HC Content Research Articles

Phenolic compounds and spare carbohydrates content dynamics in seeds of the invasive species Acer negundo and the native species Acer tataricum in connection with their competitiveness in biocenoses

Changes in the content of various phenolic carboxylic acids (FCC) – chlorogenic (HC), caffeic (CC), ferulic (FC), as well as the amounts of flavonoids and spare carbohydrates (monosaccharides, polysaccharides and starch) in the tissues of Acer tataricum and Acer negundo seed embryos (indigenous and invasive species, respectively) during their storage were studied from October to March (cold chamber, t° = +5°C, humidity 80%). There was a significant increase in the content of HC and the absence of CC in December-January in an aboriginal species with a long dormant period. In the invasive species A. negundo, which does not have a rest period, the level of HC also increased, but was ten times lower than in A. tataricum, while a high level of CC was identified. In terms of flavonoid content, the native species A. tataricum is ten times superior to the invasive A. negundo. The carbohydrate content in A. tataricum was about 40%, and in the tissues of A. negundo seed embryos about 15% and did not change during the entire storage period. The dynamics of the content of phenolic compounds and forms of spare carbohydrates, their relationship with the activation of metabolic processes and protective anti-stress mechanisms during the cold storage of seeds and competitiveness in biocenoses are discussed.

The Influence of Fuel Type on MotorcycleVehicle Exhaust Emission Tests

A vehicle engine's performance can be determined through exhaust emission tests. Exhaust emissions contain air pollutants that result from incomplete fuel combustion in the vehicle's combustion chamber. This is usually due to improper oxygen and air mixture conditions. Gasoline (CxHy) burns and reacts with oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), as well as non-toxic gases like nitrogen (N2) and water vapor (H2O (g)). However, it also generates toxic gases such as CO, HC, and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx). Motorcycle exhaust emission tests are commonly conducted using a gas analyzer. In this study, a gas analyser was used to measure the amount of CO, CO2, HC, O2, and NOx emitted from motorcycle exhausts. The tests were carried out using the Vario 160 ABS motorcycle with different types of fuel: RON 92 (S), RON 92 (P), RON 90, RON 98, and RON 92 (R). The data was collected at idle, as well as at 1600 rpm, 1800 rpm, and 2000 rpm. Three measurements were taken for each variable, and the average was calculated. The results showed that RON 98 fuel resulted in better combustion compared to RON 90 and RON 92, as indicated by the CO2 content at idle, which was 13.95%. Additionally, when the motorcycle's engine was throttled, RON 98 fuel did not produce any NOx. The study also revealed that RON 92 (S) fuel led to better combustion compared to both of RON 92 (P) and RON 92 (R), as evidenced by the CO content of 0.05%, CO2 content of 13.63%, HC content of 204 ppm, O2 content of 0.03%, and NOx content of 4 ppm at idle.

Low-carbon microwave curing of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3): Performance and mechanism

Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) incorporates calcined clay and limestone as supplementary cementitious materials that can replace up to 50 % of conventional cement, significantly reducing the carbon emissions associated with cement production. However, challenges remain, including the inefficiencies of traditional curing methods and suboptimal early strength properties. Consequently, this study presents the low-carbon microwave curing approach for LC3 mortar. A comparative analysis of 15 different microwave curing systems was carried out. The results show that the optimum microwave curing efficiency is 300 W of heating power, 5 minutes of heating, 25 minutes of rest, and eight cycles. Three curing methods, including microwave curing, standard curing, and steam curing, were also compared. Microwave curing significantly increased the early strength of LC3 mortar, with 1-day compressive strength 1.78 times greater than standard curing and 1.26 times greater than steam curing. Microscopic studies show that the “thermal effect” of microwaving increases the internal Hc content of LC3, promotes the secondary hydration reaction of Ca(OH)2 within the LC3 material, and reduces the porosity of LC3, achieving reductions of 37.8 % and 8.9 % compared to standard and steam curing, respectively. This helps to improve the efficiency of the curing process. The results of this research will advance the use of low-carbon LC3 in building structures.

Enhanced Aquathermolysis of Water-Heavy Oil-Ethanol Catalyzed by B@Zn(II)L at Low Temperature.

In order to study the synergistic effects of exogenous catalysts and in situ minerals in the reservoir during heavy oil aquathermolysis, in this paper, a series of simple supported transition metal complexes were prepared using sodium citrate, chloride salts and bentonite, and their catalytic viscosity reduction performances for heavy oil were investigated. Bentonite complex catalyst marked as B@Zn(II)L appears to be the most effective complex. B@Zn(II)L was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. Under optimized conditions, the viscosity of the heavy oil was decreased by 88.3%. The reaction temperature was reduced by about 70 °C compared with the traditional reaction. The results of the group composition analysis and the elemental content of the heavy oil indicate that the resin and asphaltene content decreases, and the saturated and aromatic HC content increases. The results of TGA and DSC of the heavy oil show that the macromolecular substances in the heavy oil were cracked into small molecules with low boiling points by the reaction. GC-MS examination of water-soluble polar compounds post-reaction indicates that B@Zn(II)L can diminish the quantity of polar substances in heavy oil and lower the aromatic nature of these compounds. Thiophene and quinoline were utilized as model compounds to investigate the reaction mechanism. GC-MS analysis revealed that C-C, C-N and C-S bonds were cleaved during the reaction, leading to a decrease in the viscosity of heavy oil.

Pengaruh Bentuk Permukaan Piston Rata (Flat) Dan Piston Cembung (Dome) Terhadap Performa Dan Emisi Gas Buang Pada Mesin Sport 200cc

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of engine performance (torque and power), as well as exhaust emissions after replacing the piston. Tests were carried out on a 200CC engine with flat piston specifications with a diameter of 65.0 mm and replaced with a convex piston with a diameter of 65.0 mm using pertalite fuel. The research results obtained by replacing the convex piston (dome) caused the volume of the combustion chamber to decrease resulting in increased torque and power. There was an increase in torque of 0.02607 ft-lbs and an increase in power of 41.95384 HP, then the compression ratio increased by 0.5%. In exhaust gas emissions containing CO, HC, O2, CO2 using a gas analyzer with the results of research on flat pistons and dome pistons, it can be seen that emissions from convex pistons (dome) have increased compared to flat pistons. with the highest increase in stationary of 6.17% in CO emission content due to incomplete combustion residue, which means that the type of piston has a significant influence on exhaust gas emissions. Then the exhaust gas emission test results also show an increase in the O2 emission content on the flat piston at RPM 5000 with a value of 4.24% due to the mixture of oxygen and fuel being more perfect, but on the convex piston (dome) there is a significant increase Compared to a flat piston only at RPM 6500 with a value of 4.53% in O2 emission content. The HC and CO2 emissions content shows unstable or changing values. Apart from that, variations in engine speed also affect the exhaust emissions produced.

Performance, Combustion, and Emission analysis of diesel engine fuelled with pyrolysis oil blends and n-propyl alcohol-RSM optimization and ML modelling

This experimental work focuses on testing the diesel engine by the replacement of pyrolysis oil extracted from different waste plastics. The novelty of this work is testing the engine performance, combustion, and emission study with the following proportions D90WPO7NP3, D80WPO15NP5, D70WPO23NP7, WPO100, and D100. The pyrolysis oil is extracted from the mixed waste plastics with calcium bentonite as a catalyst and n-propyl alcohol is used as an additive for better igniting developer. From the results, it is found that the performance parameters such as BTE are found to increase in efficiency by 2.2% for the fuel D90WPO7NP3 and decrease in BSFC by 3.1% for the same fuel compared to pure diesel. It is also noticed that the emission properties such as CO2, CO, HC, and O2 content decreased in the order of 5.49%, and 6.2%. 39.2 and 12.5 % as compared to pure diesel. However, there is a slight increase in emissions of NOX due to the presence of uncontrolled enriched constituents in the pyrolysis oil; the increase in NOx emissions is found to be 16.2% compared to diesel fuel at full load conditions. The ML and RSM techniques using ANOVA techniques are adopted to find the least accuracy of data. This shows that the model fits the data well. The linear regression model explains 93.6% of the variation in BTE during training and has 95.9% prediction power. Linear Regression showed good predictive skills, acquiring a high R2 value of 0.985. It is concluded that pyrolysis oil with n-propyl alcohol as an additive gives a better substitute in the field of automobile applications.

STUDY OF OPTIMIZATION RATIO OF BIOETHANOL-ACETON-RON 95 MIXTURE FOR 125 CC MOTOR POWER AND EMISSIONS

Bioethanol and Acetone are alternative fuels to fossil oil. Bioethanol and Aceton have some advantages in their use as fuels not only because of their renewable nature, these alternative fuels are also believed to reduce some motor vehicle emissions. Bioethanol and acetone have advantages over gasoline, namely a greater octane number. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of using a combination of Bioethanol, Aceton and RON 95 on power and CO and HC emissions, and to determine the optimization of the fuel ratio on a 125 cc motorcycle by changing the fuel combination and engine speed. This study was conducted by testing on dynotest and Gas Analyzer with CO and HC measurement parameters. Tests on motorcycles were tried with Bioethanol-Acetone mixture ratio, RON 95 with a mixture ratio of 50%:50% (3:7:10; 5:5:10; 7:3:10), 75%:25% (10:5:5; 7.5:7.5:5; 5:10:5), 25%:75% (2.5:2.5:15; 3.5:1.5:15; 1.5:3.5:15). The results of this test are fuel mixture, power test results, CO and HC emission test results. With the optimal power mixture at a ratio of 50% Bio-Ace: 50% RON 95 (3:7:10) at 6000 rpm with 7.85 HP, then in the emission test results obtained the lowest CO content at a mixture ratio of 10:5:5 at the initial rotation (2000 rpm) with a CO content of 0.18% and decreased to 6000 rpm with a CO emission content of 0% and the lowest HC content at a mixture ratio of 10:5:5 at the initial rotation (2000 rpm) with 110 ppm and decreased to 6000 rpm with 0 ppm, then the optimal ratio optimization at a mixture of 50%: 50% with AFR of 13.95: 1.

Analisis Penggunaan Knalpot Racing Slip-On Dan Knalpot Racing Full System Terhadap Performa Mesin Pada Motor 150 CC

One way to improve the performance of an engine without dismantling the original engine is to modify the exhaust pipe, which is commonly called the exhaust. Here we use 4 types of exhaust, namely factory standard exhaust, slip-on exhaust (standard header-modified muffler), slip-on (modified header-standard muffler), and full system exhaust that we take from the market. This study aims to test the performance of the motor which consists of torque, power, and exhaust emissions (CO and HC levels) from the four types of exhausts, using a dynamometer to determine torque and power, an emission gas analyzer to determine the level of exhaust emissions (CO and HC). Our experimental results show the data, the results are still below the standards set by the Indonesian government. The greatest torque of 15.02 N.m at 7500 rpm and the greatest power of 18.36 hp is achieved by a full-system modified exhaust compared to the standard exhaust with the highest torque of 14.62 N.m at 7000 rpm and the highest power of 16.67 hp at 9500 rpm. The best exhaust emission levels are achieved by standard exhaust with the largest CO content of 0.62% at 10000 rpm and the largest HC content of 107 ppm at 10000 rpm compared to full system exhaust with the largest CO content of 1.79% at 10000 rpm and 201 ppm HC levels at 10000 rpm, in other words the standard exhaust is still more environmentally friendly than the full system exhaust.

A comparative experimental study on emission characteristics and ammonia energy ratio of diesel generator operating in ammonia/diesel dual fuel mode by premixed and port injection

The extensive use of traditional fossil fuels has exacerbated crises such as environmental pollution, depletion of non renewable energy and global greenhouse effect. Ammonia (NH3) is considered a promising fuel to replace conventional fossil energy in internal combustion engines. A four-cylinder, four-stroke commercial diesel generator (HTD-20GF) was modified and two different ammonia fuel injection systems, premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) combustion and gas phase port injection (GPPI), were developed. The exhaust emission characteristics, thermal efficiency and ammonia energy ratio of ammonia/diesel dual fuel (ADDF) generator in both PCCI and GPPI modes were studied. The experimental results showed that the overall NO emission in GPPI mode was lower than that in PCCI mode. From the experimental results, both PCCI and GPPI mode can reduce CO2 emission. The GPPI mode was significantly more effective than the PCCI mode in reducing the volume fraction of CO2 in the exhaust gas. Compared with all diesel mode, the HC content in the exhaust gas got worse at lower ammonia energy ratio in both modes, but the increase rate of HC emissions slightly improved as the ammonia energy ratio increased. However, PCCI and GPPI modes reduced the thermal efficiency of the generator, and ammonia had a more negative effect on the thermal efficiency of the ADDF generator in PCCI mode.The experimental results also tested the limiting ammonia energy ratio of this commercial generator at 1 kW. In summary, this study provides a new perspective on the different feeding methods of ammonia as a fuel, which may contribute to the selection of fuel injection methods for ammonia engines to decrease emissions.

Performance and Emission Characteristics Using Dual Injection System of Gasoline and Ethanol

This study successfully investigated the engine performance and emission characteristics of a dual injection system that uses both gasoline and ethanol fuels. The study utilized a microcontroller-based control system (PGM-FI) to substitute ethanol fuel injection for gasoline injection. Ethanol fuel was injected at the inlet with three different pressures: 1.0 bar, 1.2 bar, and 1.4 bar, while gasoline injector pressure was fixed at 2 bar. Results showed that substituting ethanol injection with a pressure of 1 bar resulted in a slight decrease in torque and power, but it was the best compared to the other pressures tested. The study found that the use of ethanol injection resulted in improved fuel economy at an ethanol injector pressure of 1 bar with a reduction in SFC of 8.89%. Exhaust emissions were also reduced, with a maximum reduction in CO emissions of 42.54% occurring at a pressure of 1 bar. Similarly, the lowest HC content in exhaust gas was observed at a pressure of 1 bar, which was reduced by 44.48%. However, the results highlighted that ethanol injection pressure could significantly reduce fuel consumption for case A-04 and increase the air-fuel ratio.

New Reinforcing Approach for Biobased UV-Curing Resins: Hybrid Lignocellulose Fillers with Improved Synergy and Wood Structure Mimics

Lignocellulosic fillers have been widely investigated for various polymer resin applications since they have great potential for using wood biomass and recycled plastics. However, besides cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and nanofibrils (CNF), not much of the other lignocellulose has been used for UV-curing resins. Even more so, none has been used in hybrid lignocellulose combination compositions. In the present work, the effects of hybrid lignocellulose fillers such as lignin (LN)/CNC/CNF/hemicellulose (HC) with ratio-varying compositions on UV-curing biobased resins have been investigated for wood-mimic material coating applications. The hybrid filler effects on the macromolecular chain network, surface morphology, thermomechanical properties, and thermostability were carefully studied. A combination of scanning electron microscopy, DMA Cole–Cole plot, contact angle, etc., allowed getting a sense of hybrid filler distribution and interaction within the polymer matrix. It was identified that an increase in the HC content of up to 38% contributes to more even particle distribution and achieves a maximum double bond conversion rate of about 80%. HC also contributes to porous surface structure, while CNC smooths surface morphology, and, in turn, CNF increases defects. Thermomechanical testing revealed the unique benefit of hybrid reinforcement, showing higher results than single-filler compositions despite the general decrease after incorporation of 5 wt % LN. The storage modulus showed a fourfold increase for 5 wt % LN composition. The observed enormous property enhancement has been attributed to the benefits of hybrid fillers, which mitigate characteristic radical scavenging properties of LN and strongly reduce general filler aggregation, allowing more even filler dispersion while also improving filler–matrix interface synergy. Seventeen different compositions clearly, in comparison to single fillers, show the benefit of hybrid lignocellulosic reinforcement and testify to the ability to precisely tune up material performance and achieve wood structure-mimicking coating materials.

Development of a smart system for gasoline car emissions diagnosis using Bayesian Network

A vehicle exhaust emissions test is an activity carried out to determine the content of the remaining combustion products that occur in the fuel in the vehicle engine. Many people do not understand exhaust gas content from emission tests, so to make this easier, this study aims to create a smart application that can diagnose vehicle emissions quickly and accurately using the Bayesian Network (BN) algorithm. Application development begins with BN modeling using the MSBNx application until the appropriate results are achieved. Validation of the BN structure that has been designed with various inputs is carried out to ensure that the BN modeling is correct. The next step is to compile the BN modeling algorithm in the MATLAB application so that it becomes a system that can process input in the form of measurement results for Toyota car emissions. The new BN model for vehicle emission gas diagnosis has been successfully constructed. The results of the system reading when there is an HC content of 217 ppm, the probability value of bad emissions increases to 63.5%. Of the 10 tests performed, the system was able to diagnose them all correctly.

Natural Rubber Composites Using Hydrothermally Carbonized Hardwood Waste Biomass as a Partial Reinforcing Filler- Part I: Structure, Morphology, and Rheological Effects during Vulcanization.

A new generation biomass-based filler for natural rubber, 'hydrochar' (HC), was obtained by hydrothermal carbonization of hardwood waste (sawdust). It was intended as a potential partial replacement for the traditional carbon black (CB) filler. The HC particles were found (TEM) to be much larger (and less regular) than CB: 0.5-3 µm vs. 30-60 nm, but the specific surface areas were relatively close to each other (HC: 21.4 m2/g vs. CB: 77.8 m2/g), indicating a considerable porosity of HC. The carbon content of HC was 71%, up from 46% in sawdust feed. FTIR and 13C-NMR analyses indicated that HC preserved its organic character, but it strongly differs from both lignin and cellulose. Experimental rubber nanocomposites were prepared, in which the content of the combined fillers was set at 50 phr (31 wt.%), while the HC/CB ratios were varied between 40/10 and 0/50. Morphology investigations proved a fairly even distribution of HC and CB, as well as the disappearance of bubbles after vulcanization. Vulcanization rheology tests demonstrated that the HC filler does not hinder the process, but it significantly influences vulcanization chemistry, canceling scorch time on one hand and slowing down the reaction on the other. Generally, the results suggest that rubber composites in which 10-20 phr of CB are replaced by HC might be promising materials. The use of HC in the rubber industry would represent a high-tonnage application for hardwood waste.

Methanol-Enhanced Fe(III) Oleate-Catalyzed Aquathermolysis of Heavy Oil

Fe(III) oleate (Fe(III)L) has been used in heavy oil aquathermolysis as catalysts, but the effect of the hydrogen donor on this reaction has not been considered. In this paper, we introduce methanol as the hydrogen donor in the Fe(III)L-catalyzed aquathermolysis to investigate the promotion effect of methanol on the aquathermolysis. The results show that the addition of methanol can increase the viscosity reduction rate of aquathermolysis from 81.81% to 91.23%. The heavy oil samples before and after aquathermolysis were characterized by thermogravimetric (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), elemental analysis (EA), and carbon number distribution to investigate the changes in physical and chemical properties and explore the mechanism of methanol as a hydrogen promoter. There was a significant decrease in asphaltene and resin in the oil sample subjected to the reaction after the addition of methanol; the wax precipitation point decreased from 38 °C to 31 °C; the S element content decreased by 1% and the C element content increased by 4%; the content of light saturated HC (less than C10) increased and the content of saturated HC with more than C10 decreased. It shows that the addition of methanol, which provides a large amount of active hydrogen, promotes the breakage of long-chain alkanes in heavy oil, the light component content increase, promotes the breakage of C–C and C–S bonds during the reaction, making the content of heteroatoms decrease, increases the viscosity reduction rate, and improves the fluidity of oil samples. The findings of this study can help for better understanding of the mechanism of methanol in aquathermolysis and facilitate the exploration and exploitation of heavy oil.

Effect of gasoline vaporizer tube (GVT) with magnetic field on spark-ignition engine: Investigation, discussion, and opinion

Applying magnetic fields to improve the arrangement of hydrocarbon molecules in fuel lines have been continuously studied in recent decades. However, scientific reports regarding the application of a magnetic field integrated with a gasoline vaporizer tube (GVT) on engine performance have not been widely discussed. Therefore, this article presents an investigation of the application of GVT with magnetic field on a single cylinder gasoline engine with three different fuel qualities, including RON88, RON92, and RON98. Torque, power, emissions and fuel consumption have been tested for scientific opinion. The results of our present investigation seem to confirm the claims of GVT inventors, where GVT increases engine torque and power, reduces CO and HC content in exhaust gases, and reduces fuel consumption. However, without considering the supply of gasoline and air from the GVT to the engine is an unfair analysis. In fact, although the established theories reveal the benefits of applying a magnetic field to the fuel line, in this case, only a small part of the fuel is induced by the magnetic field, outside the main line from the tank to the injectors. Finally, the results of this investigation provide new insights for potential users of GVT, which is currently commercially available.

Investigation on the effect of the flow passage geometry of diesel injector nozzle on injection process parameters and engine performances

AbstractIn the paper, the method based on optimization of flow passage geometry of diesel injector nozzle to improve the quality of fuel injection and atomization process has been studied. Designs of injector nozzles have been developed to enhance the quality of these processes. These nozzles’ feature is the implementation of local hydraulic resistances—different grooves on the needle tip, which enhance the flow turbulence in the nozzle's flow passage. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed to study the effect of the nozzle flow passage geometry on parameters of fuel flow, such as mass flow rate, velocity, turbulence, and cavitation. The influence of local hydraulic resistances on the needle tip over these parameters has been evaluated. The optimal geometry of the grooves has been chosen. Experimental studies of a four‐cylinder diesel engine D‐243 equipped with injectors with serial and modified nozzles have been carried out. The possibility of improving the fuel efficiency and emission performances by using the modified nozzles has been confirmed. At the maximum power condition, the use of the modified nozzles reduced the brake‐specific fuel consumption from 275.2 to 270.4 g/(kW∙h) (by 1.7%) and reduced exhaust smoke from 23.5% to 12.5% on the Hartridge scale (by 46.8%). However, at the same time, the emission of NOx increased from 1743 to 1923 ppm (by 10.3%). Moreover, there was a tendency to decrease the content of CO and unburned HC in the exhaust gases.

Hydrocarbon status of soils in zones of active tectonic faults of Baikal rift

Some parameters of the hydrocarbon status of two soils of the Ulyunkhan depression (North-Western part of the Barguzin depression, Western Transbaikalia) within the Baikal rift system formed under the endogenous effect in the zone of hydrothermal waters active discharge, were studied. Soil samples were analyzed for the organic carbon, total content of hydrocarbons, concentrations of polyсyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds. The preliminary results of the study showed that total content of hydrocarbons in soils varied from 15 to 115 mg/kg and had no common profile distribution and evident correlation with other studied soil properties. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) accumulation was marked within humus horizons and lower impregnated layers with high content of easily soluble salts that do not correspond to the total hydrocarbons amount. Total PAHs concentrations positively tightly correlated with the soil texture parameters (r = 0.89). Several typical features characterizing the HC state in the zone of active discharge of gas-hydrothermal fluids were revealed: increased HC content, the predominance of phenanthrene in the total PAHs, and the presence of a wide range of PAHs, including heavy ones, consisting of 4–6 rings as well as the high benz(a)pyrene concentration that was revealed in the gley alluvial soil.

Detection of Circulating Serum Protein Biomarkers of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer after Protein Corona-Silver Nanoparticles Analysis by SWATH-MS

Because cystoscopy is expensive and invasive, a new method of detecting non-invasive muscular bladder cancer (NMIBC) is needed. This study aims to identify potential serum protein markers for NMIBC to improve diagnosis and to find treatment approaches that avoid disease progression to a life-threatening phenotype (muscle-invasive bladder cancer, MIBC). Here, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs, 9.73 ± 1.70 nm) as a scavenging device together with sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH-MS) were used to quantitatively analyze the blood serum protein alterations in two NMIBC subtypes, T1 and Ta, and they were compared to normal samples (HC). NMIBC’s analysis of serum samples identified three major groups of proteins, the relative content of which is different from the HC content: proteins implicated in the complement and coagulation cascade pathways and apolipoproteins. In conclusion, many biomarker proteins were identified that merit further examination to validate their useful significance and utility within the clinical management of NMIBC patients.

Root cell wall chemistry remodelling enhanced arsenic fixation of a cabbage cultivar

The low- and high-arsenic (As) transferring cultivars (LTC and HTC) of cabbage showed significant differences in As uptake and distribution. We hypothesise that chemistry of root cell wall matrix plays a critical role. LTC and HTC were treated with As and grown for 60 days. As concentration and distribution at subcellular and cell wall component (pectin, hemicellulose and lignin) levels were determined. Remodelling enzymes (PME and PAL) and functional groups of cell wall were analysed. Results showed that shoot biomass of LTC was not affected by As. Less As was accumulated in shoot of LTC than HTC. LTC allocated more As in root and majority of As was deposited in cell wall. LTC had more hemicellulose 1 (HC1) and lignin, PME and PAL activities. The uronic acid contents of pectin, HC1 or HC2 were all positively (P < 0.05) correlated with As concentrations in each component, respectively. Chemistry of LTC root cell wall was remodelled in terms of changes in porosity, HC and lignin contents, and functional groups, which potentially exerted coupling effects on As entering and deposition. The LTC can restrain As in roots through changing characteristics of root cell wall matrix.

Polymorphism of folate cycle genes as a risk factor of hyperhomocysteinemia

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHc) is a new factor being considered at the moment that can cause damage to vessel walls. Its occurrence depends on genetic peculiarities of a body. Our research goal was to estimate frequency of genetic polymorphisms (SNP) in folate cycle genes among people living in Perm region and its influence on homocysteine (Hc) concentration in blood serum. We examined 189 women (32.2±5.25). Hc concentration in blood serum was determined with immune chemiluminescent procedure. We examined frequency of SNP in folate cycle genes with pyrosequencing. Homozygote state as per minor alleles in methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene (rs 1801133 и rs 1801131) and MTR gene (rs 1805087) was registered 7.5, 5.4, and 13.75 times less frequently than homozygote state as per neutral alleles. Heterozygote state prevailed for genes of methionine synthase reductase and folate transport protein among examined SNP. Homozygotes as per minor allele SNP in MTHFR gene (Ala222Val; rs 1801133) had higher Hc concentration in blood serum that amounted to 8.476 ± 3.193 mmol/L and was 1.276 times higher than the same parameter in homozygotes as per neutral allele (р=0.0036). We didn’t establish any influence on Hc contents in blood serum for the remaining 4 SNP in folate cycle genes (р&gt; 0.1). Examined SNP in MTHFR and MTR genes tended to have neutral alleles more frequently than minor ones. SNP in genes of other examined proteins belonging to folate cycle didn’t have any differences in frequency of examined alleles. We didn’t detect a combination of homozygote state as per two SNP in MTHFR gene or homozygote state as per one SNP and heterozygote state as per another one in a genome. Only SNP in MTHFR gene (Ala222Val, rs 1801133) authentically causes increase in homocysteine concentration out of all the examined SNP in genes of folate cycle enzymes and proteins