HC Content Research Articles

Полиморфизм генов фолатного цикла как фактор риска формирования гипергомоцистеинемии

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHc) is a new factor being considered at the moment that can cause damage to vessel walls. Its occurrence depends on genetic peculiarities of a body. Our research goal was to estimate frequency of genetic polymorphisms (SNP) in folate cycle genes among people living in Perm region and its influence on homocysteine (Hc) concentration in blood serum. We examined 189 women (32.2±5.25). Hc concentration in blood serum was determined with immune chemiluminescent procedure. We examined frequency of SNP in folate cycle genes with pyrosequencing. Homozygote state as per minor alleles in methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene (rs 1801133 и rs 1801131) and MTR gene (rs 1805087) was registered 7.5, 5.4, and 13.75 times less frequently than homozygote state as per neutral alleles. Heterozygote state prevailed for genes of methionine synthase reductase and folate transport protein among examined SNP. Homozygotes as per minor allele SNP in MTHFR gene (Ala222Val; rs 1801133) had higher Hc concentration in blood serum that amounted to 8.476 ± 3.193 mmol/L and was 1.276 times higher than the same parameter in homozygotes as per neutral allele (р=0.0036). We didn’t establish any influence on Hc contents in blood serum for the remaining 4 SNP in folate cycle genes (р> 0.1). Examined SNP in MTHFR and MTR genes tended to have neutral alleles more frequently than minor ones. SNP in genes of other examined proteins belonging to folate cycle didn’t have any differences in frequency of examined alleles. We didn’t detect a combination of homozygote state as per two SNP in MTHFR gene or homozygote state as per one SNP and heterozygote state as per another one in a genome. Only SNP in MTHFR gene (Ala222Val, rs 1801133) authentically causes increase in homocysteine concentration out of all the examined SNP in genes of folate cycle enzymes and proteins.

Evolution of EGR cooler deposits under hydrocarbon condensation: Analysis of local thickness, roughness, and fouling layer density

Stringent new automobile emission standards have prompted extended the use of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems in additional areas of engine maps, resulting in the operation of engines with exhaust gas flows having higher concentrations of particulate matter and hydrocarbons. These new operating conditions promote the formation of fouling layers inside the EGR cooler, owing to the accumulation of soot agglomerates and their interactions with hydrocarbon condensates. Hence, this study analyses the effects of hydrocarbons on the formation and evolution of deposits that grow on a ribbed surface. Using an experimental layout, an exhaust flow with soot agglomerates and a representative species of hydrocarbon vapour typically encountered in EGR flows are generated. The particulate matter of the exhaust stream is categorised using transmission electron microscopy images, while the deposits generated are analysed at different instants of the fouling process through tests of different durations. The effects of a high HC content on the fouling are assessed through the measurement of the local fouling layer thickness and the local roughness of the deposit. The outlet gas temperature and thermal efficiency are monitored during the fouling process; additionally, the density of the fouling layer is evaluated. The results reveal that, considering higher hydrocarbon concentrations, the thickness of the fouling layer decreased in regions near the outlet section of the deposit during the early stages of the deposit formation. When the large agglomerates generated under a high HC content hit the fouling layer on the windward side of the ribs, they modify the surface texture of the deposit, resulting in higher roughness values. Moreover, the analysis of the deposit density reveals that when hydrocarbon condensation occurs during the early phases of the fouling process, the density of the deposit can be 1.9 times higher than those of deposits generated in longer-duration tests.

Effect of etching with low concentration hydrofluoric acid on the bond strength of CAD/CAM resin block.

The effect of etching for 90 s with low concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0%) of hydrofluoric acid (HF) on the adhesiveness of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) resin blocks [CERASMART (CS), SHOFU BLOCK HC (HC), KATANA AVENCIA Block(KA), and VITA ENAMIC (EN)] was investigated. Energy dispersive spectroscopy revealed that the silicon content of HC, KA, and EN groups remained almost constant with HF etching of ≤4%. HF etching increased the surface roughness of all blocks. The HF concentration resulting in the highest shear bond strength in each group was as follows: CS (2.0%), HC (3.0%), KA (3.5%) and EN (0.5%). Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the bonding interface of etched surfaces differed significantly from that of airborne-particle abrasion surfaces. Thus, low concentration HF etching is effective for surface treatment of CAD/CAM resin blocks. The etching effect and optimum HF concentration differ with the block composition and structure.

Design of the MCCIS on the Gas-Fueled Motorcycle to Overcome Detonation in Engine Idling

Gasoline consumption is greater than fuel oil production in Indonesia. The situation has come to that of a fuel oil crisis. Prior research indicates that the exhaust gas emission of motorized vehicles using gasoline contains lead still as heavy metal. The problem with vehicles using fuel gas is that with the engine ignited and left idling detonation occurs because the gas supply is great while the air supply is small. In addition, the gas tank posible to explodes when sparks come from the combustion chamber. The objective of the research concerned here was to design the Mechanics Converter Considering Idle System (MCCIS) to overcome the problem of detonation at the time of engine idling, to design a flame arrester to prevent an exploding gas tank, and to testing the exhaust gas emission. The MCCIS may be used on low or high speed motorcycles using fuel gas. No detonation occurred in idle speed throughout. The flame arrester was able to avoid the sparks so the fire wasn't moving into the gas tank. Results of the exhaust gas emission tests indicate that exhaust gas emissions at idling, moderate and high speeds are included in the CO and HC content of the specified magnitude.

Comparative assessment of lube oil, emission and performance of SI engine fueled with two different grades octane numbers

ABSTRACT Energy extraction from fossil fuels is a crucial requirement for the development of any country. Variation in physio-chemical properties of fuels is one of the continuous research areas related to internal combustion engines. Many studies have been performed to ascertain the effect of different gasoline octane numbers on engine performance and emissions without considering lube oil degradation. This study places emphases on the effect of 97-octane (G 97) and 92-octane (G 92) gasoline on lube oil degradation along with emissions and performance in a spark ignition engine. The test engine was run at 80% of wide-open throttle condition to note performance measures like brake power (BP), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and emissions. Subsequently, lube oil samples were collected after engine ran for 120 hours. G 92 revealed improved engine performance in terms of BP (3.1%) and BSFC (6.3%) as compared to G 97. On average, gasoline with higher octane number produced 18.4% higher HC contents than G 92. In addition, lube oil properties and additives diminution (Calcium) depicted a substantial deterioration for G 97. The analyses of lube oil demonstrated 5.8%, 1.1% and 3.6% reduction in average flash point, viscosity and TBN for G 97, respectively. However, wear analysis revealed slightly higher degradation for G 92.

Emission Characteristics under Diesel and Biodiesel Fueled Compression Ignition Engine with Various Injector Holes and EGR Conditions

The combustion performance of a conventional rail diesel engine was investigated by measuring the exhaust gas with the respect to the number of injector holes, fuel type, and the use of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), to provide a detailed reduction of environmental pollutants. It was found that a six- or seven-hole injector was more effective than a five-hole injector for reducing the exhaust gas. In addition, the mixing of 20% biodiesel oil with diesel most effectively reduced the HC and NOx contents. The technology generally reduced the NOx and CO contents of the exhaust, but had no significant effect on the HC and CO2 contents.

NOx, CO & HC control by adopting activated charcoal enriched filter in catalytic converter of diesel engine

The issue of pollution is very paramount in the world, especially due to automobiles that run with diesel engine. Therefore, we intend to reduce the harmful exhaust from automobiles by fixing a filter system in between catalytic converter and muffler. Unlike catalytic converter this filter works in conditions even less than 800 ° Fahrenheit & it reacts with the combustion products irrespective of temperature. Also, this filter system is easy to remove and replace so that it does not require any special procedures or tests as in catalytic converter. The presence of chemicals like Al2O3, Zeolite, Charcoal enables the filter system to reduce CO, HC & NOX content in exhaust gas and a filter like HEPA reduces the particulate matter from 0.5 to 2.0 micrometre size. As monolith is used as substrate material here, it causes a uniform flow of exhaust gases over the entire area of the substrate. From this experimental work, we intend to reduce pollution and attain further Euro and Bharat standards

Cerium oxide nano additive impact of VCR diesel engine characteristics by using Ginger grass oil blended with diesel

Diesel driven engines are the driving force behind industrialisation and commercial transportation till date. A world without diesel fuel would be a very difficult place to live in. The alarming depletion of this fuel resource, its ever increasing price and the amount of environmental pollution caused by its products of combustion has opened up wide opportunities for the search for an alternative fuel resource. Researchers have been exploring the idea of evaluating different plant and vegetable oils as a replacement of diesel for some time now. Based on this, an attempt has been made to investigate Ginger grass oil as a substitute for diesel fuel without making any modifications to the engine structure. The experiment was conducted on a 1500 rpm, four stroke, single cylinder, diesel engine. Cerium oxide nano-additive was added to the blends of Ginger grass oil with diesel and its effects on the Efficiency, and Exhaust Emissions were examined. The experiment yielded better values of Brake Thermal Efficiency and low Specific Fuel Consumption with B10 and B20 samples, while the B40 blend showed lower NOx emissions at all loads. The HC content was found to increase with the increasing quantity of Ginger grass oil in the blends.

Improved performance of CS 100l LPG fuel generator with the addition of biogas

Biogas is one of the new renewable energy sources that can be obtained through anaerobic degradation process of organic materials. Utilization of household waste, agricultural waste and livestock as the main ingredient of biogas production in addition to generate new renewable energy sources can also minimize the negative impact of waste to the environment. In this research, the performance test of CS 1000 L LPG generator engine and compare it with the use of LPG fuel added a little biogas. With a slight addition of biogas into the generator’s engine chamber (0.6 Nl / min) obtained an effective engine power increased by an average of 2.4% of the generated power generator with LPG fuel. In addition, the results of the test of emissions when no load (idle) to reduce the CO content in the exhaust gas reaches 89% and the decrease of 99% of HC content. Thus, the addition of a small amount of biogas into the combustion chamber of the genset machine can avoid significant exhaust gas pollution as required by the Regulation of the Minister of Environment of Indonesia No. 05 of 2006.

Catalytic Deoxygenation Pyrolysis of Sacha Inchi Shell Over SBA-15 Catalyst: An Analytical PY-GC/MS

Upgrading of pyrolysis vapors from fast pyrolysis of Sacha inchi shell biomass (SiS) over SBA-15 catalyst (5.81 nm pore diameter) were investigated. SiS had carbon of 41.08% with combustible compounds of 82.25%. Fast pyrolysis of SiS at 400-600°C using SBA-15 as catalyst were performed by Py-GC/MS. The effects of SiS particle size, pyrolysis temperature, and biomass to catalyst ratio (B/C 1:1 and 1:5) strongly affected chemical composition of pyrolysis vapors. Without catalyst, oxygenated compounds were found as major contributor of pyrolysis vapors (60.37-80.11%). Higher pyrolysis temperature and greater amount of catalyst led to increasing of hydrocarbons (aliphatic and aromatic) while nitrogenated compounds, oxygenated compounds and phenol decreased. Significantly improvement on hydrocarbon compounds was observed from 5.46% (thermal condition) to 20.09% and 47.75% when catalysts were added to 1:1 and 1:5 at 500°C, respectively. The drawback was that N-compounds increased when amount of catalyst increased. Aromatic HC content was significantly improved when pyrolysis temperature increased from 500ºC to 600°C, while aliphatic HC reached the maximum at 500°C.

Use of TiO2 Powder and Activated Carbon as Catalytic Ceramic Filling Material to Reduce Hazardous Pollutants on Gasoline Engine

The purpose of this study was, 1) to examine the effect of the mixture composition between ceramics, TiO2, and activated carbon on catalytic converters on vehicle exhaust emissions, 2) test the composition of the mixture between ceramic, TiO2, and activated carbon in catalytic converters that produce the most exhaust emissions low. This study uses an experimental method with descriptive statistics. The independent variable is catalytic converter with a variety of ceramic material composition with a mixture of TiO2 and activated carbon. Control variables are the composition of the mixture, catalytic converter porosity control, standard exhaust without catalytic converter, engine speed used at stationary speed, and duration of testing time. Dependent variables are vehicle exhaust emissions CO and HC. The results of this study are, 1) The use of ceramic materials mixed with TiO2 and activated carbon in catalytic converters can reduce CO and HC content in gasoline-powered vehicles. 2) The best reduction is in the composition of 50% ceramic material, 25% TiO2, and 25% activated carbon, which is able to reduce CO content from 4.19% to 1.44% and HC gas. Suggestions from this study are, gasoline-powered vehicles can use catalytic converters made from Ceramic with a mixture of TiO2, and activated carbon with a composition of 50% ceramic material, 25% TiO2, and 25% activated carbon.

Level of gas emissions of passenger car on climb road segment

Each island in Indonesia has its own topographical characteristics, which generally consists of plains, plateaus, hills and mountains. This topography influences vertical alignment of the roads. Gradient of vertical alignment on road construction planning is maximum 10%, but in facts it is shown that in some areas they are reached more than 10%. While the vehicle gas emission test in Indonesia currently only apply for public transport and freight cars, where the test is only performed on a flat road and in idle conditions without considering geometric aspects. Passenger cars are not subject to this test contrary to the increase of their population of about 10-15% annually which is much higher than the public transport. This research aims to determine the level of gas emissions of passenger cars on climb road segment (vertical alignment). The methods of analysis are by using distribution frequency of the vehicle gas emissions data test of passenger cars in dynamic condition on climb road segment. This research conduct with Gas Analyzer Equipment which is measured CO, CO2, HC, and Lambda (The composition of gasoline and Air). Sample of passenger cars used by two cars with the same specification and different age. The data used in this research are passenger cars speed with three variations are 30, 40 and 50 kph. The gas emissions test of passenger cars is performed on the road which have the gradient of vertical alignment is maximum 10%, and this test is regardless to the value of skid resistant, roughness and driver characteristics. The result shown that climb and slope road segment influence the level of gas emissions of passenger cars for CO and CO2 has almost the same value. The condition climb and slope road segment for Lambda 0.99 % volume, the value of CO volume is 0.35% volume and CO2 is 12.3% volume. While the content of HC has different characteristics that is when the vehicle climb, HC content lower than when the vehicle slope. When the mixed composition of fuel and air (Lambda 0.99% volume), the vehicle climbed about 11.5 ppm and when the vehicle sloped about 30.5 ppm. The ratio of HC between vehicles climbed and sloped is 1: 2.

Effect of MnFe2O4 Nanoparticles to Reduce CO and HC Levels on Vehicle Exhaust Gas Emissions

The air pollution particle emitted from transportation in Indonesia Bay 2015 consist of 70.50% CO; 18.34% HC; 8.89% NOx; 0.88% SOx; 1.33%. These gases are very harmful to humans. To reduce the toxic gas effect, special treatment is needed, one of them is by applying catalyst on exhaust system. MnFe 2 O 4 has the potential to bind the CO and HC elements contained in the exhaust gas. This study aims to investigate the effect of MnFe 2 O 4 addition on catalityc converter towards CO gas and HC emissions of motor vehicles. Therefore, the percentage of exhaust reduction with and without applying MnFe 2 O 4 on varied engine rotation using fuel with RON of 88, 90, 92 and 98 can be revealed. The results describe that the highest reduction precentage of CO content by applying MnFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles as a catalyst for premium, pertalite and pertamax fuel are 34.1% (effective at low and high rotation); 31.1% (effective at all rotations); and 3.9% (effective at low rotation). On the other hand, the highest reduction percentage of HC content on premium, pertalite, pertamax and pertamax turbo fuel are 79.3% (effective in high rotation); 71.4% (effective at high rotation); 53,6% (effective in high rotation); and 2.1% (only effective at low rotation).

Impact of nano additive on engine characteristics using blends of thyme oil with diesel

ABSTRACTDiesel engines have been the ‘primus motor’ of transportation in the world since a long time now. However, the depletion of fuel supplies, recent concerns over the environment and the ever-increasing fuel prices have made the search for an alternative fuel of paramount importance. A considerable amount of interest has been shown by researchers to evaluate different plant and vegetable oils as a replacement of diesel. Based on this background, an attempt to investigate Thyme oil as a substitute to diesel without any modifications in the engine was made. The experiment was conducted on a 1500 rpm, four-stroke, diesel engine with single cylinder which is water cooled. Cerium Oxide nano additive was added to the blends of thyme oil with diesel and its effects on the brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption (SFC) and exhaust emissions were examined. The experimental results portrayed better values of brake thermal efficiency and low SFC with B10 (10 parts of oil with 90 parts of diesel) and B20 samples of the blends, while the B40 blend showed lower NOx emissions at all loads. The HC content was found to increase with the increasing quantity of thyme oil in the blends.

Comparison of white spot syndrome virus infection resistance between Exopalaemon carinicauda and Litopenaeus vannamei under different salinity stresses

Exopalaemon carinicauda is one of the important economic shrimp species in China, and can tolerate a wide range of salinities. However, its disease resistance remains to be unclear in comparison with other shrimp species under salinity stress. In this study, the resistance to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) of E. carinicauda and Litopenaeus vannamei was determined by comparing their hemocyanin (Hc) and phenoloxidase (PO) activities under different salinity stresses. In E. carinicauda, the PO activity and Hc gene transcript abundance showed a coherent pattern of increase and decrease while Hc content showed a slightly decrease with Vibrio anguillarum and WSSV infections. For both E. carinicauda and L. vannamei under salinity stress, the PO activity showed a positive correlation with the salinity while the Hc content and expression level of its gene increased significantly in salinities of 5, 15 and 25 g L−1. The survival rate of E. carinicauda with WSSV infection was higher than that of L. vannamei in the first 24 h under different salinity stresses. Drastic mortality of E.carinicauda and L. vannamei appeared at 48 h and 3 h post-injection, respectively. Furthermore, compared with L. vannamei, E. carinicauda displayed higher PO activity, Hc content and abundance of Hc gene mRNA. The results collectively indicated that Hc and PO have obviously functional connection in resisting pathogens and tolerating salinity stress, and PO activity and Hc gene mRNA abundance may reflect the resistance of shrimp to disease. E. carinicauda has higher level of immune potential than L. vannamei, suggesting its greater capacity in resisting pathogens under salinity stresses.

On the Effect of Prevalent Carbazole Homocoupling Defects on the Photovoltaic Performance of PCDTBT:PC71BM Solar Cells

The photophysical properties and solar cell performance of the classical donor–acceptor copolymer PCDTBT(poly(N‐9′‐heptadecanyl‐2,7‐carbazole‐alt ‐5,5‐(4′,7′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐2′,1′,3′‐benzothiadiazole))) in relation to unintentionally formed main chain defects are investigated. Carbazole–carbazole homocouplings (Cbz hc) are found to significant extent in PCDTBT made with a variety of Suzuki polycondensation conditions. Cbz hc vary between 0 and 8 mol% depending on the synthetic protocol used, and are quantified by detailed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy including model compounds, which allows to establish a calibration curve from optical spectroscopy. The results are corroborated by extended time‐dependent density functional theory investigations on the structural, electronic, and optical properties of regularly alternating and homocoupled chains. The photovoltaic properties of PCDTBT:fullerene blend solar cells significantly depend on the Cbz hc content for constant molecular weight, whereby an increasing amount of Cbz hc leads to strongly decreased short circuit currents JSC. With increasing Cbz hc content, JSC decreases more strongly than the intensity of the low energy absorption band, suggesting that small losses in absorption cannot explain the decrease in JSC alone, rather than combined effects of a more localized LUMO level on the TBT unit and lower hole mobilities found in highly defective samples. Homocoupling‐free PCDTBT with optimized molecular weight yields the highest efficiency up to 7.2% without extensive optimization.

Haemocyanin content of shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) associated with white spot syndrome virus and Vibrio harveyi infection process.

Haemocyanin (Hc) is frequently reported to vary significantly by physiological status and environmental stress in Crustaceans. In this paper, the shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis was infected with different concentrations of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and Vibrio harveyi. Then, the variation of Hc and total protein content of the haemolymph (TPCH) were investigated using the established double antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) and Coomassie brilliant blue method, respectively. The results showed that the Hc content peaked at 12h post-infection (PI) in the 10(-2), 10(-4) and 10(-6) viral supernatant (VS) groups, and the maximum was 93.03±2.55mgml(-1), 77.57±6.02mgml(-1) and 70.25±3.96mgml(-1), respectively. TPCH reached the maximum of 108.18±1.36mgml(-1) and 103.49±1.33mgml(-1) at 12h PI in the 10(-2) and 10(-4) VS groups, respectively. The maximum was 96.94±1.06mgml(-1) at 24h PI in the 10(-6) VS group. In the V.harveyi infection groups, the Hc content reached a maximum of 87.97±4.39mgml(-1) at 36h PI in the 10(6)CFUml(-1) group, 73.74±4.38mgml(-1) and 72.47±2.09mgml(-1) at 12h PI in the 10(7) and 10(8)CFUml(-1) groups, respectively. TPCH reached a maximum of 111.16±0.86mgml(-1) at 36h PI in the 10(6)CFUml(-1) group, 100.41±0.51mgml(-1) and 101.94±0.47mgml(-1) at 12h PI in the 10(7) and 10(8)CFUml(-1) groups, respectively. These data showed that both Hc content and TPCH varied as the same extent after infection. The up-regulation of the Hc content at 6-36h PI might be a reference threshold for shrimp infection.

The stereocomplex formation and phase separation of PLLA/PDLA blends with different optical purities and molecular weights

In this study, the poly(L-lactide)/poly(D-lactide) (PLLA/PDLA) blends with different optical purities of PLLA and various molecular weights of PDLA are prepared by solution mixing, and the stereocomplex formation and phase separation behaviors of these blends are investigated. Results reveal that optical purity and molecular weight do not vary the crystal structure of PLA stereocomplex (sc) and homochiral crystallites (hc). As the optical purity increasing in the blends, the melting temperature of sc (Tsc) and the content of sc (ΔHsc) increased, while the melting temperature of hc (Thm) hardly changes, although the content of hc (ΔHhm) decreased gradually. The Tsc and ΔHsc are also enhanced as the molecular weight of PDLA reduces, and the ΔHhm reduces rapidly even though the Thm does not vary apparently. With lower optical purities of PLLA and higher molecular weights of PDLA, three types of crystals form in the blends, i.e., PLA sc, PLLA hc and PDLA hc. As molecular weight decreases and optical purity enhances, the crystal phase decreases to two (sc and PDLA hc), and one (sc) finally. This investigation indicates that the phase separation behavior between PLLA and PDLA in the PLLA/PDLA blends not only depends on molecular weights, but also relies on the optical purities of polymers.

Comprehensive Literature Review on Human Capital Investments Theory: What’s in it?

‘Human Capital’ (HC) is being widely used in different fields: economics, human resource development, and national planning with different meanings in different fields. Seemingly, the term has, in some instances, been misused in the literature and in the practice. In such a context, it is worthwhile to investigate into the development of HC theory. This study has been dedicated to elaborate the evolution of human capital investment theory, the content of HC, the proxies of HC, the benefits of human capital investment, the causes of human capital investment, and the limits of human capital investment theory. This study, hence paves the way for positioning human capital investments theory in the literature and to strategies HC development practices consciously rather approaching to it with gut feeling.

Investigation of cyclohexanone pentaerythritol ketal as a clean flow improver for crude oil

The decomposition of polymer in the oil refining process is the main problem for the application of typical polymer flow improvers, so there is a requirement to seek for new small molecular flow improvers. In this work, a small molecular flow improver, cyclohexanone pentaerythritol ketal, was synthesized and fully characterized. The further evaluation test showed that the synthesized compound can improve the flow properties of crude oil samples by reducing the viscosity of crude oil by 70% at most and depressing the pour point slightly. With the composition group's content of different crude oil samples and the response to the additive, it was found that the high content of saturated HC makes for the effective viscosity reduction. The role of cyclohexanone pentaerythritol ketal in limiting the degree of cocrystallization can be further confirmed by the average particle size and the particle morphology analysis of saturated HC component illustrated from microscopic crystal morphology. Besides, cyclohexanone pentaerythritol ketal is a cleaner crude oil additive with its decomposition at relatively low temperature in light of the result of thermal analysis.