Foaming Agent Content Research Articles

Reservoir Simulation Study on Air-Foam Flooding to Enhance Oil Recovery in Waterflooding Sandstone Reservoir

In the later waterflooding sandstone reservoir, there are many serious development contradictions, especially in the aspects of water breakthrough and heterogeneous development. Based on the laboratory experiments, numerical simulation research on historical match of the low temperature oxidation kinetics model, the injection mode, foaming agent concentration, gas to liquid ratio, steam injection rate and other key parameters of air-foam flooding were carried out. The results show that, air foam flooding technology integrated comprehensive effect of low-temperature oxidation, air flooding and foam flooding, which enhance oil recovery nearly 8% by block the thief layer effectively and improving the swept volume. Air-foam flooding technology also can reduce the amount of water injection and water production, which improved the utilization rate of water resources and reduced output liquid processing cost. This technology shows its broad prospect of application and can provide reference for similar reservoirs.

Influence of Foaming Agent on Properties of Red Mud Lightweight Baking-Free Brick

Red mud lightweight baking-free brick was prepared by red mud, fly ash and cement, mixed with a certain amount of activator agent and foaming agent. The influence of foaming agent on properties of red mud lightweight baking-free brick was studied. The micro-structure of red mud lightweight baking-free brick was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that when the foaming agent content is 10ml, the sample with better performance obtained and the density is 423kg/m3, flexural strength is 0.49MPa and compressive strength is 1.87MPa.

The Research of Biomass Biodegradable Material Microstructure Impact on Performance

Green and biodegradable may degrade to the direction of the main purposes for cushion packaging material. This paper the bubble growth mechanism of the material in the molding process, the microstructure of four kinds different foaming agent content of biodegradable materials have been studied by using a scanning electron microscope micro-chemical analysis for plant fibers, starch-based materials, through the foam forming process biomass biodegradable materials research object. The results showed that the biomass material in the biodegradable plant fibers are mutually connected to form a three-dimensional network structure of the cross; foaming agent content of 1.0%, the raw material biodegradable material having a structure with a closed air pockets distributed more evenly, which kind of uniform material structure ensures good impact resistance, rebound and thermal insulation.

Microstructure, capillary performance and gas permeability of biporous copper fabricated by tape casting

Biporous copper was successfully fabricated by tape casting process using 0–1.5wt.% of C7H10N2O2S as the foaming agent. The influences of the foaming agent content on the pore structure, capillary performance and gas permeability were investigated. The results indicate that with increasing content of the foaming agent, the pumping rate increases, while the porosity and gas permeability fluctuate. It is suggested that biporous copper prepared by tape casting could be a good choice as the wick structure for heat pipe.

Application of foam technology for dust control in underground coal mine

In order to effectively control the dust in the underground coal mine, this study proposes and develops a new technology for dust control by foam, and briefly demonstrates the advantage of the foam technology for dust control, such as the good isolation performance, large contact area, high wetting ability, strong adhesion and so on. Besides, the details of the technology are introduced, including the foam agent, foam generator, and foam production process. Then the paper studies the relationship between the foaming agent concentration and liquid surface tension, and explains the principle of the foam generator. The technology is applied in heading face. The application results show that the foam has a remarkable effect on dust control in underground coal mines.

The Preparation of Fiber-Reinforced Foaming Desulfurization Gypsum

Used the desulfurization gypsum, foaming agent and fly ash for molding thermal insulation foamed desulfurization gypsum, and studied the influence of different content of foaming agent on its density, mechanical properties and thermal conductivity. The result showed that when the content of foaming agent was 5%,the thermal conductivity was 0.052W/(m·K) reaching minimum, and the density of foamed desulfurization gypsum was 225Kg/m3 .To use glass fiber as reinforcing material for studying the effect of the vary content of glass fiber on strength of the material. The result showed that when the content of glass fiber was 1.5%, the flexural strength and compressive strength of the sample was increased 41.67%5.66% than the blank sample.

Selective purification of bleached spruce TMP process water by induced air flotation (IAF)

Abstract The environmentally benign closure of water systems in paper mills leads to the problem of accumulation of dissolved and colloidal wood substances (DCS) in process water. Notably, pitch affects the pulp and paper production negatively and increases the demand for additional treatment of the process water. In the present article, the purification of thermomechanical pulping process water from the alkaline peroxide bleaching stage has been investigated, with the induced air flotation (IAF) in focus. The following parameters were considered concerning the IAF efficiency to remove detrimental substances: concentration of cationic foaming agent, pH value, calcium concentration, and temperature. The amounts and characteristics of residual DCS were determined by gas chromatography and turbidity measurements. Residual concentrations of the foaming agent dodecyltrimetylammonium chloride were determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Up to 90% of pitch was removed, whereas hemicelluloses, which are important in preventing pitch problems, remained in the waters. Up to 70% of the pectic acids accounted for the high cationic demand of the process waters were removed by optimization of the IAF parameters. The presented separation process gives new opportunities to a selective purification of the process waters.

Microcellular foaming of plasticized thin PC sheet I. Effects of processing conditions

Novel microcellular foams using thin plasticized PC sheet were prepared by compression molding. The measurement results showed that T g of plasticized PC was decreased and the molecular chain mobility was increased. Decrease in T g and increase in chains mobility were contributed to the widen of foaming temperature window. Effects of processing conditions on cell size, cell density and relative density were also investigated. The experimental results show that the temperature, tributyl citrate and foaming agent content have more effects on the structures and morphology of the plasticized PC microcellular foam. Effects of experimental conditions on cell size distribution have also been discussed.

Development of Iron-based Closed-Cell Foams by Powder Forging and Rolling

In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to develop in situ sandwich Fe-based foams using powder forging and rolling. Several metal carbonates are first studied by thermo gravimetric analysis to find out their suitability to be used as foaming agent for iron-based foams. Barium carbonate is found to be the most promising foaming agent among other suitable options studied such as SrCO3, CaCO3, MgCO3, etc. The effects of process parameters such as precursor composition, sintering temperature, foaming temperature and time, and content of foaming agent have been studied. The microstructural characteristics of the sintered precursor have been studied by means of optical and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that a good pore structure can be obtained using 2-3% C in Fe and 3% BaCO3 as foaming agent and by foaming at around 1350 °C for 3-6 min.

Study on the properties of porous magnetorheological elastomers under shock effect

As a safe protector, buffer has been widely applied to engineering applications. The properties of cushion materials play a key role in the performance of the buffer under shock loading. Magnetorheological elastomers (MRE) are a kind of novel smart materials and show to have a controllable, field-dependent modulus, which have attracted increasing attentions and broad application prospects. This paper aims to fabricate a new kind of MRE, named as porous MRE, and study on the properties of porous MRE under shock effect in the presence of an external magnetic field. Three kinds of MRE samples based on polyurethane matrix were prepared without external magnetic field, and ammonium bicarbonate was used as foaming agent with content of 0 wt.%, 0.26 wt.%, 0.67 wt.%, respectively. The microstructures of the sample were observed by using a digital microscope, and image processing and analysis was applied to calculate the parameters of porous MRE. A sleeve structure and mass block were used to test the shock performance of porous MRE under shear mode, and an electromagnetic vibration and shock table was used to provide shock signal with half-sine shock signal. The results show that the content of foaming agent has an obvious influence on the microstructures of porous MRE. The porosity of the porous MRE samples increases with increasing of foaming agent content. Moreover, experimental results show that shock energy dissipation capacity is better than that of traditional MRE. This study is expected to provide guidance in the application of MRE in practical devices, such as in buffer devices.

Effects of Drying Method on Selected Properties of Ogi (Gruel) Prepared from Sorghum (Sorghum vulgare), Millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and Maize (Zea mays)

Ogi has the tendency to spoil because of its high moisture content, however the reduction in moisture content through drying can enhance the shelf life, provide convenience and allow for easy reconstitution of the Ogi powder. Foaming, proximate and sensory attributes of foam-mat dried Ogi prepared from sorghum, millet and maize were studied. Each of the cereal mixed with different concentration (5%, 10% and 15%) of foaming agent; glyceryl monostearate (GMS) were whipped and the resulting foam were air dried at 60°C. Cabinet dying was also used to dry the Ogi slurry. The foam densities, proximate and sensory properties were determined using standard methods. Higher foaming agent concentration and longer whipping time resulted in lower foam densities. Foam-mat dried millet Ogi powder had higher foam density than foam-mat dried sorghum and maize Ogi powder. Generally, foammat dried Ogi powder had lower moisture content than cabinet dried Ogi, while foam mat dried Ogi had increased fat, protein and ash content with an increase in foaming agent concentration. The crude fiber of the samples varied significantly among the samples while the carbohydrate content decreased with an increase in foaming agent concentration. Freshly prepared Ogi and foam mat dried Ogi powder had comparable sensory attributes but both fresh and foam-mat dried Ogi powder had better sensory properties than cabinet dried samples.

Study on the Performance of New Foamed Cement Insulation Material

In this experiment, cement, fly ash, quicklime, foaming agent and foam stabilizer were used as raw materials to prepare the new foamed cement insulation material. Single-factor tests were designed to study the influence of different dosages of foaming agent, foam stabilizer and quicklime on the material properties. The optimum ratio was determined: content of fly ash was 25%, water-cement ratio was 0.37, content of foaming agent was 4.5%, content of foam stabilizer was 1.2% and content of quicklime was 1.5%. The material is tested: 3d compressive strength of the material is 1.049MPa, 3d flexural strength of the material is 0.608MPa.

Effect Evaluation of Foam System with Dripping Injection Foaming Agent in CO2 Flooding Reservoir

In order to research the effects of the concentration of foaming agent and gas-liquid ratio on the steady seepage pressure of the foam, surfactants of HY-3 and HABS are used as foaming agents in this paper. And compared with the steady seepage pressure of the process of injecting CO2 individually and injecting CO2 accompany with dripping water, the results shows that these two kinds of foaming agents both can solve the problem of injecting gas breakthrough and injecting water difficultly, and the effect of HY-3 is better than that of HABS. By the evaluation experiment of the effect of the foam system which was applied in the ultra low permeability reservoirs with crack, it can be seen that these two kinds of foaming agents both can play the role of adjusting gas injection profile. The plugging ability and shunting effect of HY-3 is superior to that of HABS.

Experimental Study of the Foam Agent in Lightweight Aggregate Concrete

Different content of foaming agent in the lightweight aggregate concrete test, the apparent density and compressive strength of concrete assessment indicators. Studies have shown that, with the dosage increase, the variation of the apparent density of the concrete is first decreases and then increases when the content is 0.8kg/m3 dry apparent density minimum; as the foaming agent content continues to grow, dry apparent density continues to increase, but the magnitude of increase is less obvious. At this point, its 28 days compressive strength of only 0.7MPa, the wall strength of the material does not meet the insulation requirements. Taking into account the apparent density and strength of wall insulation materials, requirements, test data to determine the optimal dosage of the foaming agent should be 0.4 ~ 0.6kg, to determine the content of foaming agent in the lightweight aggregate concrete of the most good range.

Experimental Research and Quantitative Characterization of Nitrogen Foam Blocking Characteristics

The selective blocking feature of the foam system has been widely used in oil and gas development, and its effect can be influenced by foaming agent concentration, foam quality, permeability, temperatures, and oil saturation. In this paper, foam flow experiments are carried out to study the variation law of resistance factor with these factors in both oil-free and oil-bearing environments. By analyzing the variation curves, the mathematical models of foam resistance factor under each influencing factor are achieved. Then, a novel resistance factor model simultaneously considering the effects of above factors is obtained, and the validation is proved by the experimental results. Finally, the novel model is used to calculate the distribution of resistance factors and residual permeability after water flooding. This research has a significant guidance for designing foam flooding programs, selecting foam systems, advancing numerical simulation of foam flooding, and developing of foaming agents.

Experimental Study of Foaming Agent Screening and Performance Evaluation of Nitrogen Foam Flooding in Daqing Oilfield

Through the laboratory experiment, the foaming properties of six kinds of foaming agent was evaluated comprehensively. Through the primary selection, foaming agent concentration selection and salt tolerance evaluation, HY-2 foaming agent was selected in follow-up experiments. The Liquid viscosity effect for foaming performance showed that there exists an optimal value of the liquid viscosity, corresponding to the concentration of foam stabilizing agent should not be less than 700mg/l. The impact of temperature on the performance of foaming agent was mainly on the foam stability, the higher the temperature, the stability of the bubble the worse. Due to the presence of crude oil, foaming volume and stability of the foam appeared a downward trend, the character of which is very advantageous to adjust fluidity difference between the layers of high permeable formation and low permeable formation.

Preparation of Light-Weight Alumina-Spinel Refractory by Foaming Process

In order to reduce energy costs, light-weight alumina-spinel refractories with tri-modal pores were prepared by foaming process. The influence of foaming agent and magnesia on the properties of light-weight alumina-spinel refractory was investigated. The rheology of the original slurry and the density, mechanical properties and microstructure of samples were evaluated. The results showed that light-weight alumina-spinel refractory contained a highly interconnected network of spherical cells, consisting of the large-sized cells (larger than 40 um), moderate-sized pores( averaging about 20 um) and small-sized voids, which mainly attributed to the foaming agent and in-situ formation of spinel. The cold compressive strength of the samples varied within the range of 2-12MPa, corresponding to densities of 0.8~1.2g/cm3,and the thermal conductivity changed from 0.273W/(m•K) to 0.315 W/(m•K) at the 500 °C. It was found that the density of the sintered samples was dependent both on the content of foaming agent and magnesia. With the help of magnesia, light-weight alumina-spinel refractories with good volume stability were prepared by foam method.

Investigation on the long-term water absorption behavior and cell morphology of foamed wood–plastic nanocomposites

This research explores the effects of chemical foaming agent and nanoclay on the long-term water absorption and cell morphology of wood–plastic nanocomposites. To meet this objective, the nanoclay, high-density polyethylene, and coupling agent were compounded and then granulated and were mixed with wood flour and blowing agent in a twin-screw extruder. Consequently, foaming process was completed in injection stage. The amount of wood flour was fixed at 50 wt% for all the samples. For nanoclay and chemical blowing agent, different levels of 0, 2 and 4 per hundred resins (phr) and 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 phr were considered, respectively. The long-term water absorptions of samples were evaluated by immersing them in water for several weeks, and water diffusion coefficients were also calculated by evaluating the water absorption isotherms. Results indicated that the water absorption, cell size, and average cell density of composites increased with increase in chemical foaming agent loadings. However, by the addition of nanoclay to wood–plastic composite foams, the water absorption and cell size decreased and their cell density increased. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the chemical foaming agent and nanoclay contents had significant influence on density reduction in foamed composites. X-Ray diffraction patterns revealed that the nanocomposites formed were intercalated. The mechanism of water absorption of the foamed wood–plastic nanocomposites under study followed the kinetics of a Fickian diffusion process.

Dispersion of TiH<sub>2</sub> Foaming Agent in Precursors via Melt Route

The dispersion of TiH2 particles stirred into an Al-9Si melt, to produce a precusor for subsequent foaming, has been studied. The effects of processing parameters have been related to measured changes in the viscosity of the melt. The results show that 610°C is the key point in the temperature - viscosity relationship. Below 610°C, the viscosity increases greatly with decreasing temperature and only above this temperature, when the viscosity increases slowly with temperature, can good dispersions be obtained. The uniformity of the foaming agent dispersion is improved by increasing the melt temperature, stirring speed and stirring time. However, clusters of foaming agent still exist with rotational speeds of 3000rpm and stirring for 30s. Extrusion of the precursor can be used to improve the uniformity of the foaming agent such that very few foaming agent clusters exist and the variation in foaming agent concentration with position in the precursor is very small.

Experimental Study on Additive of the Foam Technology for Dust Control in Underground Coal Mines

The advantages of the dust control by foam are demonstrated, such as the high covering power, large contact area, high wetting speed and good isolation performance, which can control the dust efficiently. In consideration of wetting and foaming capabilities of the foam, a new kind of foaming agent with high foam expansion and wetting ability is developed after a large number of filtering and compound experiments by the ROSS-Miles method and water film flotation process method. After the experiments of the foaming ability and the wetting ability to different dust grains with different particle diameters, the results show that the new foaming agent can reduce the surface tension of solid and liquid materials rapidly with good foaming and wetting abilities. After the experiment of experiments, the best additive concentration of the new foaming agent is 0.5%, and a complete new experimental system is set up to produce foam, and the dust-control foam with high performance is produced using new foaming agent.