Milk Lactose Content Research Articles

Use of wavelength interaction terms to improve near infrared spectroscopy models of donkey milk properties

Ranchers are continuously searching for suitable tools to rapidly and inexpensively assess the characteristics of donkey milk and because spectroscopic models are useful to assess the composition of many foods, an attempt to further improve the prediction performance of donkey milk protein, lactose and dry-matter content has been made using three widely used spectroscopic models by adding some interaction terms, namely product, ratio, sum and difference of absorbances for each couple of wavelengths. Principal component regression using product terms showed an improvement in prediction error achieving 1.8%, 1.7% and 0.9% for protein, lactose and dry-matter content respectively. Furthermore, the added ratio terms showed a very great improvement in the predictive overall performance achieving 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.2%. A coefficient has been found relating the widely used RPD, a standard index of prediction performance, to the new proposed “range of confident prediction error percent” being a more understandable parameter to assess the goodness of the prediction model.

Lactose and Lactose Derivatives

Milk is an important food substance and has a complex polydisperse system. The main components of milk consist of lactose, protein, and lipids. Mineral substances and vitamins are also present in milk as minor nutrients. Lactose known as milk sugar is the only carbohydrate in milk and it consists of glucose and galactose. The content of lactose in milk has varied according to milk types. Moreover, it is the most important energy source during the first years of human life, providing almost half of the total energy needed by newborns. Lactose is obtained industrially from the residues of cheese and casein production processes. Lactulose, lactitol, lactobionic acid, galactooligosaccharide, lactosucrose, epilactose, and tagatose are commonly known lactose derivatives. These derivates are produced from lactose using various methods such as epimerization, oxidation, and reduction. In this review, up-to-date information about lactose, lactose derivatives, and the production methods of lactose derivatives are given.

Evaluating the Effect of Forage Rape (Brassica napus) Ensiling Kinetics on Degradability and Milk Performance as Non-conventional Forage for Dairy Buffalo.

The recent increase in demand for animal protein sources has led to the urgency to introduce non-conventional feed sources and opened the space to study feed management and its effects on animal productivity. Forage rape (Brassica napus L.) is a high-quality forage crop with a remarkable nutritional value and productive and fast growth capacity; however, studies on processing methods are limited. This study evaluates the effect of an ensiling process on rape silage quality kinetics, in situ degradability, and milk responses in dairy buffaloes. Firstly, the whole-plant forage rape was ensiled, and silage samples were collected 30, 60, and 90 days after ensiling to determine pH, evaluation of sensory characteristics, and chemical composition. Then, samples were taken for further chemical analysis at days 30, 60, and 90. After that, the degradability of the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of the silage was evaluated by an in situ degradability experiment using three fistulated buffalos (550 ± 20 kg body weight, 4.7 ± 0.76 years). Finally, whole-plant rape silage (after 60 days) was included in a 10, 20, and 30% of DM dairy buffalo diet in the lactating buffalo ration. The results showed that silage pH did not change significantly during the ensiling process (p > 0.05); however, the silage achieved the optimal comprehensive sensory characteristic score from days 30 to 60. There was also a significant change in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content and acid detergent fiber content, which decreased significantly (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Ensiling of the whole-plant rape significantly reduced effective DM degradability (p < 0.05) without altering CP degradability (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the inclusion of forage rape silage linearly (p = 0.03) increased milk fat and protein contents and did not affect milk yield, lactose, and urea nitrogen contents in raw buffalo milk. In conclusion, whole-plant rape silage could significantly maintain the optimal ether extract (EE) protein content without affecting CP degradability, in addition to improving milk fat and milk protein. Therefore, ensiling may be an efficient method of forage rape utilization, and forage rape silage can be recommended as a good forage source for dairy buffaloes.

EVALUASI KANDUNGAN MUTU FISIK DAN KIMIA SUSU SAPI PERAH FRIESIAN HOLSTEIN DI BPPIB TSP BUNIKASIH

Fresh milk that is good for consumption in terms of nutritional content and food safety must meet the applicable SNI. The quality of milk is largely determined by the components of substances contained in milk, including knowing the physical quality and chemical nutrient content. Research on Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Quality Content of Friesian Holstein Dairy Cows at BPPIB TSP Bunikasih was carried out in April-May 2021. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical quality of milk (color, flavor, taste, and specific gravity) and chemicals (fat, protein, and lactose) in first and second lactation FH cattle. This study uses a survey method with quantitative descriptive data analysis. The results showed that the physical quality of milk in the first lactation was yellowish-white, the characteristic flavor of milk, the sweet taste of milk, the density (BJ) of milk was 1.023 g/ml, the chemical quality of cow's milk in the first lactation was 4.86% fat content, protein 2.57%, and lactose 3.85% higher than lactation two on the physical quality of yellowish-white, distinctive aroma of milk, sweet taste of milk, density (BJ) 1.022 g/ml, the chemical quality of cow's milk in the second lactation, the fat is 4.67%, protein is 2.49%, and lactose is 3.73%. The conclusion of this study is the quality of milk in lactation one is higher than in lactation two. The physical quality of breast milk on density (BJ) still does not meet the Indonesian National Standard. The chemical qualities of milk are fat, protein, and lactose. The fat content of milk in each lactation has met the requirements of meeting the 2011 SNI, while the protein and lactose content of milk contained in BPPIB TSP Bunikasih is still below the 2011 SNI standard.

Replacing the Concentrate Feed Mixture with Moringa oleifera Leaves Silage and Chlorella vulgaris Microalgae Mixture in Diets of Damascus Goats: Lactation Performance, Nutrient Utilization, and Ruminal Fermentation.

Simple SummaryMoringa oleifera and Chlorella vulgaris microalgae have a good balance of amino acids with high protein contents; however, complementary and synergic effects between proteins can improve their nutritive value compared to the individual additive. Replacing a concentrate mixture at 20% to 40% levels with a mixture of M. oleifera and microalgae improved nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation characteristics, milk production, composition and the fatty acid profile of goats. Inclusion of M. oleifera and microalgae mixture to partially replace concentrates may enhance milk production performance and milk quality without affecting animal health.Exploring suitable alternatives for high-cost concentrate feeds is a critical factor for successful livestock production. The present experiment aimed to evaluate the dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera silage and Chlorella vulgaris microalgae (at 1% of total diet, DM basis) in a quintuplicate 3 × 3 Latin square design for milk production performance, nutrient utilization and ruminal fermentation in Damascus goats. Fifteen lactating Damascus goats were divided into three groups to be fed a diet composed of a concentrate mixture and rice straw at 60:40 (DM basis) in the control group and fed for 30 days in each period. The concentrate mixture in the control treatment was replaced with M. oleifera silage and C. vulgaris microalgae at 20% (MA20 treatment) or 40% (MA40 treatment). Treatments did not affect total feed intake but increased (p < 0.01) crude protein (CP) and fiber intakes while decreasing nonstructural carbohydrates intake. The digestibility of CP and acid detergent fiber increased due to silage supplementation compared to the control treatment. Treatments increased (p < 0.05) ruminal pH and the concentrations of total volatile fatty acids, acetate, and propionate; however, they decreased (p < 0.05) the concentrations of ammonia-N. Treatments increased (p < 0.05) the concentrations of serum glucose and antioxidant capacity. Both MA20 and MA40 treatments increased the daily milk production, the concentrations of milk fat and lactose, and feed efficiency compared to the control treatment. Additionally, MA20 and MA40 treatments increased the proportions of total polyunsaturated fatty acids and total conjugated linoleic acids. It is concluded that the concentrate feed mixture in the diet of lactating goats can be replaced up to 40% (equals to 24% of total diet) with M. oleifera silage to improve feed intake and nutrient utilization, and milk production performance.

Effects of dietary crude protein concentration on animal performance and nitrogen utilisation efficiency at different stages of lactation in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows

Nitrogen (N) excretion from livestock production systems is of significant environmental concern; however, few studies have investigated the effect of dietary CP concentration on N utilisation efficiency at different stages of lactation, and the interaction between dietary CP levels and stages of lactation on N utilisation. Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (12 primiparous and 12 multiparous) used in the present study were selected from a larger group of cows involved in a whole-lactation study designed to examine the effect of dietary CP concentration on milk production and N excretion rates at different stages of lactation. The total diet CP concentrations evaluated were 114 (low CP), 144 (medium CP) and 173 (high CP) g/kg DM, with diets containing (g/kg DM) 550 concentrates, 270 grass silage and 180 maize silage. During early (70–80 days), mid- (150–160 days) and late (230–240 days) lactation, the same 24 animals were transferred from the main cow house to metabolism units for measurements of feed intake, milk production and faeces and urine outputs. Diet had no effect on BW, body condition score, or milk fat, protein or lactose concentration, but DM intake, milk yield and digestibilities of DM, energy and N increased with increasing diet CP concentration. The effect of diet on milk yield was largely due to differences between the low and medium CP diets. Increasing dietary CP concentration significantly increased urine N/N intake and urine N/manure N, and decreased faecal N/N intake, milk N/N intake and manure N/N intake. Although increasing dietary CP level significantly increased urine N/milk yield and manure N/milk yield, differences in these two variables between low and medium CP diets were not significant. There was no significant interaction between CP level and stage of lactation on any N utilisation variable, indicating that the effects of CP concentration on these variables were similar between stages of lactation. These results demonstrated that a decrease in dietary CP concentration from high (173 g/kg DM) to medium level (144 g/kg DM) may be appropriate for Holstein-Friesian dairy cow to maintain milk production efficiency, whilst reducing both urine N and manure N as a proportion of N intake or milk production.

Lactose Concentration in Low-Lactose and Lactose-Free Milk, Milk Products, and Products Containing Dairy Ingredients by High Sensitivity Enzymatic Method (K-LOLAC), Collaborative Study: Final Action 2020.08.

The AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Strategic Food Analytical Methods issued a call for methods in 2018 for the measurement of lactose in low-lactose and lactose-free products under Standard Method Performance Requirement (SMPR®) 2018.009. Megazyme's Lactose Assay Kit (K-LOLAC) was reviewed and accepted as a First Action Official MethodSM in 2020 (2020.08). A collaborative study was conducted to evaluate the to evaluate the reproducibility of AOAC Official MethodSM2020.08 for the measurement of lactose concentration in low-lactose and lactose-free milk, milk products, and products containing dairy ingredients. Samples are deproteinated and clarified by treatment with Carrez reagents, and then free glucose is removed using a glucose oxidase and catalase treatment system. Quantification of lactose is based on the hydrolytic activity of β-galactosidase, which hydrolyses lactose to glucose and galactose. Any remaining free D-glucose is first measured using a hexokinase (HK)/glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PDH)/6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGDH) based assay procedure, and then β-galactosidase is added to hydrolyze the lactose in the same reaction vessel with concurrent measurement of the released D-glucose. The samples analyzed included a number of lactose-free and low-lactose milk samples, lactose-free infant formula, lactose-free milkshake, lactose-free adult nutritional drink, lactose-free cream, and lactose-free cheese. All materials had repeatability relative standard deviations (RSDr) <7%. The reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR) varied from 3.8 to 14.9% with seven of the 10 test samples having an RSDR of <10%. The Lactose Assay Kit (K-LOLAC) meets the requirements for reproducibility set out under SMPR 2018.009. The Lactose Assay (K-LOLAC) is a robust, simple, and reproducible method for analysis of lactose in foodstuffs and beverages.

Meta-Analysis of Rumen-Protected Methionine in Milk Production and Composition of Dairy Cows.

Simple SummaryIn terms of amino acid nutrition of dairy cows, many scholars have shown that adding rumen-protected methionine to dairy cow feed can improve milk yield and milk components such as milk protein, lactose and milk fat, but the research of some scholars is inconsistent. This paper aims to summarize and analyze all the research contents through meta-analysis and comprehensively understand the impact of rumen-protected methionine on the milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows. The results show that adding rumen-protected methionine to cow feed did not significantly improve milk yield nor the lactose concentration in milk but did improve the fat and protein concentrations in milk, and the effects were better in the high-protein feed than that in the low-protein feed.This study aims to evaluate the influence of rumen-protected methionine (RPM) on the milk yield and milk compositions of dairy cows by employing a meta-analysis method. The articles in the publication databases between January 2010 and January 2022 which reported on various concentrations of RPM supplements in dairy cow diets and then monitored the milk yield and milk compositions were searched. A total of 14 studies were included, covering 27 treatments with a total of 623 dairy cows. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V3 was used for statistical analysis, the forest map was drawn by the standard mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI), and the SMD was calculated by a random effect model. The dose effect curve was drawn by fitting the SMD and RPM dose of each study to explore the optimal dosage of RPM. Compared with the basal diet, the RPM supplement significantly increased the percentages of milk fat (SMD (95% CI): 1.017% [0.388, 1.646]) and milk protein (SMD (95% CI): 0.884 [0.392, 1.377]). However, the milk yield (SMD (95% CI): 0.227 kg/d [−0.193, 0.647]) and lactose concentration (SMD (95% CI): 0.240% [−0.540, 1.020]) were not affected. The subgroup analysis found that the effect of the RPM supplement on the milk fat and milk protein was greater in the high-protein feed than in the low-protein feed. Multiple regression analysis showed that feeding RPM significantly improved the milk yield and milk protein percentage of dairy cows. The results of the dose–effect analysis show that the optimal range for the RPM was 7.5–12.5 g/d. RPM supplements in a dairy diet can improve the milk protein percentages and milk fat percentages of dairy cows.

Effect of Parity and Days in Milk on Milk Urea Concentration and Milk Components in Holstein Dairy Cows

Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the effects of parity and of days in milk (DIM) on milk urea (MU) and other milk components in Holstein dairy cows. Milk yield was lower (P &lt; 0.05) in primiparous cows compared with multiparous cows and tended to increase until the third parity and then decrease. The MU concentration was lower (P &lt; 0.05) at the first lactation than at the other lactations. Milk fat and protein contents were higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the primiparous cows than that in multiparous cows and were reduced until the third parity and then increased. Lower (P &lt; 0.05) milk lactose content was found in primiparous cows and tended to increase until the third parity and then decreased. Primiparous cows had lower (P &lt; 0.05) daily protein and fat yields compared with multiparous cows. The lowest value of milk yield was recorded during the first lactation with a peak of lactation between 61—90 DIM and a persistence of lactation of 3 %. The highest milk yield was confirmed at the third and fourth lactations with a peak of lactation between 61—90 DIM and a persistence of lactation of 7 % and 6 %. The effect of DIM on MU confirmed a significant (P &lt; 0.01) positive relationships in primiparous and multiparous cows. The lowest level of MU concentration was found between 0—30 DIM. The content of MU increased and the maximum was achieved between 271—305 DIM. It is suggested that although MU for nutritional management and measures of production or reproduction are used, non-nutritional factors should be considered.

Effect of Vaginal Delivery on Lactose Content of Human Milk.

The macronutrients of human milk are considered essential nutritional sources in the first few months of a newborn's life. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of delivery mode on the macronutrients of human milk. This retrospective cohort study was conducted on 102 women who gave birth by cesarean section or vaginal delivery between September 2019 and November 2019. The participants were requested to provide their milk samples on day 15 ± 1 after childbirth. There were no significant differences between the two groups (cesarean and vaginal delivery) regarding the sociodemographic characteristics and intake of fat, carbohydrate, protein, and energy. The lactose level was significantly higher in women who gave birth by vaginal delivery (adjusted mean difference, 1.2 (95 % CI 0.02- 1.82)). For other macronutrients, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. The vaginal delivery might influence the mature milk lactose level.

Effects of Buffalo Milk and Cow Milk on Lipid Metabolism in Obese Mice Induced by High Fat.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of buffalo milk and cow milk on lipid metabolism in obese mice. Milk composition analysis showed fat, protein, and total solid content in buffalo milk was higher than cow milk, while the lactose content of buffalo milk was lower than cow milk. After milk metabolite extraction and LC-MS/MS analysis, differential metabolites were mainly enriched in “linoleic acid metabolism pathways,” “pentose and glucuronate interconversion pathways,” and “metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 pathways.” We fed three groups of C57BL/6J mice (n = 6 per group) for 5 weeks: (1) high-fat diet group (HFD group); (2) high-fat diet + buffalo milk group (HBM group); and (3) high-fat diet + cow milk group (HCM group). Our results showed that body weight of mice was significantly decreased in HBM and HCM groups from 1 to 4 weeks compared with the HFD group. The mRNA expression of ACAA2, ACACB, and SLC27A5 genes involved in the lipid metabolism in liver tissue were significantly elevated in HCM group, relatively to HFD and HBM group. In addition, the adipocyte number, size and lipid accumulation in the liver were significantly decreased in HCM group compared with the HFD group by H&E staining and oil red O staining, but was not change in HBM group. The mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-1β inflammatory genes were significantly increased in HBM group, relatively to HFD and HCM group, which is consistent with results from inflammatory cell infiltration and tissue disruption by colon tissue sections. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of cow milk has beneficial effects on loss of weight and lipid metabolism in obese mice.

Feeding Date-Palm Leaves Ensiled with Fibrolytic Enzymes or Multi-Species Probiotics to Farafra Ewes: Intake, Digestibility, Ruminal Fermentation, Blood Chemistry, Milk Production and Milk Fatty Acid Profile.

Simple SummaryUnder semi-arid and arid conditions, trees and shrubs such as date palm can be used as an adequate source of feed for goats and sheep to reduce feed cost. However, the low nutritive value of such materials determines its nutritive value. Ensiling with fibrolytic enzymes or lactic-acid bacteria can be used to enhance the nutritive value of date palm leaves and other agricultural byproducts before feeding to animals. Exogenous enzymes can alter the structure of the tissue while lactic-acid bacteria improve ensiling in enhancing nutrient digestibility, resulting in improved performance (daily gain or milk production). This may enhance farmers’ gain and animal health. This is the first experiment to utilize ensiling with fibrolytic enzymes or lactic-acid bacteria to enhance the nutritive value of date palm leaves as an unconventional feed.The present experiment evaluated the feeding of date palm leaves (DPL) ensiled with fibrolytic enzymes (ENZ) or multi-species probiotics (MSP) on nutrient utilization and lactational performance of ewes. Fifty multiparous lactating Farafra ewes were used in a completely randomized design for 90 d. The treatments consisted of the control diet with a concentrate feed mixture and date palm leaves (at 60:40, DM basis) ensiled without additive (control) or DPL ensiled with ENZ or MSP replacing control DPL at 50 or 100%. Both ENZ and MSP increased (p < 0.01) DPL and total intakes, digestibility of all nutrients, concentrations of ammonia, total volatile fatty acids, acetate and propionate in the rumen. Increased milk production, concentrations of fat, lactose and energy in milk, and feed efficiency were observed with MSP and ENZ compared to the control treatment. Moreover, ENZ and MSP increased (p < 0.05) the concentrations of total n3, n6 fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids and decreased (p < 0.001) the atherogenicity. The differences between ENZ and MSP and between the low and high replacement levels were minor for all measured parameters. Ensiling of DPL with MSP or fibrolytic enzymes is recommended to improve feed efficiency and improve lactational performance of ewes.

Milk composition, traditional processing, marketing, and consumption among smallholder dairy farmers in selected towns of Jimma Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia.

In Ethiopia, dairy products remain the most important animal source of foods including in the current study area. However, poor milk quality is frequently told constraint, and this affects smallholder dairy development. This study aimed to assess raw cow milk composition, processing, consumption, and marketing among smallholder dairy producers in selected towns of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. Primary data were collected by surveying 52 randomly selected dairy cattle keeping households using a structured questionnaire and analysis of raw milk chemical composition. The results revealed that the average milk production was 5.98 ± 1.01 liters/household/day, of which the majority (62.9%) was marketed. About 22.7% of households reported processing milk into butter, cottage cheese, ghee, and fermented milk at household level mainly for domestic use. A combination of fresh whole milk, fermented milk, butter, cottage cheese, and ghee (51.7%) were the main dairy products consumed by respondents. About 72.2% and 6.1% of households consumed boiled and raw milk, respectively, while 100% respondents reported consuming raw fermented whole milk. Milk was channeled to consumers and retailers through informal marketing system (100%). The awareness of respondents about zoonotic diseases was found to be very low. The mean fat, lactose, and protein content of raw cow milk were significantly (p < .05) affected by breed. It is recommended that consumption of raw milk and fermented milk could pose a public health risk to consumers, implying the need for urgent farmers’ awareness creation to boil milk before consumption for prevention and control of zoonotic diseases.

Replacing corn with full-fat corn germ in a basal diet containing cactus (Opuntia stricta) cladodes and sugarcane as forage sources induces milk fat depression associated with the trans-10 shift in dairy cows

Recent evidence indicates that associating cactus Opuntia cladodes with plant oils represents a promising strategy to increase the nutritional value of milk fat. This study aimed to investigate the effects of full-fat corn germ (FFCG), as an alternative to plant oils, on production variables, blood metabolites, and milk fatty acid (FA) composition of dairy cows fed a basal diet containing cactus (Opuntia stricta) cladodes and sugarcane as forages. Ten multiparous Holstein cows with 90 ± 10 d of lactation and yielding 24.2 ± 3.5 kg milk/d were assigned to dietary treatments consisting of 0, 4 (low level; LL), 8 (moderate level; ML), 12 (high level; HL), and 16% (very high level; VHL) of FFCG (DM basis) in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design with 21-d periods. DM intake decreased linearly from 18.9 to 16.4 kg/d, whereas a quadratic response was observed for milk yield, which increased 1.7 kg/d from control to ML, and decreased to a similar extent as FFCG further increased in the diet, resulting in a quadratic increase in gross feed efficiency (GFE). Milk protein and lactose contents were unaltered, but milk fat content gradually dropped from 3.49% to 2.23%, which was accompanied by a progressive decrease in milk fat yield and fat-corrected milk yield. Serum cholesterol levels markedly increased from 756 to 1480 mg/L, but other blood metabolites were unaltered. Except for trans-16:1 isomers, proportions of short and medium-chain FA in milk fat decreased in a linear or quadratic fashion as FFCG increased in the diet, whereas the opposite was observed for 18:0 and of 18:1/18:2 isomers, including those with conjugated double bonds. In particular, a trans-11 to trans-10 shift occurred with moderate to higher FFCG levels, resulting in a quadratic change in trans-11 18:1 and cis-9, trans-11 CLA, and a linear increase in trans-10 18:1, trans-10, cis-12 CLA and trans-9, cis-11 CLA. The n-6:n-3 ratio in milk nearly doubled with increasing FFCG, mostly due to a pronounced increase in 18:2 n-6. Proportions of odd-linear and branched-chain FA in milk fat decreased in a quadratic and linear fashion, respectively, with increasing FFCG. These results indicate that FFCG can be an effective source of PUFA for increasing rumen outflow of biohydrogenation intermediates in cows fed cactus Opuntia cladodes as a partial substitute for sugarcane. The marked milk fat depression induced by FFCG suggests that the basal diet was unable to maintain a healthy rumen environment.

Barley β-glucan for conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production by Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis: Fatty acid variation and bacterial viability study

In the present study, production of two isomers (cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) by Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis BB12 was investigated in organic and conventional milk in the presence of barley derived β-glucan. Fatty acid profile, acidification profile, cell enumeration and lactose content were determined for fermented conventional and organic milk, before and after 30 h fermentation in 30 °C. Viscometery and sensory evaluations were also performed. The results showed higher counts of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis BB12, and viscosity in organic milk. Also, organic fermented milk offered higher CLA as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids values and a lower level of saturated fatty acids in comparison to conventional fermented milk. Cis-9, trans-11 CLA, trans-10, cis-12 CLA and polyunsaturated fatty acids values, bacterial count and viscosity in organic milk containing β-glucan were 28%, 39%, 33%, one log CFU/mL and 59% higher than the samples without β-glucan, respectively. Although these results were obtained for conventional milk, the variation percentage in the organic milk was significantly more than the conventional milk. In addition, the total lactose content in organic and conventional milk containing β-glucan was 19% and 12% lower than the samples without prebiotic.

Feeding Calcium-Ammonium Nitrate to Lactating Dairy Goats: Milk Quality and Ruminal Fermentation Responses.

Simple SummaryCalcium-ammonium nitrate (CAN) has been extensively used as a potential methane inhibitor for ruminants; however, there is still a need for studies focused on investigating its effects on the fatty acid profile and antioxidant capacity of milk, especially from dairy goats. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of CAN on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and milk quality of lactating Saanen goats. Treatments consisted of a control diet (without CAN), 10 g of CAN per kg of dry matter, and 20 g of CAN per kg of dry matter. Supplemental CAN did not affect feed intake, digestibility of nutrients, and most ruminal fermentation parameters. Yields and composition of milk were not affected, and minor treatment effects were observed on the milk fatty acid profile. Milk antioxidant capacity was altered by increased conjugated dienes and reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, along with greater concentrations of nitrate and nitrite residues in milk. Calcium-ammonium nitrate can be fed to lactating dairy goats up to 20 g per kg of dry matter without negative effects on nutrient digestibility and milk composition; however, it increased the concentration of conjugated dienes in milk, which may induce its faster lipid oxidation.We aimed to investigate the effects of calcium-ammonium nitrate (CAN) fed to lactating dairy goats on dry matter (DM) intake, digestibility of nutrients, milk properties (composition, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, and nitrate residues), and ruminal fermentation parameters. Twelve lactating Saanen goats averaging 98.5 ± 13.1 days in milk, 53.5 ± 3.3 kg of body weight, and 2.53 ± 0.34 kg of milk/day were randomly assigned in four 3 × 3 Latin squares to receive the following diets: a control group (without CAN) with 7.3 g/kg DM of urea (URE), 10 g/kg DM of CAN (CAN10), and 20 g/kg DM of CAN (CAN20). Each period lasted 21 days, with 14 days for diet adaptation and seven days for data and sample collection. The DM intake, digestibility of nutrients, yields of milk, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, and energy-corrected milk were not affected by treatments. Similarly, there were no treatment effects on the yields and concentrations of milk fat, true protein, and lactose, along with minor effects on milk fatty acid profile. Total antioxidant capacity in milk was unaffected by treatments; however, concentration of conjugated dienes increased, while thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in milk decreased linearly. Nitrate and nitrite residues in milk were elevated by treatments, while the total of volatile fatty acids and ammonia-N concentration in the rumen were unaffected. Collectively, feeding CAN (up to 20 g/kg of DM) to lactating dairy goats did not affect feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and milk composition; however, it may increase milk lipid oxidation, as evidenced by increased conjugated diene concentration.

Cascade reaction biosensor based on Cu/N co-doped two-dimensional carbon-based nanozyme for the detection of lactose and β-galactosidase

Developing high-performance nanozyme for the construction of high-sensitivity biosensor platform is of great significance. Herein, we have designed and synthesized a Cu/N co-doped carbon-based nanozyme by anchoring Cu atoms on two-dimensional carbon nanosheet (Cu/NC NS). The Cu/NC NS possessed ultra-high Cu loading, superior peroxidase-like catalytic activity, great stability and reusability. Significantly, the Cu/NC NS exhibited high affinity towards H2O2 and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) under acidic condition, which could induce obvious color changes of TMB in the presence of low H2O2 concentration. By integrating the Cu/NC NS with β-galactosidase (β-Gal) and galactose oxidase (Gal Ox), a multienzyme cascade colorimetric sensing system was established for the detection of lactose and β-Gal, which realizing the assay of lactose and β-Gal in the linear ranges of 0.1–1.4 mM and 0.025–0.2 U/mL, respectively. And the limit of detection for lactose and β-Gal were 0.03 mM and 0.01 U/mL, respectively. Furthermore, this work achieved the accurate detection of the content of lactose in milk and the activity of β-Gal in human serum, exploiting a novel application for nanozyme in biosensing.

PRODUCCIÓN Y PERFIL DE ÁCIDOS GRASOS DE LA LECHE DE CABRAS ALIMENTADAS CON ENSILADO DE CANOLA (Brassica napus) EN SUSTITUCIÓN DE ENSILADO DE MAÍZ (Zea mays) EN RACIONES TOTALMENTE MEZCLADAS

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;. Canola silage (EC) is a viable alternative to replace corn silage (EM) in ruminants feed, due to its nutritional value and source of polyunsaturated fatty acids to improve the quality milk fat. &lt;strong&gt;Objective&lt;/strong&gt;. To evaluate the inclusion of EC as substitute for of EM in total mixed rations (TMR) on milk production, composition and fatty acids profile of goats at the end lactation. &lt;strong&gt;Methodology&lt;/strong&gt;. Ten Alpine goats (49 ± 2.5 kg LW, 194 ± 18 days in lactation) were fed with completely mixed diets containing 25% EC plus 25% EM (experimental diet) and 50% EM (control diet). &lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;. Milk production in goats fed with EC was 33.46% higher (&lt;em&gt;P&amp;lt;&lt;/em&gt;0.05) than in goats eating only ME as forage. The content of rumenic and vaccenic acids in milk increased (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt;&amp;lt;0.05) 60 and 57%, respectively, with the inclusion of EC in the diet. There were not differences (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt;&amp;gt;0.05) in milk fat, protein and lactose content, nor in dry matter intake between treatments. &lt;strong&gt;Implications&lt;/strong&gt;. EC as an alternative forage in combination with EM, it is a viable feeding strategy for small ruminants. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt;. The use of EC represents a feeding strategy to improve the fatty acid profile of milk without effecting the chemical composition of milk and the productive response of goats at the end of lactation.&lt;/p&gt;

Antioxidant activity of Patanwadi breed sheep milk over cow milk— A preliminary study

Milk is an excellent source of dietary antioxidants, however, the antioxidants activity of different species of milk varies significantly. Sheep milk’s compositional and functional properties are one of the untapped areas for Indian researchers. This present study evaluated and compared the antioxidant potential of Patanwadi breed sheep milk over cow milk. The protein, fat, and lactose content of Patanwadi breed sheep milk was significantly higher than cow’s milk. Different anti-oxidant assays confirmed that the antioxidant activity of sheep milk was superior to cow milk. The present study supports that Patanwadi breed sheep could be a potential source of dietary antioxidants. Therefore, more scientific studies are required to develop sheep milk functional dairy products, and thereof optimized process parameters for sheep milk dairy products in Indian conditions.

Comparison of Ethanol Stability and Chemical Composition of Camel Milk from Five Samples.

Simple SummaryCamel milk has recently gained the interest of consumers and the dairy industry, as it is widely suggested as an ideal substitute for cow milk. The nutritional value and the bioactivity of camel milk proteins have received particular attention from research groups and industrial companies around the world. Camel milk proteins can be used as ingredients in the manufacturing and stabilization of foods and beverages; however, in these applications, the controlled aggregation of milk proteins and stability at high temperatures and in alcohol are desirable. The ethanol stability of milk could be used as an indicator of its freshness and provide information on the stability of raw milk ultra-high temperatures and powder processing.This research was carried out to study the variation in ethanol stability and chemical composition of five camel milk samples, including two pasteurized samples (Alwatania and Darir alabaker) and three raw samples (Majaheim, Wadah, and Hamra). Ethanol stability was analyzed by dispersing camel milk samples with 0 to 100% ethanol (v/v). The findings indicate that camel milk samples precipitated after adding an equal volume of ethanol at concentrations between 50% and 64% ethanol, depending on the milk sample. The addition of sodium chloride at different concentrations (1–10%) to camel milk resulted in a significant increase in ethanol stability, and samples from Majaheim and Alwatania exhibited the highest ethanol stability values (88%). In contrast, the addition of EDTA to camel milk for pH ranging between 5.9 and 7.1 has increased ethanol stability with a sigmoidal shape in camel milk. The largest ethanol stability differences were observed in a camel milk sample from Alwatania. Thus, the level of Ca2+ in camel milk may contribute to ethanol stability by shifting the entire profile to higher ethanol stability values. The chemical composition of different camel samples was also determined. The lactose content of camel milk varied significantly (p < 0.05) across samples, ranging from 4.37% in Majaheim camel milk to 4.87% in Alwatania camel milk. The total solids of camel milk varied significantly between raw and pasteurized samples, ranging between 10.17% and 12.10%. Furthermore, protein concentration in camel milk obtained from different camel samples varied, from 2.43% to 3.23% for Hamra and Alwatania, respectively. In conclusion, ethanol stability in camel milk was dependent on the camel breed, pH level, ionic strength, and EDTA addition.