples were prepared in Ar glovebox by mixing propylene carbonate(PC) or LiClO4/PC of predetermined concentration (1-3 mol L-1) and fumed silica(FS) (200 ± 20 m2 g-1), amorphous silica nanoparticles with self-cohesive properties, fumed alumina(FA) (130 ± 20 m2 g-1) and fumed titania(FT) (90 ± 20 m2 g-1) in NMR tube. A content of liquid phase were ranged from 90-100 vol% by gravimetry. We measured 1H and 7Li NMR spectroscopy (Varian INOVA 400; 9.39 T) and 1H spin–spin relaxation time; T 2measurements (XiGo Nanotools Acorn area ; 0.3 T). In 1H NMR spectra, a broad signal was confirmed under the existence solid-phase. It was shown that the dynamic property of PC molecules largely decreased in comparison with the case only for liquid phases. In PC/FS and PC/FA system, 1H NMR spectra shifted to higher magnetic field with the decrease of liquid content. For the shielding effect to the 1H nucleus of the PC molecules by the surface charge of fumed silica, a signal continues to shift to highly-magnetic field as a content of solid-phase increases. This result suggested that the apparent charge densities around the proton of PC molecules increased by fumed silica because fumed silica has a negative charge. In alumina dispersion, NMR signal shifted to higher magnetic field than that of fumed silica. From this result, alumina gives more influence on dynamics properties of liquid phase. A similar result was observed in 1-3 mol L-1 LiClO4/PC and solid coexisting system. From the liquid content dependences of the 1H NMR detection ratios of propylene carbonate, almost same amount of PC molecules were detected in PC/FS coexisting system. This result indicated that fumed silica formed network structure but H of PC molecules remained its dynamics. On the other hand, in fumed alumina or fumed titania dispersion, values of PC molecules detected by NMR decreased compared to the theoretical value of detected amount of PC by 1H NMR. It suggests that the mobility of PC molecules in fumed alumina and titania system were restricted than that in silica system. T2 in solid-liquid coexisting system is also shown in Fig. 1. From Fig.1, in all systems, the T2 value decreases because the dynamics of water molecules of the liquid phase decrease. The T2 value decreased in order of PC/FA, PC/FT, PC/FS system. The influence of the solid surface to solvent mobility in fumed alumina dispersion is the least of the three. This result supports a signal of the NMR and the result of 1H qNMR measurement. We will also discuss the NMR relaxation behavior for LiClO4-PC solution coexisting with te same fumed metal oxides. This study was supported by the JST Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST). 【Reference】 [1] M. Mizuhata et al., J. Mol. Liq., 83, 179, (1999). Figure 1

Experimental investigation of ash deposition behaviour modification of straws by lignite addition

The ash-deposition (AD) characteristics of straws (corn stalk [CS], wheat straw [WS], cotton stems [CCS], and soybean stalk [SS]), and the effects of lignite (Husheng [HS], Huolinhe [HLH]) on the characteristics were investigated. Under the same conditions, the AD mass ratio (Mad) decreases as WS>CS>CCS>SS, and the Mad of the four straws decreases more obviously with HS addition than that for HLH addition. The Mad of SS and CSS increases slowly before 1000°C and then increases rapidly; whereas for CS and WS, the change occurs at 950°C. The differences result mostly from the higher potassium-oxide contents in CS (26.34%) and WS (30.04%) over those in CCS (11.63%) and SS (10.25%). Ca2+ replaces K+ in semi-molten alumino-silicate (orthoclase and leucite) and results in the formation of a high melting-point anorthite. This, together with the generation of high melting-point mullite, leads to a decrease in Mad of the mixed ashes with an increase in lignite mass ratio. The position changes of the ash composition in the ternary phase diagrams and their variation in liquid-phase content with increasing temperature based on the FactSage software calculation may explain the variation in Mad.

温度1573 Kおよび酸素分圧10&lt;sup&gt;−6&lt;/sup&gt;~10&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; atmにおけるFeO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;-CaO-SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;系のFeO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;側液相線

The performance of iron ore sinter in a blast furnace such as strength and reducibility is strongly affected by the amount and the chemical composition of liquid phase in sinter during the sintering process. Thus, it is necessary to control the production of liquid phase during the sintering process. Iron ore sintering process consists of rapid heating of pulverized raw materials, partial reduction reaction of iron ores as well as liquid phase production, which are caused by combustion of cokes and suction of flaming gas. The heating time of raw materials is too short that the chemical reactions within the sinter never reach the thermodynamic equilibriums. Nevertheless, controlling the melt production could be attempted based on the thermodynamic data such as the phase diagrams. In this study, liquidus lines coexisting with iron oxides and/or 2CaO·SiO2 in the FeOx-CaO-SiO2 system have been measured at 1573 K in the range of oxygen partial pressures between 10–6 atm and 10–2 atm. In addition, the effect of Al2O3 content on the liquidus has also been investigated as Al2O3 is a major gangue component affecting the quality of sinter. It has been found that the homogenous liquid region extends over a wide range of CaO/SiO2 (C/S) ratio between 0.6 and 2 or even more for all the measurement oxygen partial pressures. It has also been found that the FeOx content in liquid phase at C/S=1.0 in equilibrium with solid FeOx is almost constant to be 40-45 mass% irrespective of oxygen partial pressures. However, the FeOx content decreases with an increase in Al2O3 content, indicating that the homogenous liquid region in the FeOx-rich side becomes narrower. As a consequence, it is considered that the amount of slag melt produced in sinter during the sintering process becomes smaller with increasing Al2O3 content.

DEFECTS IN LARGE HOLLOW POROUS CYLINDRICAL FILTERS MADE BY SHS

The relevance of research is connected with the use of ceramic filters in biology and medicine for fine filtration of air and biological fluids abroad. Due to the unique combination of chemical and thermal resistance, high strength and thermal conductivity, ceramic filters are used to clean aggressive liquids, superheated high pressure steam and other gases. The dependence of burning rate on the relative density and granulometric composition of FeTiO 3 –Al–Si–SiO 2 –C powder mixtures is studied. The paper provides experimental results on the influence of initial charge compact density and composition on the quality of products obtained. The main types of defects appearing in the synthesis are identified. The causes of defects are found. Feedstock with particle sizes larger than specified values results in penetrations (cavities) occurring in the product. Their formation is caused by the increased liquid phase content in these regions due to decelerating reaction rate and rising temperature. Higher density results in transverse and longitudinal laminations in the product. Such laminations are formed under the pressure of gaseous products with the low gas permeability of the sample that declines as density increases. The technology of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of large porous products is developed with the photographs of filtering elements presented: for the typical industrial gas burner GG-2, for superheated steam and demineralized water purification (filtering elements used in polyvinyl chloride process vessels at JSC «Sayanskkhimplast»), for iron removal from artesian water. Defect-free large porous products can be obtained with an optimal ratio of the sample grain size distribution and density, as well as reaction rate and heat removal rate.

Dynamic Properties on NMR Spectroscopy of Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solution Coexisting with Fumed Silica Dispersion

For various electrochemical devices in practical use, porous solid materials are widely fabricated for holding electrolyte solutions. It is reported that electrolyte solutions related to ion-solvent interaction indicate different properties by coexistence of solid phase[1], and an elucidation of liquid phase properties of solid-liquid interface in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution system is important for improving the performance of energy storage devices such as lithium ion batteries(LIBs). In addition, in late years the study of new electrolyte materials used highly-concentrated electrolytes attracts attention. Dahn et al.[2], report that highly-concentrated aqueous electrolyte solutions improve charge rate and wider overvoltage. It is also very important to investigate properties of the highly-concentrated electrolytes in aiming at the performance enhancement of LIBs. In this study, NMR spectroscopic behavior of non-aqueous LiClO4 solution mixed with fumed silica as model system of gel electrolyte for LIBs, and their dynamic properties and influences to solvent molecules from solid phase or Li+ ion by measurement of the spin-lattice(T 1) and spin-spin (T 2) relaxation phenomena. Samples were prepared in Ar glovebox by mixing propylene carbonate(PC) or LiClO4/PC of predetermined concentration (1-3 M) and fumed silica(FS) (200 ± 50 m2 g-1), amorphous silica nanoparticles with self-cohesive properties in NMR tube. A content of liquid phase were ranged from 90-100 vol% by gravimetry. We measured 1H and 7Li NMR spectroscopy (Varian INOVA 400; 9.39T) , spin–lattice relaxation time; T 1 measurements, and spin–spin relaxation time ;T 2 measurements (XiGo Nanotools Acorn area ; 0.3T). In 1H NMR spectra, little amount of solid phase (fumed silica) at around 1% affected to NMR signal which was deformed to the broadened band. It was shown that the dynamic properties of the PC molecules drastically decreased in comparison with the system of the liquid system only. Owing to the shielding effect to the 1H nucleus of the PC molecules by the surface charge of fumed silica, a signal continues to shift to higher magnetic field with the increasing of the solid-phase content without the depending on the LiClO4 concentration. This phenomenon also observed in the water solution system equally. From the calculation of the integrated intensity of the 1H NMR signals, that is the 1H qNMR analysis, in 90-100 vol%, the relatively slight influence in comparison with the aqueous-solid system which the hydrogen nucleus of propylene carbonate affected by fumed silica was observed. It is suggested that the influence from the solid phase to the PC molecules is much smaller than the water molecules from the 1H spin-spin relaxation time (T 2) as shown in Fig. 1. Dependences of T 1 and T 2 relaxation time on liquid content indicated that the interaction between the fumed silica surface and the PC molecules is much smaller than the case of the water molecules. On the other hand, as for the electrolyte concentration dependence, more remarkable variation was observed in the system containing PC rather than that of the aqueous system. Because the molar ratio of water molecules to Li+ ions is ca. 53 in 1 mol L-1 LiClO4 aqueous solution, the water molecule participating in the hydration to Li+ ion is a small portion, and most water molecules form a hydrogen bonding network. Whereas most PC molecules solvate with Li+ ion because the molar ratio of water molecules to Li+ ions is ca. 11 in 1 mol L-1 PC LiClO4 solution. Therefore the network structure of the whole solvent is greatly affected by the addition of the Li+ ion, and it is thought that relaxation time largely decreased. This result is supported from the increase of viscosity with the increase of the electrolyte concentration of the LiClO4/PC solution. Furthermore, from result of a measurements of the 7Li NMR and the Li+ ion conductance, it was shown that the interaction between the fumed silica surface and the Li+ ion in the PC solvent was smaller than in the water solvent. The details of the liquid phase properties in other solvents and the comparison with the PC system will be also reported in this research. This study was supported by the JST Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST). 【Reference】 [1] M. Mizuhata et al., J. Mol. Liq., 83, 179, (1999). [2] Wu Li, J. R. Dahn, D. S. Wainwright, Science, 264, 1115, (1994). Figure 1

A New Electrolytic Production Process of Silicon Using Liquid Zn Alloy Cathode in Molten Salt

Electrolytic production process for solar-grade Si utilizing liquid Si–Zn alloy cathode in molten CaCl2 has been proposed. Toward the establishment of the process, the behavior of liquid Zn metal was investigated in molten CaCl2 at 1123 K. The evaporation of Zn metal was largely suppressed by an immersion into molten salt, which enables the use of Zn electrode in spite of the high vapor pressure of Zn. The cyclic voltammetry suggested the reduction of SiO2 at 1.45 V vs. Ca2+/Ca on a Zn cathode. After the potentiostatic electrolysis at 0.9 V, Si particles with diameters of 2–30 µm were precipitated in the solidified Zn matrix by the slow cooling process of the produced liquid Si–Zn alloy. The alloying rate between solid Si and liquid Zn was measured as 4.56 μm s−1, and it linearly decreased with the Si content in liquid Zn phase.

Low-valued raw materials challenge the common eligibility criteria for triaxial ceramics

In this work, two low-valued natural raw materials were used, namely a low plasticity and high iron content clay and a powdered rock waste generated during crushing of igneous rocks to produce construction aggregates. After characterization (chemical, mineralogical, thermal and granulometric), mixtures containing up to 75wt% of rock powder were prepared and extruded closely following industrial practice, and fired for 60min from 900 to 1100°C. Property development was evaluated on as-extruded, dried and fired pieces. The results obtained were interpreted based on chemical compositions, the estimates from the Al2O3–SiO2–CaO phase diagram and presumed reaction kinetics. Such interpretation showed that physical characteristics dominate not only during shaping and drying, but also during low temperature firing (slow reaction kinetics), when rock additions act as inert material; at high firing temperatures, however, the rock promotes liquid phase development after first melting (fluxing effect) and thermodynamics prevail. The dominant fluxing effect results in improved fired properties, which were shown to depend almost linearly on the liquid phase content, predicted by the phase diagram and determined by the chemical composition. These results enabled the identification of behavioural composition ranges to best exploit the materials’ industrial use potential and demonstrate that current paradigms in raw material evaluation and processing in traditional ceramics industries need a re-assessment.

Measuring Rate and Quantity of Multiphase Streams

Background/Objectives: The problem of correct measuring the multiphase stream component flowrate has been solved since 1830. This problem is particularly acute for oil and gas equipment manufacturers in the Western Siberia – the main Russian ‘pantry’ of oil and gas. Methods/Statistical analysis: The article discusses the main challenges and the existing methods for measurement flowrate and quantity of oil-and-gas condensate multiphase flows typical of Western Siberia. The information about on separating and non-separating multiphase flow meters and data concerning the physical principles underlying their operation are given, their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Findings and Improvements: It is shown that the component consumption and quantity of oil and gas flow is measured, in most cases, using various separators. It is proposed to use non-separating multiphase flow meters-counters to measure the flow rate and quantity of gas-condensate streams with low liquid phase content. To test any type of multiphase flowmeters, in 2015 the largest in Russia the Research and Testing Flow Measuring Unit for Multiphase Streams (RTUMS) was built and put into operation in Tyumen – the basic reference standard of the 1st rank multiphase stream flow rate. The unit was constructed within the joint project “Development and serial production of the metering unit for oil and gas produced in the fields finishing their production” that was implemented together by HMS Neftemash OJSC and FSBEI HPE Tyumen State University (RF Government Order No 218 dd. April 9, 2010). A brief description of the Unit is given. It is noted that RTFMU creation is a necessary prerequisite for MPFM development, creation and application in engineering practice, though insufficient. A conclusion is drawn about the necessity to develop an appropriate infrastructure to create competitive multiphase flowmeters in Russia.

LiOH - H2O2 - H2O trinary system study for the selection of optimal conditions of lithium peroxide synthesis

Using solubility method the decay kinetics of peroxide products contained in liquid phase of LiOH - H2O2 - H2O trinary system with 2 to 6% by wt hydrogen peroxide content in liquid phase in 21 to 33 °C temperature range has been studied. Conducted studies have allowed to determine temperature and concentration limits of solid phase existence of Li2O2·H2O content, distinctness of which has been confirmed using chemical and qualitative X- ray phase analysis. Stabilizing effect of solid phase of Li2O2·H2O content on hydrogen peroxide decay contained in liquid phase of LiOH - H2O2 - H2O trinary system under conditions of experiments conducted has been shown.

Effect of seeds and sintering additives on (K,Na,Li)NbO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; lead-free single crystals grown by a solid-state crystal growth method

A solid-state crystal growth (SSCG) method has been utilized to prepare (K0.45Na0.55)(0.94)Li0.06NbO3 (KNLN) lead-free piezoelectric single crystals. The effects of different kinds of seeds and additives on K0.5Na0.5NbO3 (KNN)-based crystal growth were studied. It was found that -oriented SrTiO3 seed was inappropriate for growing KNLN single crystal, while oriented KTaO3 one could act as a good seed. The inverse pole figure (IPF) showed that the epitaxial layer was indeed single crystal and oriented in the same direction as the seed. Addition of 0.5 mol% ZnO, CuO and MnO2 brought liquid phase in the samples and increased the diffusion rate of the atoms. This would finally enhance both the single crystal and the matrix grain growth. Among all the sintering additives, CuO could increase the matrix grain growth remarkably due to the assistance of the largest amount of the Na-deficient liquid phase, whose composition was time-independent. However, CuO was not the most effective one that can promote the single crystal growth. The reasons might be as follows: (1) the liquid accumulation at the interface of the single crystal/matrix lead to the liquid phase content exceeding the critical value in the CuO-added samples, which increased the diffusion distance and partly offset the enhanced diffusion rate; (2) the large matrix grains brought low driving force for crystal growth. (C) 2016 The Ceramic Society of Japan. All rights reserved.

Phase Behavior Modeling of Bitumen and Light Normal Alkanes and CO2 by PR-EOS and CPA-EOS

The Peng–Robinson (PR) and cubic-plus-association (CPA) equations of state are used to predict the phase behavior and solubility of CO2 and normal alkanes from C1 to nC10 in several bitumens. Both of the equations of state are investigated over wide ranges of temperature and pressure. The results show that the PR-EOS describes mixure of bitumens with CO2 and alkanes when there is no second liquid phase or when the asphaltene content in the second liquid phase is not high. The CPA-EOS describes the phase behavior of mixtures of bitumens and CO2 and alkanes in liquid–liquid states even when the asphaltene content of one of the phases is high. High asphaltene content results in significant association and cross-association where the CPA-EOS is a natural choice. In this work the only adjustable parameter in the CPA-EOS is the cross-association energy parameter, and we show that the solubility of CO2 and alkanes in bitumens is usually not sensitive to this parameter. However, in two-phase liquid–liquid and thr...