Insoluble Content Research Articles

Forage Quality of Ventenata dubia in a Southeastern Oregon Meadow System

Ventenata (Ventenata dubia L.) is an exotic annual grass gaining attention for its environmental and economic impacts across the western United States. Since cattle reportedly avoid grazing it, there is speculation regarding why it is rejected, though little is known about its forage quality and digestibility. We examined the seasonal and annual forage dynamics of ventenata in a southeastern Oregon meadow system by analyzing the forage quality (crude protein, acid detergent fiber, lignin); silica content; in vitro digestibility (IVDMD); and macrominerals (phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sulfur) of ventenata over the growing season (May, June, and July) for 2 yr. We did not find that ventenata is low in forage quality, macrominerals, or digestibility. Overall, the forage quality of ventenata, especially in early spring (May and June), appears to pose little issue nutritionally. In fact, the crude protein of ventenata stayed above the crude protein minimum requirement for maintenance in grazing cattle through June. However, we did find that silica content as acid insoluble ash content (AIA%) of ventenata at our sites increased throughout the growing season and ranged between 4.3% and 12.1%, nearly 4× the amount previously reported. We also found variability in digestibility and nutrient profile from year to year that can be related to annual precipitation. For example, digestibility decreased by June in the wetter year but did not decrease in the dryer year until into July. Our results have implications for the management of ventenata and are especially relevant for the consideration of targeted grazing as a control method. Forage quality and digestibility of ventenata are best in early spring but, due to the height of the annual grass during this time, there is only a brief window for a targeted grazing strategy because its quality and digestibility declines and silica content increases over the growing season.

Measuring insoluble calcium content in curds during cheesemaking

A rapid water‐soluble calcium (WSC) extraction was evaluated as an in‐process method to quickly quantify insoluble calcium (ICa) phosphate content during cheesemaking and compare it with existing methods for finished cheese, that is cheese juice and acid–base titration. Although there were some differences in methods when evaluated using string cheese and Mozzarella, results for ICa obtained from the WSC method were consistent with the cheese juice. This WSC method was successful in measuring the ICa in curds during manufacture of Mozzarella made with varying pH values at whey drainage. Meltability of cheese correlated with ICa content at 1 month of storage.

Standardization of Golden Sea Cucumber (Stichopus hermanii) Extracts from Pelapis Island, Kayong Regency, West Kalimantan

Stichopus hermanii can be used as a medicinal material, a source of animal protein, and wound healing medicine products. Extracts as raw materials for products must go through a standardization process to ensure pharmaceutical reproducibility, a therapeutic quality, and to ensure a consistent and uniform final composition. The purpose of this research was to determine the test results of the standardization parameters of Stichopus hermanii extract from Pelapis Island, West Kalimantan as raw material for wound healing herbal medicinal preparations. Preparation of extracts using the maceration method with 96% ethanol. The extract was standardized with specific parameters, including organoleptic, water and ethanol soluble content, phytochemical screening, and protein content, and non-specific parameters, including drying shrinkage, water content, ash content, and acid insoluble ash content. The test results obtained were a water-soluble content of 61.89%, ethanol-soluble content of 41.81%, protein content of 7.62%, drying shrinkage of 38.81%, water content of 20.58%, ash content of 37.95%, and acid insoluble ash content of 2.07%.

Carbon emission free preparation of calcium hydroxide with calcium carbide slag (CCS) through micro-bubble impurities removal

Calcium hydroxide is a widely used bulk chemical, and traditional limestone calcination to prepare hydrated lime emits large amounts of CO2. Calcium carbide slag (CCS) is a waste residue with calcium hydroxide as the main component emitted by the PVC industry, which can be directly used to prepare calcium hydroxide. However, CCS has problems such as high impurity content, complex impurity occurrence state, and difficult separation. In this paper, the raw CCS and products under different separation conditions were prepared, and the presence state of main elements (Ca, Al, Si, Fe, C, Mg) in the CCS were studied by using XRD, XRF, XPS, SEM-EDS, and EPMA + SXES. According to the presence state of impurities, the microbubble strengthens in combination with agents used for deep directional separation of impurities in CCS, and DFT is used to calculate the surface binding energy between each component and agent in CCS. The results demonstrated that CaC2 and C wrap each other in CCS. Morphological and elemental chemical analyses of the dissociated residues revealed the existence of Si in the form of SiC and SiO2. Fe and C existed as particles of FeSi and carbon respectively. Al exists in the form of CaAl2O4 and Al2O3. Mg is loaded on the SiC in the form of Ca–Al–Mg mineral system. After the separation of microbubble equipment strengthens in combination with agents, the acid insoluble content can be reduced from 1.99% to 0.76%. At the same time, the yield can also reach 71.34%, and all indicators meet the standard indicators of industrial calcium hydroxide. The results can provide a new zero-carbon preparation pathway for calcium hydroxide.

Low fat and high protein meat analogue of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) with stabilizer cocoa pod husk extract (Theobroma cacao L.)

Meat analogue is a plant-based protein product with nutritional and sensory qualities similar to conventional meat. Meat analogue is usually made from wheat flour. People with gluten intolerance can not consume wheat flour. Gluten-free meat analogue is appropriate for such people. In this research, gluten-free meat analogue was made from cowpea flour and cocoa pod husk extract, in three different formulations. Cocoa pod husk extract serves as stabilizer and sticking agent. The formulation was based on the ratio of the main ingredients. The ratios were 98.5:1.5 (A), 99.0:1.0 (B), and 99.5:0.5 (C). The control meat analogue was made from cowpeas flour and commercial pectin with the ratio of 98.5: 1.5. The parameter of quality was the physicochemical aspect including moisture content, ash content, fat content, protein content, carbohydrate content, fibre content, amino acid quality, and in vitro protein digestibility. In addition, the microbiological, texture, and sensory analysis were also conducted. Meat analogue B had 41.56% water content, 4.71% ash content, 3.88% fat content, 19.16% protein content, 8.75% soluble fibre content, 10.21% insoluble fibre content, protein digestibility 65.94%, total plate count of 4.40×102 CFU/g and yeast and mould count of 2.27×102 CFU/g. It is considered the best formulation among the meat analogues.

Determination of Specific and Non-Specific Parameters of Cempedak Leaf Simplisia (Artocarpus Integer)

Cempedak (Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.) is a plant with the genus Artocarpus that grows in Kalimantan and has properties as antimalarial, antidiabetic, abdominal pain and anticancer. This study aims to determine the specific and non-specific parameters of simplisia. The method used refers to the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia and General Standard Parameters of Extracts. Samples came from the South Kalimantan Province and Central Kalimantan Province. The results of the organoleptic test of simplisia are in the form of powder, light green in color, smelling typical of leaves and tasteless. Microscopic results show epidermis, sclerenchyma, xylem, phloem, air cavities, chlorophyll and stomata. The results of each test have a range, namely ethanol soluble juice content 17.80% - 25.40%, water soluble juice content 15.27% - 19.33%, total ash content 8.07% - 10.25%, acid insoluble ash content 2.32% - 3.82%, Pb metal contamination <0.001 - 0.004 mg/kg and Cd 0.160 - 0.178 mg/kg. A. integer leaf simplisia contains alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, glycoside, phenolic and anthraquinone compounds which are confirmed on the KLT profile with the same compound content. Total phenol content was 18.88% - 20.29% b/w EAG. The test results of specific and non-specific parameters of A. integer leaf simplisia from two different places have met the requirements set by the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia and BPOM RI.

The effect of biochemical composition on the renewable crude oil produced from hydrothermal liquefaction of biosolids

The accumulation of biosolids has caused significant harmful pollutants and negatively impacted nearby ecosystems and communities, which requires immediate management and regulation. Biosolids are potentially a highly productive source of renewable crude. Hydrothermal liquefaction is a promising technique to convert biosolids into renewable crude oil. However, challenges exist with optimising the HTL of biosolids, such as identifying biosolids composition and the resultant effect on the produced renewable crude. This work aims to develop and modify methods to analyse biosolids' composition and quantify the effect of biosolids' composition and specific reaction conditions on product distributions derived from HTL. Biosolids with varying compositions were processed using HTL in a batch reactor under controlled operating conditions. The analysis of the biosolids’ composition showed that few biosolids samples are close to the composition of biomass content when compared using the Van Krevelen diagram. The results also show that those biosolids with higher lipid and protein content exhibit an increase in the renewable crude yield with a larger content of low-boiling point components. However, biosolids with higher carbohydrate and insoluble lignin content produce lower renewable crude oil yield with a higher content of high-boiling point components and an increased mass fraction of solid residue.

Sustainable Process for Tortilla Production Using Ohmic Heating with Minimal Impact on the Nutritional Value, Protein, and Calcium Performance.

The nixtamalization process used for tortilla production entails extended processing time and generates pollutant effluents. Ohmic heating (OH) is an emerging technology that uses an alternating electric current for rapid and uniform food heating and mitigates effluent concerns. However, gaps exist in nutrient bioavailability studies. In this work, we assessed OH's impact on tortilla nutritional value, protein, and calcium using a rat model. Twenty-five male Wistar rats were fed one of four diets for 21 days: raw corn (RC) as an experimental control, OH-processed tortillas (OHTs), traditionally processed tortillas (TPTs), commercial tortillas (CTs), and a casein diet (CD) as a growth control. Despite similar protein and macronutrient profiles, OH significantly enhanced insoluble fiber content. The weight gain sequence was OHTs > TPTs > CTs > RC. OHTs exhibited superior protein digestibility (88.52%), which was 3% higher than other diets. The serum albumin (2.63-2.73 g/dL) indicated moderate malnutrition due to the tortilla's lower protein content. Nonetheless, the protein efficiency ratio (1.2-1.74) showed no significant difference from TPTs. Bone characteristics and fracture strength resembled the tortilla-fed groups, surpassing RC. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the OHT and TPT diets improved male rat bone thickness and crystallinity. The findings suggest the potential for OH as an eco-friendly tortilla production method, maintaining nutritional value comparable to traditional methods.

The Flow Law of Brine and Sediment Particles in Gas-Driven Brine Drainage in the Sediments of Salt Cavern Gas Storage

The geological resources of salt cavern gas storage in China are mostly complex layered salt beds with many thin inter-layers and high insoluble matter content. In the process of cavity-building by water-solution method, the insoluble matters in salt layers and inter-layers are peeled off and deposited at the bottom of salt cavern, occupying more than one-third of the whole cavity volume. These sediments have a large pore volume and strong compressibility, and they are filled with brine; as a result, they have great potential for gas storage. The research on the flow law of brine and sediment particles in gas-driven brine drainage in the sediments of salt caverns is the basis of utilizing the void space of sediments for gas storage. In this paper, salt cores of salt cavern gas storage wells in the Jintan District were selected, and the physical characteristics of insoluble sediments of the salt cores were analyzed. Then, a laboratory simulation device and experimental method of the gas-driven brine drainage were presented. Using artificial composite sediments in the experimental device, the following was tested: (i) the flow rates of brine and particles in the vicinity of the brine drain pipe in the sediments under different nitrogen displacement pressures, (ii) the relationship between the sand extraction amount and nitrogen displacement pressure of different brine drain pipes, (iii) the sand extraction amount of different sizes of particles with brine drain time, (iv) the cumulative sand extraction amount of different brine drain pipes, and (v) the effect of brine flow rate on the sand extraction amount. The results show that quartz, plagioclase, and ankerite account for 45–94% and clay accounts for 3.3–14.4% of the insoluble minerals of the salt cores from the Jintan District. The particle size distribution of the sediments ranges from 0.04 mm to 6 mm and can be divided into four ranges: <0.5 mm, 0.5 mm~2 mm, 2 mm~4 mm, and >4 mm. The mass percentage of each range is 37.9%, 36.5%, 17%, and 8.6%, respectively. There is a threshold pressure of the gas-driven brine drainage, where the larger the diameter of the sieve hole, the lower the threshold pressure, and the easier the pipe is to sand out. The diameter of the sieve hole has a great influence on the flow rate of the sediment particles near the brine drain pipe. The increase in nitrogen displacement pressure has a positive correlation with the flow rate of sediments near the pipe with 5 mm diameter sieve holes, but has little effect on the flow rate of sediments near pipes with 1.5 mm or 0.5 mm diameter sieve holes. The sand extraction amount is affected by factors such as the nitrogen displacement pressure, diameter of sieve hole, brine drain time, and brine flow rate in the process of gas-driven brine drainage. A higher nitrogen displacement pressure and brine flow rate lead to more sand extraction. A screen pipe with 1 mm diameter sieve holes is suggested to be used for sand control, the sieve holes are recommended to be machined in the shape of a trumpet with a small inlet section (i.e., 1 mm) and a large outlet end (i.e., 1.5 mm), and the brine flow rate is suggested to be about 30 m3/h when the brine removal is carried out in the sediments of salt cavern, which depends on the actual operation on site.

The Effect of Cassia Vera Additional in Physico Chemical Properties of Instant Powder Drink Meniran Extract With Stevia Sugar Sweetener

This research was aimed to know the characteristic of in addition meniran extract (Phyllanthus niruri) physico-chemical in instant drink powder and know the best quality of addition meniran. This research was used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) that consists of 5 treatments and 3 repetitions. The data were analyzed statistically by using ANOVA and followed by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) on the level 5%. The treatment in research the addition of meniran extract by 0,2 g; 0,4 g; 0,6 g; 0,8 g; and 1,0 g. The observations to the result of instant powder of drink which produced were physical analysis such as timing soluble, insoluble water content. The chemical analysis which were observed such as water content, ash content, total sugar, total polyphenol, total antioxidant activity, and lignan compound (filantin). The microbiological analysis was total plate number and organoleptic test (color, smell, flavor and appearance). The result of this research showed that the difference the concentration of the adition of meniran extract were significantly on the analysis of ash content, total polyphenol, total antioxidant activity, total plate number, organoleptic test and it was not significant to the timing soluble, insoluble water content, water content, and total sugar. Based on organoleptic test, the best product in instant powder of drink was in the treatment C (the addition of meniran extract by 0,6 g) with a rate of 4,30 of color, 4,30 of smell, 4,50 of flavor and 4,50 of appearance. The result of physico-chemical analysis instant powder of drink of treatment C (the addition of meniran extrac by 0,6 g) the value of the analysis of timing soluble by 65,60 second, insoluble water content by 1,31%, total sugar by 20Brix, lignan content (filantin) + , and total plate numbers 1,1 x 103 cfu/ml.

A novel vegetable tannin for eco-leather production: separation, characterization and application of facile valorized indigenous Acacia nilotica bark extract

The potential of tannin from indigenous Acacia nilotica was explored as an alternative to traditional vegetable tannin. Full Acacia tanned (FAT) leather exhibited excellent tensile strength, percentage of elongation, stitch tear strength, Bauman tear strength, tongue tear strength, grain crack load, burst load, and distension of 265.96 kg/cm2, 42 %, 124.66 kg/cm, 37.2 kg/cm, 26.7 kg/cm, 42 kg, 52 kg, and 9.87 mm, respectively, which were comparable with mimosa tanned leather. Shrinkage temperature, insoluble content, fat content, and moisture content of FAT leather were 80 °C, 79.05 ± 1.60 %, 6.07 ± 1.35 %, and 16.30 ± 1.27 %, respectively were also found similar. The tannin content of A. nilotica bark was found 12.37 % tannin. The extract contained condensed tannin similar to mimosa. The physio-mechanical properties of A. nilotica tanned leather are acceptable for shoe-upper leather. Hence, A. nilotica bark extract can be utilized to minimize the use of imported vegetable tannin and harmful chrome tanning agent.

Protein Evaluation of Feedstuffs for Horses.

The German Society of Nutrition Physiology has proposed a new protein evaluation system for horse feeds to estimate pre-cecally digestible crude protein (pcdCP) and amino acids (pcdAA) from chemical properties. A total of 71 feeds for horses were chemically tested and evaluated according to the new protein evaluation system. A feeding trial with eight horses tested whether differences in estimated pcdAA and neutral detergent soluble CP (NDSCP) in the diet were reflected by post-prandial (ppr) kinetics of plasma lysine (Lys) by feeding a complementary feed (control = CTRL) with 1.02 g Lys/100 kg body weight (BW) as well as three diets with 3.02 g Lys/100 kg BW, as follows: (i) CTRL with synthetic AA (CTRL + synAA); (ii) CTRL with soybean meal (CTRL + SBM); and (iii) lucerne pellets (LUC). In comparison to CTRL, the areas of curves (AUCs) of ppr plasma Lys differed: CTRL < CTRL + SBM (p < 0.01) < CTRL + synAA (p < 0.05). For 71 feeds, the estimated pcdCP was correlated with the CP content (p < 0.001), NDSCP (p < 0.001), and ash-free neutral detergent fiber (p < 0.001). A mean neutral detergent insoluble CP content of at least 3-5% can be assumed in horse feed. It is speculated that the predicted availability of Lys from LUC seems to be underestimated by the new protein evaluating system. The influence of chewing and microbiota in vivo needs to be considered in horses.

Design and Characterisation of Herbal Soap for the Treatment of Acne and Dry Skin: Factorial Design Approach

The aim of the study was to formulate herbal soap for the treatment acne and dry skin and statistical optimization of herbal ingredients by 22 factorial design approach. Totally six soap were developed with varying concentration of herbals for preliminary trial. The prepared products are evaluated for pH, foam stability, antimicrobial activities, foam height, moisture content, foam retention time, percentage free alkali, alcohol insoluble content, washing capability etc were also measured. The best preliminary trial soap formulation (F 6) was subjected for optimization by 22 factorial design approach. The study result suggest increasing the concentration of neem extract exhibit improved antibacterial activity. When the concentration of SLS increased, increases foam retention time. The In conclusion the optimized formulation (R4) suitable for effective treatment of acne and dry skin.

The fate and supply capacity of potassium in biochar used in agriculture

We used chemical extraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) to study the potassium (K) in biochar prepared from corn straw at different temperatures (300 °C, 500 °C, 700 °C and 900 °C). The characteristics of biochar were analyzed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and specific surface area analysis. We found that the potassium in biochar can be divided into water soluble potassium, exchangeable potassium, non-exchangeable potassium, and insoluble potassium according to the availability of agricultural potassium. The fate of potassium in straw changed as follows: with increasing pyrolysis temperature, the proportion of the sum of exchangeable and non-exchangeable potassium decreased, and the proportions of insoluble and lost potassium increased. The total, water soluble and exchangeable potassium contents in biochar were highest at 700 °C. The non-exchangeable and insoluble potassium contents were highest at 300 °C and 900 °C, respectively. Kinetics experiments were conducted to determine the different fates of potassium released from biochar at different temperatures; pot experiments were also undertaken. The release of different forms of potassium in biochar at different temperatures is mainly dominated by heterogeneous diffusion. Biochar increased not only the content of different forms of potassium in soil but also the potassium content of soybean stems and leaves. We calculated the potassium supply capacity of biochar by two strategies, measurements of the potassium content in biochar and the conversion rate of potassium in straw during pyrolysis. The most active and efficient potassium supply capacities were 33.60 g·kg−1 and 9.53 g·kg−1 at 700 °C and 300 °C, respectively. Biochar provides readily available (water soluble and exchangeable) potassium and a long-term (non-exchangeable) potassium supply to soil.

Melatonin treatment inhibits mango fruit (Cv. ‘Guiqi’) softening by maintaining cell wall and reactive oxygen metabolisms during cold storage

Mango fruit (Mangifera indica L, cv. ‘Guiqi’) was treated with melatonin (1 mM) to explore the changing mechanisms in fruit softening and to examine the effects of melatonin on the interaction between the cell wall and reactive oxygen metabolisms subjected to cold storage. The results depicted that compared to control, melatonin treatment (1) improved storage life by maintaining the higher ascorbic acid (AsA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents, as well as maintained higher insoluble pectin, hemicellulose, and cellulose contents, and lower soluble pectin content of ‘Guiqi’ mango fruit. (2) Delayed fruit softening by maintaining higher firmness and suppressing the activities of polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methyl esterase (PME), cellulase (Cx), and β-glucosidase (β-glu); and cell wall degrading genes (MiPG14, MiPME, MiCel, and Miβ-glu). (3) Enhanced storage quality by inhibiting decay incidence, respiration rate, and weight loss rate; increased activity of glutathione reductase (GR) and inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolites at cold storage. These results indicate that exogenous melatonin could delay mango fruit softening by maintaining cell wall metabolism, inhibiting ROS metabolites (O2.- and H2O2) accumulation via enhancement of non-enzymatic (AsA and GSH contents) and enzymatic (GR activity) antioxidants, and thus maintaining quality and improved storage life.

Investigation of pitch modification and its effect on anode properties: Effect of pitch type

AbstractAluminium is produced by electrolysis using carbon anodes. These anodes are manufactured with dry aggregate (mainly calcined petroleum coke, butts, and rejected green and baked anodes) and coal tar pitch, which acts as a binder. Utilization of good quality anodes decreases the consumption of carbon and energy, hence the process cost as well as the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). The interactions between coke and pitch play an important role in determining the anode quality. If they are compatible, pitch can penetrate into the pores of the coke particles as well as into the voids between the particles, resulting in denser anodes. One way to improve these interactions is to modify the chemical composition of pitch using an additive. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the pitch type on the effectiveness of pitch modification in improving the anode properties. Two types of pitch with different quinoline insoluble (QI) contents were used: one with high QI (HQI pitch) and the other with low QI (LQI pitch). They were modified using the same additive. The interactions between the pitches and the coke were studied by measuring the wettability of coke by the pitches. The pitch chemical composition was studied using FTIR and XPS. Then, anodes were produced and characterized. Their apparent density, electrical resistivity, air and CO2 reactivities, and permeability were compared. The results showed that the properties of anodes produced using modified HQI pitch were improved. Modifying LQI pitch did not significantly improve the anode properties.

The Lipid Profile and Aorta Histopathology On Hyperlipidemic Rat by Saurauia vulcani Korth. Leaves Extract

Abstract. Dyslipidemia is a pathological condition characterized by increased levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL and decreased levels of HDL. Dyslipidemia causes cardiovascular disease risk factors by increasing cholesterol levels, increasing triglyceride levels, lowering HDL levels, and increasing LDL levels, as well as decreasing the proliferation of cardiac aortic cells in dyslipidemic rats. The pirdot plant (Saurauia vulcani Korth.) has long been known by the Simalungun, Toba and Karo communities to have the potential to treat various diseases caused by disruption of lipid processes in the body. Pirdot leaves contain bioactive compounds of flavonoids, tannins and saponins that have the potential to improve lipid profiles and prevent cardiovascular disease. This study aims to determine the activity of EEDP on the lipid profile of dyslipidemic rats. Pirdot leaf simplicia powder was extracted by maceration with 96% ethanol solvent and the extract was used on 30 dyslipidemic rats which were divided into 6 groups. Group 1 (Na-CMC), group 2 (Atorvastatin), group 3, 4, 5, 6 EEDP doses of 50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg BW were administered orally for 21 days. At the end of the treatment, the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and aortic cell proliferation were measured. The results showed that Saurauia vulcani Korth had water content (6.23%), water soluble extract (10.50%), simplicia content soluble in ethanol (14.77%), total ash content (7.05%) and acid insoluble ash content (0.48%). From the antidyslipidemic study it was shown that EEDP 400 mg/kg BW improved blood lipand to increase aortic cell proliferation dyslipidemic rats was 69.84±0.27. Based on the explanation above, it is concluded that EEDP has an antidyslipidemic effect.&#x0D;

Engineering in the Production of Crystal Coconut Sugar Enriched with Vitamin A and its Preference Tests for Consumers

Coconut sugar is a food product that has the potential to be fortified with Vitamin A. This study aims to assess the quality of crystalline coconut sugar with vitamin A and test its preference for consumers. The experimental design used Split Plot Design with two treatment factors and 4 replications. The first treatment as the Main Plot (Main Plot) is the type of raw material for crystalline coconut sugar, which consists of 2 variations, namely: M1 = pure sap, and M2 = printed coconut sugar + 5% granulated sugar. The second treatment as a sub-plot was the proportion between palm oil as a solvent and carrots as a source of carotene (Vitamin A), which consisted of 3 variations, namely: S1= 1 : 1 (v/b), S2 = 1 : 2 (v/b), and S3= 2 : 1 (v/b). Physicochemical data were analyzed by F test and followed by 5% DMRT test, while organoleptic properties data were analyzed by Friedman test and followed by multiple comparison test. The best treatment was analyzed by the effectiveness index method. The results showed that a good raw material for producing crystalline coconut sugar with low reducing sugar content and high sucrose content was pure coconut sap. The proportion between palm oil and carrots which can produce crystalline coconut sugar with high levels of carotene (pro vitamin A) is 1 : 2 (v/b). The treatment combination that can produce crystalline coconut sugar with vitamin A with quality according to SNI-SII No.0268-85 is the treatment of the type of raw material for crystalline coconut sugar from pure coconut sap and the proportion of palm oil as a solvent with carrots as a source of carotene 1 : 2 ( v/b). This combination of treatments produced crystalline coconut sugar with physicochemical and organoleptic properties as follows: carotene content of 9.015 mg/100g of material or the equivalent of 752 RE (Retinol equivalent), water content of 3.617 percent, total sugar content of 81.071 percent, sucrose content of 75.627 percent, sugar content 5.434 percent reduction, 0.753 percent ash content and 0.197 percent water insoluble material content, "very smooth" texture, "creamy" color, "strong" coconut aroma, "not felt" carrot unpleasant smell and level of consumer acceptance (preference) "like".

Compositional Changes in Hydroponically Cultivated Salicornia europaea at Different Growth Stages.

Abiotic stress conditions, such as salinity, affect plant development and productivity and threaten the sustainability of agricultural production. Salt has been proven to accumulate in soil and water over time as a result of various anthropogenic activities and climatic changes. Species of the genus Salicornia thrive in the most saline environments and have a wide climatic tolerance. They can be found in a variety of subtropical, oceanic, and continental environments. This study aims to establish Salicornia europaea as a novel source of plant-based compounds that can grow in areas unsuitable for other crops. The morphological and compositional changes in the tissues of S. europaea in different consecutive developmental stages have not been investigated so far. Therefore, a comprehensive study of changes during the lifecycle of S. europaea was carried out, following changes in the plant's composition, including biomass yield, and soluble and insoluble compounds. For this, plants were cultivated in hydroponics for 15 weeks and harvested weekly to analyze biomass production, to determine soluble and insoluble compounds, protein content, and polyphenols. According to the results, glucan, xylan, and lignin increase with plant age, while water extractives decrease. Protein content is higher in young plants, while flavonoid content depends on the phenological stage, decreasing in the early flowering stage and then increasing as plants enter early senescence. Our results can aid in finding the optimal harvesting stage of S. europaea, depending on the component of interest.

Analisis Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Mutu pada Teh Herbal Daun Keji Beling (Strobilanthes crispus BI)

This study aims to determine the drying temperature of keji beling leaf herbal tea which is preferred by panelists as well as its nutritional content (potassium, ash content, and moisture content), phytochemical content (polyphenols), and antioxidant activity. The research design used was an experimental study using a completely randomized design (CRD) method with a single factor, namely the drying temperature of vile shard leaves which was carried out with 4 treatments, namely P1 = 35°C, P2 = 45°C, P3 = 55°C, and P4 = 65°C which was dried for 150 minutes each using a dehydrator. The results of the study were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test method with the Mann-Whitney follow-up test. Determination of the best herbal tea was chosen based on the highest average value for each parameter. Based on the research results, the chosen treatment was P3 with a drying temperature of 55°C. The nutritional content of keji shard leaf herbal tea treated with a drying temperature of 55°C is potassium (21,8 mg/100 g). Other ingredients are water content (12%), water extract content (2.92%), ash content (14,8%), water soluble ash content (0,37%), acid insoluble ash content (0. 32%), ash alkalinity (63.1 ml NaOH/100 g), crude fiber (34,6%), and polyphenols (7,67%). Antioxidant activity based on the IC50 value is 106,3570 ppm.