Content Of Honey Research Articles

Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Multiflora Honey from Kerinci, Jambi

Honey is a sweet, syrup-like substance that bees (Apis sp.) produce from the nectar of flowering plants. The aim of this study was to examine the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of multifloral honey (Apis dorsata forest honey) and (Apis cerana cultivated honey) from Kerinci, Jambi. The analysis consist of the intensity of colour, pH, viscosity, water content, ash content, sugar content, HMF content, acidity and antioxidant activity. The results showed that forest honey had light amber colour while cultivated honey had extra light amber colour. The pH, viscosity, water content, sugar content, HMF content, and acidity in forest honey were still in compliance with SNI standard, but the ash content was higher than the SNI standard. Cultivated honey had pH, sugar content, and HMF content in the range of SNI standar. However, the viscosity, water content, ash content, and acidity in cultivated honey were not in compliance with SNI standar. Forest honey and cultivated honey had antioxidant capacities about 16,74 mgVCE/g and 16,60 mgVCE/g, respectively. Meanwhile the antioxidant activity were 63,80% and 63,28%, respectively. Forest honey had more physicochemical aspects that were still in compliance with SNI standards compared to cultivated honey. The antioxidant activities of Kerinci honey, both forest honey and cultivated honey, were higher than the results of previous honey studies in other location.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Types of Honey from Banat Region, Romania.

Honey is a natural product with multiple health benefits. The paper presents the chemical characterization and the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of ten types of honey (knotweed, linden, wild cherry, acacia, honeydew, oilseed rape, sunflower, phacelia, plain polyflora and hill polyflora) from the Banat region, Romania. We studied the water content, dry matter, impurities, acidity and pH of honey. We also determined the content of reducing sugar, minerals and flavonoids and the total phenolic content. All honey samples analysed showed good nutritional characteristics according to the standard codex for honey. From the analysis of the mineral content of the honey samples, we observed a variability in the macro and microminerals, influenced by the botanical origin, ranging between 0.25% (wild cherry honey) and 0.54% (honeydew). The toxic metals’ (Cd and Pb) levels met the standard for almost all samples analysed except for knotweed. The flavonoid content of the samples ranged from 9.29 mg QE/100 g for wild cherry honey to 263.86 mg QE/100 g for linden honey, and for polyphenols between 177.6 mgGAE/100 g for acacia honey and 1159.3 mgGAE/100 g for honeydew. The best antioxidant capacity was registered in the case of linden honey (79.89%) and honeydew (79.20%) and the weakest in acacia (41.88%) and wild cherries (50.4%). All studied honey samples showed antimicrobial activity, depending on the type of honey, concentration and strain analysed. The novelty of this study is given by the complex approach of the study of honey quality, both from the perspective of chemical attributes and the evaluation of the antimicrobial potential on specific strains in correlation with the botanical and geographical origin of the analyzed area.

Natural bioactive compounds of honey and their antimicrobial activity

Honey is a complex and variable mixture that contains more than 180 biochemical compounds from various molecule families. This mixture is obtained after processing the nectar out of plant food sources at the level of the bee abdomen. The bioactive components found in this natural product are in charge of its antimicrobial properties. Honey is used for its antibacterial actions against Gram-positive (Gram+) and Gram-negative (Gram–) bacteria, its anti-fungal and antimycotic actions against moulds and yeasts, along with its protozoal and antiviral activities. This literature review outlines the natural antimicrobial potential of honey; it explains the factors responsible for this potential and spells out their mechanisms of action. Osmotic pressure, water activity, the acid content of honey, presence of bioactive compounds like hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), phenolic acids, flavonoids, methylglyoxal (MGO), defensin-1, lysozyme, volatile compounds as well as antibacterial products secreted from the lactic bacteria that are behind this antimicrobial activity. This potential basically depends on the biological activities of the initially harvested floral source, its geographical origin, season, storage conditions, honey age, health of bee colonies and suitable beekeeping practices.

Classification of Honey Powder Composition by FTIR Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometric Analysis

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in connection with chemometric analysis were used as a fast and direct approach to classify spray dried honey powder compositions in terms of honey content, the type of diluent (water or skim milk), and carrier (maltodextrin or skim milk powder) used for the preparation of feed solutions before spray drying. Eleven variants of honey powders containing different amounts of honey, the type of carrier, and the diluent were investigated and compared to pure honey and carrier materials. Chemometric discrimination of samples was achieved by principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) modelling procedures performed on the FTIR preprocessed spectral data for the fingerprint region (1800–750 cm−1) and the extended region (3600–750 cm−1). As a result, it was noticed that the type of carrier is a significant factor during the classification of different samples of powdered multifloral honey. PCA divided the samples based on the type of carrier, and additionally among maltodextrin-honey powders it was possible to distinguish the type of diluent. The result obtained by PCA-LDA and PLS-DA scores yielded a clear separation between four classes of samples and showed a very good discrimination between the different honey powder with a 100.0% correct overall classification rate of the samples.

Honey with added value – enriched with rutin and quercetin from Sophora flower

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to find the best conditions for the extraction of rutin and quercetin from Sophora flower in acacia honey as an extractant, and to formulate a new product – honey with added value. MethodsFor determination of the optimal extraction conditions of the above mentioned compounds, 10% m/m of the dried Sophora flower was added to honey and the concentration of rutin and quercetin was monitored, at 4 °C and room temperature at 1, 15, 40 and 90 day intervals. The analyses of rutin and quercetin content in honey were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection. The content of rutin and quercetin in the flower was also determined to check the quality of the herbal drug used, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of the extraction. ResultsThe extraction of rutin and quercetin, in a honey sample using 10% of the Sophora flower, stored at room temperature, for 40 days, was the most intense one (150.24 mg/kg of rutin and 1338.93 mg/kg of quercetin). Sophora flower corresponds to the pharmacopoeia requirements for the quality of an herbal drug. The concentrations of rutin and quercetin in acacia honey were 0.08 and 0.14 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration of rutin in honey from the melliferous pasture of the Sophora flower was 0.40 mg/kg, while quercetin was below the detection limit (0.1 mg/kg). ConclusionsHoney, enriched with rutin and quercetin from Sophora flower, had sensory acceptability and pleasant taste and aroma.

Differences in the Pollen Content of Varieties of Polish Honey from Urban and Rural Apiaries

Abstract The value of honey as a natural food product is influenced by its pollen content, with the dominant type of pollen conferring specific medicinal properties. The present study examines the pollen spectra of 31 honeys from urban (linden, acacia, polyfloral, honeydew) and rural (rape, acacia, polyfloral, honeydew) apiaries in Poland. The pollen in content in honey ranged from 0.2 to 88 %. In total, 76 plant taxa were identified, 21 of which were assigned to forms A, B and C. Higher pollen grain content and a greater diversity of honey plant taxa were found in the urban honey, particularly polyfloral honey; this could be attributed to the rich variety of plants found in urban green areas compared to rural areas ones.

Pengaruh Lama Waktu Penurunan Kadar Air terhadap Kualitas Fisikokimia Madu Kapuk dan Madu Rambutan

Honey is a livestock product that has high nutritional content and beneficial for the health of human body, but Improper post-harvest handling can cause short shelf life. The aim of this study was to analyze the physicochemical quality of kapok honey and rambutan honey after moisture reduction treatment using a dehumidifier. The kapok and rambutan honey samples had three different duration of moisture reduction treatments, included 0 hours, 4 hours, and 8 hours at room temperature ±30 °C. Each treatment level was repeated four times. This study used descriptive analysis. The physicochemical analysis during the treatment consists of water content, pH, ash content, viscosity, color, and sugar content. The results showed that the treatment of honey for 8 hours at a temperature of ±30 °C had a water content that was close to the SNI standard. Moreover, the nutritional content of honey in the 8-hour treatment of moisture reduction had the best results in the physicochemical quality both of kapok honey and rambutan honey even though the treatment did not affect the ash content of rambutan honey and the pH value of the two types of honey. The moisture reduction did not reduce the physicochemical quality in 2 types of honey.

Green fast and simple UPLC-ESI-MRM/MS method for determination of trace water-soluble vitamins in honey: Greenness assessment using GAPI and analytical eco-scale

Honey is one of the most commonly used natural products for nutritional and therapeutic purposes. Besides sugars, honey is characterized by complex chemical composition of minerals, polyphenols, water soluble vitamins, carotenoids and organic acids. In the present study, nine water soluble vitamins; C (L-ascorbic acid), B1 (thiamine), B2 (Riboflavin), B3H (nicotinic acid), B5 (D-pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (Biotin), B9 (Folic acid) and B12 (Cyanocobalamin) are determined simultaneously for the first time using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization multiple reaction monitoring/mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MRM/MS) method coupled with a single simple sample preparation step. The simplicity and sensitivity of the proposed method permit the simultaneous determination of all nine water soluble vitamins including vitamins B7 and B12 that are present in trace amounts in various real honey samples. Complete chromatographic separation is achieved in 3 mins on a C18 column with a green mobile phase composed of a mixture of aqueous formic acid (0.1%, v/v) and methanol in gradient elution mode at a flow rate of 0.4 mLmin−1. The method is fully validated according to ICH guidelines. The greenness of our proposed method is assessed by comparing it to other proposed methods in terms of sample preparation, instrument energy consumption, consuming hazardous reagents and waste generation using Analytical Eco-scale and GAPI (Green Analytical Procedure Index). Results proved the superior greenness of our proposed method over the other reported ones. The proposed method is applied to twelve samples from six different monofloral honey types. Quantitation of the water-soluble vitamins content revealed concentrations ranging from 0.63 to 936.98 mgKg−1 in the analyzed honey samples with the successful determination of vitamins B7 and B12 in trace amounts. The highest vitamin content detected was for vitamin B3 in Jujube-tree honey while the lowest vitamin content was for vitamin B12 in Orange-tree honey. A marked relation was observed between the botanical origin and the vitamins’ concentrations of the studied honey samples. In addition, factors such as temperature, moisture, light and pH during storage greatly affect the vitamins content of honey. The developed method is intended to serve as a reliable, accurate, fast and green tool for the routine analysis of water-soluble vitamins in honey samples for quality control and research purposes.

Clopyralid applied to winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) contaminates the food products nectar, honey and pollen

Clopyralid is a systemic herbicide used in oilseed rape and other crops. It was found in Danish honey from 2016 in concentrations exceeding the maximum residue level (MRL) of 0.05 mg kg−1. About 50% of the Danish honey is based on nectar from winter oilseed rape. In 2019 and 2020, winter oilseed rape fields were sprayed with clopyralid just before the assigned spraying deadline. At flowering, nectar and pollen samples were collected and the content of clopyralid was measured. Honey and pollen samples were also collected from beehives next to ten conventional winter oilseed rape fields sprayed with clopyralid. Clopyralid was found in nectar and pollen from the experimental fields, and in honey and pollen from beehives next to the conventional fields. For most samples the content in nectar and honey exceeded the MRL. The concentrations found, may not pose any health risk for consumers, as the MRL is based on the original detection limit and not on toxicological tests. However, it can have a significant economical consequence for the beekeepers, who are not allowed to sell the honey if the concentration of clopyralid exceeds 0.1 mg kg−1. Reducing the acceptable applicable rate of clopyralid or implementing an earlier deadline for spraying of clopyralid may reduce the risk of contaminating bee food products. However, if it is not possible to obtain a satisfactory effect of clopyralid on the weed flora under these conditions, spraying with pesticides containing clopyralid should be restricted in winter oilseed rape. Determination of an MRL value based on toxicological tests might result in a higher value and make it acceptable selling the honey containing higher levels of clopyralid.

An improved artificial diet for larvae of the seven-spotted ladybird beetle Coccinella septempunctata L.

The seven-spotted ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata, is an important predator of soft-bodied insect pests that can be reared on both natural and artificial diets. In this study, an artificial diet for larvae was optimized by using a four-factor and three-level orthogonal design. Shrimp, pollen, lard, and honey were selected as the four key factors, and their effects on larval survival, development, and pupation were assessed. The results showed that an increased shrimp content of 21.85% in the diet could shorten developmental time and increase larval survival. Increased pollen content of 4.86% improved both pupation and survival, and a lard content of 3.03% shortened developmental time and increased survival and pupation success. The biological indices of ladybird larvae were optimal when honey content was 10.02%.

Physicochemical properties and detection of glucose syrup adulterated Kelulut ( Heterotrigona itama ) honey using Near‐Infrared spectroscopy

In this study, the physicochemical properties and the precision of adulterated honey detection by NIRS were assessed. A total of 11 adulteration ratio samples were produced with glucose syrup. The ash and moisture content of the honey samples were found to be in accordance with the Malaysian Standard, including all adulterated ones. The pH value and HMF content complied with the standard except for the pH of 100% adulterated honey and HMF content of 30–100% adulteration. NIR spectra were scanned at 900–1700 nm, 1848 spectra were recorded, and the data were pre-processed to reduce the unwanted spectral interference. Chemometric techniques and machine learning were used as prediction tools for adulteration levels. This includes principal component analysis (PCA), k-nearest neighbors (kNN) and random forest. The accuracy of the prediction samples was above 90%. Hence, this was satisfactory for rapid detection of Kelulut honey adulteration. Novelty impact statement Kelulut honey is becoming increasingly popular and in-demand due to its health advantages. Kelulut honey adulteration is more likely as a result of this. The NIRS can detect Kelulut honey adulteration more quickly than any other method with greater efficiency and reliability. Honey adulteration may be detected rapidly and non-destructively using NIRS and chemometrics. The results demonstrate that employing this technology as a screening method in routine laboratories might be useful for quality control assessments.

Propolis antibacterial and antioxidant synergisms with gentamicin and honey.

Assess the antibacterial and antioxidant effects of ethanol extracts of Portuguese propolis samples when combined with gentamicin, a widely used aminoglycoside antibiotic, or with honey, collected from the same apiary as propolis. Using the agar dilution method and DPPH free radical scavenging assay, antimicrobial and antioxidant synergistic effects between propolis and gentamicin or honey were assessed. Synergism between propolis and gentamicin was observed for all the tested extracts and against all the indicator bacteria, with particular interest against the Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with a threefold decrease of the gentamicin MIC if mixed with 25µgml-1 propolis. Likely to propolis and gentamicin, mixtures of sub-MIC concentrations of propolis and honey enhanced the antibacterial action of each individual natural product against the majority of the strains. However, propolis antioxidant capacity decreased along with higher honey content in the mixture. Propolis has a strong synergistic effect when combined with gentamicin, allowing the reduction of the therapeutic dose of this drug. Propolis and honey mixtures also display a stronger antibacterial effect than the activity exhibited by each sample when tested individually, whereas the high antioxidant capacity of propolis seems to be not affected when in combination with honey. When mixed with honey, propolis antioxidant potential is maintained, or just slightly reduced up to 1:1 dilution, and show synergistic antibacterial effects, allowing to optimize the use of this usually scarce natural resource. Also, considering the antibiotic resistance problem, natural beehive products, alone or in the mixture, are promising alternatives to retard the outbreak of microbial resistance.

The Development and User Acceptance Survey of Astaxanthin Infused Topical Moisturizer

Astaxanthin was a beneficial carotenoid in the nutraceutical, food, cosmetics, and feed industries. The new astaxanthin infused topical moisturizer was developed using astaxanthin, Manuka honey, and Neutrogena Hydro Boost gel moisturizer. The astaxanthin was extracted from Haematococcus pluvialis subjected to the in-house astaxanthin extraction procedure developed by the Microalgae Research Laboratory, UiTM Puncak Alam, Selangor. Fifteen topical moisturizer samples were developed via Box-Behnken Design. The moisturizer properties were significantly influenced by astaxanthin, Neutrogena Hydro Boost gel moisturizer, and Manuka honey content based on the User Acceptance Survey done on 250 respondents. This study observed response surface regression, analysis of variance, and response optimization for appearance, aroma/smell, and texture. The optimum levels of the three factors were astaxanthin is at 1 ml, Neutrogena Hydro Boost gel moisturizer is at 20 ml, and Manuka honey must be less than 10 g which is at 0.9192g, as 69% of respondents like the composition.

Impact of Sugar, Sugar Candy, Jaggery and Honey Levels on Physico-chemical Changes of Bourbon Rose Petal Jam at Ambient Storage

An experiment was carried out at Post Harvest Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur-313001, Rajasthan to analyze the physico-chemical changes during storage at ambient conditions. The bourbon rose petal jam ingredient combinations were studied at monthly intervals up to 90 days at ambient storage for physico-chemical parameters. Quality changes exhibited increasing trends for total soluble solids, acidity, total sugars, reducing sugars, NEB and a* value whereas declined trends were recorded for ascorbic acid, pH, non-reducing sugars, total anthocyanins, total phenolics content, L* and b* value throughout storage period. The bourbon rose petal jam treatment combination T3 - rose petal + sugar (1:1.25w/w) recorded higher level of total soluble solids (75 0B), pH (5.04), total sugars (63.34%), non-reducing sugars (55.10%) with minimum increase in percent titratable acidity (0.10% to 0.19%) and considerably retarded loss of total antocyanins and phenolics content throughout 90 days storage duration. However, reducing sugars (47.69%) was found higher in T6 - rose petal + honey (1:1.25w/w) and ascorbic acid content (13.47 mg 100 g-1) in treatment T2 - rose petal + sugar (1:1w/w) at 90 days of ambient storage. Considering the chemical constituents mentioned above, treatment combination T3 - rose petal + sugar (1:1.25w/w) was found best over rest of the treatments during storage.

Study on stable carbon isotope fractionation of rape honey from rape flowers (Brassica napus L.) to its unifloral ripe honey

A new idea and strategy for honey traceability and identification was provided by studying the carbon isotope fractionation of rape honey and its components in the different ripening process, as well as the fractionation from rape flowers, stamens, nectar to rape honey. The results showed the moisture content of rape honey continued to decrease, and the glucose and fructose content continued to increase during the ripening process. The δ13C of rape honey and its protein were less affected by honey ripeness, while the δ13C of sugars in rape honey were greatly affected by this. At the same time, the fractionation of carbon isotope from rape flowers to honey was significant. The δ13C of rape honey and its protein, disaccharide, fructose, and glucose had a strong correlation, and the δ13C of rape honey and its components were mainly related to rape flowers and its stamens.

Influence of Storage Temperature on the Quality of Geniotrigona thoracica Honey

Stingless bee honey is well-known for its high content of moisture compared to Apis mellifera honey. This study aimed to investigate the influence of different temperatures used to reduce moisture content in honey using clay pots. The Geniotrigona thoracica honey was kept in clay pots for 10 days at 25 °C and 35 °C, and the changes in its properties were evaluated on the moisture content, total soluble solids, viscosity, pH, free acidity, and colour. Honey stored at 35 °C reduced moisture content by <20% in 3 days while honey at 25 °C took 7 days. Free acidity was found higher (113 meq/kg) in the sample stored at 35 °C for 3 days compared to honey stored at 25 °C for 7 days (106 meq/kg). From this study, the suitable temperature and the use of clay pots was proved to reduce the moisture content in honey.

Temperature-dependent Dielectric Properties of Adulterated Honey – A Quality Assessment Measure for Fraud Detection

Honey has become a main target of adulteration due to its important nutrient commodity of high price and in short supply. It can include illegal adulteration as well as overheating by adding water and sugar syrups. For this purpose, the dielectric assessment kit (DAK) which offers measurements of high precision dielectric attributes such as dielectric permittivity,penetration depth, conductivity and loss tangent over a wide frequency range has been used. Dielectric parameters of pure yellow standard honey (A) and their adulterated samples with moisture levels from 17.5 % to 31.2 % were measured with coaxial-line probe from 600 to 6000 MHz at 25–55 ℃. Influence of water content and temperature on dielectric properties(dielectric constant, loss tangent, electrical conductivity and penetration depth) of various honey brands B, C and D were also investigated. Temperature and moisture content have a substantial impact on honey's dielectric properties over the complete frequency range. It was observed that the dielectric constant and dielectric conductivity of honey brand named C were related to that of the pure honey sample A, although the values for various parameters of C and D were drastically different from A. Results show that the 915 MHz frequency is more appropriate for microwave heating of honey than the 2450 MHz frequency due to its deeper penetration depth. Finally overheating and water content of honey directly affects its dielectric parameters and their measurements can be used in quality assessment for degraded honey detection.

Chemical Composition Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Coffea robusta Monofloral Honeys from Vietnam.

Monofloral honey samples (Coffea robusta) from Vietnam were determined for their chemical compositions. This is the first report on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of coffee honey from Vietnam. These samples were characterized by their high contents of total and reducing sugars, total phenolic contents, and total flavonoid contents. The contents of seven phenolic acids (PAs) were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and analyzed with the assistance of principle component analysis (PCA) to differentiate the honey samples into groups. The hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) (0.048–2.933 mg/kg) and free acid contents (20.326–31.163 meq/kg) of coffee honey were lower in Nepal, which reflected the freshness of the honey when conducting this survey. The coffee honey had total sugar and reducing sugar contents 831.711 g/kg and 697.903 g/kg, respectively. The high level of total phenolic (0.642 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (0.0341 mg GE/g) contents of coffee honey contributed to their antioxidant activity of this honey sample. Among the coffee honey tested, the IC50 of DPPH radical-scavenging activities value was 1.134–17.031 mg/mL, while the IC50 of ABTS radical-scavenging activities value was 115.381–213.769 mg/mL. The phenolic acids composition analysis displayed that gallic acid appeared in high concentrations in all studied honey samples, ranging from 0.037–1.015 mg/kg, and ferulic acid content ranged from 0.193 to 0.276 mg/kg. The content of trigonelline and caffeine in coffee honey samples ranged from 0.314–2.399 mg/kg and 8.946–37.977 mg/kg. The data in this article highlight the relevance of coffee honey as a healthy substance.

Physico-chemical properties of Ethiopian Apis mellifera Honey: Review

The aim of this review is focused on the physical, chemical, and antioxidant properties of Ethiopian honey such as moisture contents, reducing sugars (glucose and fructose), free acidity, pH, hydroxymethylfurfural, (HMF), phenolic compounds, minerals, and water-insoluble solid and enzymatic activity of honey. Generally, the average values of the parameter were within the acceptable ranges of National, EU, and FAO/WHO which was set as permission limit requirement for general blossom honey quality. Accordingly, HMF (9.46±7.11mg/kg), moisture contents (18.93%±1.92%), free acidity (23.2±10 meq/kg), pH (3.94±0.14) ash content (0.32%±0.13%), electrical Conductivity (0.41±0.16 mS/cm), water-insoluble solids (0.20%±0.07%), reducing Sugar (70.46%±3.5,0%), and Sucrose (2.75%±1.1%) of the honey was found to be low, this value suggesting that Ethiopian honey were of good quality. The total phenolic contents of honey were high and strongly correlated with the antioxidant activity/radical scavenging capacity. A large portion of research findings are not focused on medicinal value therefore, more research would be important to focus on honey from medicinal plants and to build up the possible relations between the bioactive substances in plant parts and their nectars.

Assay of honey freshness by a novel optical technique

Assay of Maillard reaction products (e.g. furosine) is a reputable method for determination of the honey freshness. In this report, novel optical technique is proposed for real-time measurement of the changes of furosine content in honey. The method is based on the unidirectional energy transfer between two peaks of the doubled-peak fluorescence spectrum as secondary inner filter effect (2nd-IFE) in a specific arrangement of the laser induced fluorescence (LIF) setup. Proper optical parameters are defined accordingly, and affirmed to be dependent on the content of furosine in honey. It is shown that the introduced parameters are not sensitive to the LIF intensity fluctuations induced by the ambient noises and particularly alter due to the 2nd-IFE. Furosine level of 8 honey types with different botanical origin were chemically determined before and after the 1 year storage, and compared with the values of the devised spectral parameters. Proofs conducted that the proposed technique can be utilized for evaluation of the honey freshness.