Content Of Different Fractions Research Articles

The lipid status and feeding habits of yearlings of mykiss Parasalmo mykiss and coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in autumn

Juveniles of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and mykiss Parasalmo mykiss at the age 1 + (yearlings) are differentiated by the content of different fractions of lipids (the lipid status), feeding habits, and by size-weight characteristics even eight months prior to smoltification. The juveniles of coho salmon and mykiss with high lipid status consume more calorific food items and, as a rule, have higher (on average) body length and weight. The juveniles with low lipid status consume less calorific organisms and have lower body length and weight. It is supposed that a considerable part of juveniles with high lipid status will migrate seaward the next year. The role of feeding habits in formation of this differentiation and, accordingly, in determination of timing of smoltification are discussed.

FRACTIONS OF VITAMIN E (TOCOTRIENOLS AND TOCOPHEROLS) IN NUT OIL OF GEVUINA AVELLANA MOL.

The nut oil of Gevuina avellana Mol. (Gevuin; Chilean hazelnut), a tree native to Chile, has interesting properties for nutritional and phytotherapy purposes. Vitamin E plays an important role in the antioxidant complex of Gevuina nut oil together with other components of the lipid matrix like cis monounsaturated fatty acids and phytoesterols. The objective of this study was to evaluate the content of different fractions of vitamin E (tocotrienols and tocopherols) in the nut oil of Gevuina clones. From 2006 to 2007, nuts of seven clones were analyzed to determine the tocol composition (Soxhlet, HPLC and GC/MS methods) to determinate tocopherols and tocotrienols. The results demonstrated an important range of variation of tocols among clones, with less average content in total tocopherols (1.42 µg/g). A significant level of α-tocotrienol was determined which ranged from 63.41 to 163.74 µg/g among clones. Other fractions were β, γ and δ tocotrienols with 1.08, 9.47 and 0.12 µg/g, respectively. This data is important in relation to the selection of genotypes with a superior antioxidant complex quality.

Study of the content of inorganic polyphosphates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on different carbon sources with different O2 concentrations in the medium

The content of different fractions of inorganic polyphosphates (polyP) was studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae VKM Y-1173 growing on a complete medium with glucose under hypoxia and active aeration as well as on ethanol. The highest growth rate was observed for aerobic fermentation, while the yield of biomass was maximal for cultivation on ethanol. In the mid-log growth phase, the amount of polyP was maximal in the cells grown on glucose under hypoxia and minimal on ethanol. In this latter case, the content of different polyP fractions changed unevenly: polyP3, polyP4, and polyP1 decreased by approximately 60%, 45%, and 30%, respectively; the salt-soluble polyP2 remained at almost the same level; while polyP5 abruptly increased 10- to 15-fold. These findings demonstrate that the metabolic pathways for polyP fractions are different. A significant drop in the amount of the main polyP fractions accompanied by a decrease of the polyP average chain length in the presence of carbon and Pi sources in the medium is evidence of active involvement of polyP as additional energy sources in the flows of energy in actively growing yeast cells.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ENGLISH WALNUT (JUGLANS REGIA L.)

ABSTRACT Phenolic contents of different fractions (contents of whole nut, skin and kernel) of English walnut (Juglans regia L.) were determined and their antioxidative capacities investigated using a number of in vitro model systems. Phenolic compounds extracted from walnut skin into 95% ethanol contained the highest amount of total phenolics and exhibited the highest antioxidative capacity as evaluated by the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay. Extracts of walnut phenolics showed a high ferrous ion chelating ability and effectively scavenged 2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radicals, the latter considerably stronger for the skin with 50% inhibition concentration of 3.4 µg extract per mL. Further, inhibition of 2‐thiobarbituric acid reactive substances formation in a bulk corn oil model system was also significant (P < 0.05) for all three phenolic extracts and for pure gallic acid at 10 ppm gallic acid equivalents final assay concentration after four days of storage at 60C.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSWalnut is a healthful nut that contains alpha‐linolenic acid in its lipid fraction, and its skin is rich in polyphenolics with strong antioxidant properties, as demonstrated in this study. Thus, walnut with skin and skin of walnuts serve as good free radical scavengers and could be effective in reducing oxidative stress among other beneficial health effects, which could be exploited for product development.

Phytostanols and phytosterols distributions in corn kernel

Recently, industry has focused attention on plant matrices rich in phytosterols and phytostanols for their ability to reduce serum cholesterol levels. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the phytosterols and phytostanols contents of different fractions (endosperm, pericarp, germ) of corn kernel. The germ fraction contained more oil (24.2–30.7%) than endosperm and pericarp fractions (0.4–1.2%). Endosperm oil had the highest levels of phytostanols and 4,4-dimethylsterols, while pericarp oil had the greatest amounts of 4-desmethylsterols and 4-monomethylsterols. In the oil extracted from three corn kernel fractions sitostanol was the predominant phytostanols (77–87%), followed by campestanol (13–23%). The high percentages of 24–methylencycloartanol and cycloartenol were detected in the endosperm and pericarp parts, respectively. Citrostadienol was detected in corn germ oil as the main component of the 4-monomethylsterols fraction. In different parts of corn kernel, β-sitosterol (62–69%) was the major 4-desmethylsterol, followed by campesterol (11–18%) and stigmasterol (5–13%).

Yield and mineral content of ten enset (Ensete ventricosum) varieties

A study was conducted to evaluate the macro and trace mineral contents often enset varieties collected from Sidama zone of southern Ethiopia. Samples of leaf lamina, leaf midrib, pseudostem and corm were taken from ten enset varieties at the age of 5 to 6 years during the main rainy season. The dry weight of each variety and fraction were also determined. Mineral contents in fractions of different enset varieties were analysed and compared with nutrient requirements of ruminants. The contribution of different enset fractions to the total dry weight was variable (P<0.05), the highest being from pseudostem and the lowest from leaf lamina. There were varietal differences (P<0.05) in macro and trace mineral content in different fractions except phosphorus (P) content of leaf lamina. Most enset fractions were rich sources of major minerals such as P, potassium (K), calcium (Ca) (except corm) and magnesium (Mg). Sodium (Na) content was very low. Most fractions were rich in iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), but deficient in copper (Cu), except leaf lamina. Zinc (Zn) content was high in corm, but low in other fractions. This account of the macro and trace mineral content of different enset varieties and fractions could help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate mineral deficiencies.

Determination of the contents of the main biochemical compounds of Adlay ( Coxi lachrymal-jobi)

Adlay ( Coxi lachrymal-jobi), an annual crop, has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine for its biological activity and as a nourishing food. Its phytochemical composition has been extensively studied; however, information on its policosanol (PC) and phytosterol content is scarce. The objective of this study was to examine and compare the PC, phytosterol and oleamide contents of different fractions of adlay collected from Laos, Thailand, Vietnam and Taiwan. Biochemical compositions of the samples were identified using a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC–MS). The adlay bran had higher contents of policosanols (246 mg/kg), phytosterols (4733 mg/kg) and oleamide (45.8 mg/kg) than had hulled and polished fractions. Although plant sterols reduce cholesterol absorption, policosanols may inhibit endogenous cholesterol synthesis. Although adlay contains beneficial phytochemicals that justify its use as a food ingredient or dietary supplement, research is still needed to confirm its traditional use in Asian medicine.

Copper fertilizer effects on copper distribution and vertical transport in soils

The fate of Cu fertilizer in soils is important for its plant availability and environmental significance. Little research has been done to investigate the status of Cu in soil under repeated application of Cu fertilizer. A field study was conducted to determine the distribution and transport of Cu in soil profiles after 17 years' applications of Cu fertilizer. Soil samples obtained at different application times and soil depths were analyzed for labile Cu by a diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) extraction procedure. A modified sequential extraction technique was used to separate soil Cu into exchangeable (Exe), organic matter weakly bound (Wbo), carbonate bound (Carb), manganese oxides bound (MnOx), organic matter specifically bound (Sbo), and mineral bound (Min) fractions. The results showed that long-term application of Cu fertilizer caused the accumulation of Cu in the surface soil. The accumulation of soil Cu in the 0–15 cm and 0–60 cm soil layers accounted for 41.3% and 57.3% of the Cu applied over 17 years. Calculations indicated that little Cu was removed from the plots by crop harvest, which meant that about 40% of fertilizer Cu leached below the 60 cm soil depth. Additional evidence suggested that some Cu leached below 400 cm. Total labile Cu and the increase in labile Cu in the surface layer soil followed a linear relationship with the amount of Cu added and with the application time of the Cu fertilizer. Copper bound to minerals and weakly bound to organic matter accounted for 76% to 92% of the total Cu in soil. In addition, the two fractions had the same distribution trend in the soil profile. The Cu content of different fractions declined in a similar order, i.e. Min–Cu>Wbo–Cu>Exe–Cu>Sbo–Cu>Carb–Cu>MnOx–Cu, regardless of Cu treatment. Most Cu added to soil entered into Min, Exe, Wbo, and Carb fractions. The Exe–Cu, Wbo–Cu, and Carb–Cu fractions are readily mobile and can be used to predict Cu transport. The transport ability of Cu fractions followed the order of Wbo–Cu>Exe–Cu>Carb–Cu and increased with increasing soil depth. These results indicate that the accumulation of Cu in the soil resulting from the long-term application of Cu fertilizer could pose an environmental risk due to the downward mobility of Cu.

Evaluation of antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of different fractions of selected microalgae

In order to identify new sources of safe and inexpensive antioxidants, the antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of different fractions of 23 microalgae were evaluated, using Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay and the Folin–Ciocalteu method, respectively. The microalgae were extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate and water by a three-step sequential extraction procedure. Most of these microalgae were evaluated for the first time for their antioxidant activities. It was found that the microalgae Synechococcus sp. FACHB 283, Chlamydomonas nivalis and Nostoc ellipsosporum CCAP 1453/17 possessed the highest antioxidant capacities and thus could be potential rich sources of natural antioxidants. In addition, the correlation coefficients between the antioxidant capacities and the phenolic contents were very small in hexane ( R 2 = 0.0075), ethyl acetate ( R 2 = 0.5851) and water ( R 2 = 0.3599) fractions. Thus, phenolic compounds were not a major contributor to the antioxidant capacities of these microalgae. This was very different from many other plant species like fruits, vegetables and medicinal plants. The microalgae could contain different antioxidant compounds from other plants.

Tissue-specific accumulation of cadmium in subcellular compartments of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica Gmelin (Bivalvia: Ostreidae)

Cadmium distribution was studied in different subcellular fractions of gill and hepatopancreas tissues of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica. Oysters were exposed for up to 21 days to low sublethal Cd concentrations (25 μg L −1). Gill and hepatopancreas tissues were sampled and divided into organelle fractions and cytosol by differential centrifugation. Organelle content of different fractions was verified by activities of marker enzymes, citrate synthase and acid phosphatase for mitochondria and lysosomes, respectively. In both tissue types, there was a significant accumulation of cadmium in cytosol reaching 230–350 ng mg −1 protein. Among organelles, mitochondria were the main target for Cd bioaccumulation in gills (250–300 ng mg −1 protein), whereas in hepatopancreas tissues, the highest cadmium accumulation occurred in lysosomes (90–94 ng mg −1 protein). Although 75–83% of total cadmium burden was associated with the cytosol reflecting high volume fraction of this compartment, Cd concentrations in organelle fractions reached levels that could cause dysfunction of mitochondria and lysosomes. Organ- and organelle-specific patterns of cadmium bioaccumulation support our previous in vivo studies, which showed adverse effects of cadmium exposures on mitochondrial oxidation in gills and on the lysosomal system of hepatopancreas. This may have important implications for the development of biomarkers of effect for heavy metals and for understanding the mechanisms of toxic effects of metals.

Evaluating soil quality in tropical agroecosystems of Colombia using NIRS

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis was used to discriminate soils of different agroecosystems in Colombia, with different contents and qualities of organic matter, chemical, and biological properties. Correlations were sought between absorbance in wavelength classes as determined by NIRS, and a set of variables describing soil quality grouped into three classes: (i) chemical variables (Ca, Mg, K, exchangeable Al, total P, P-Bray II); (ii) organic variables (total C, total N, N − NH 4 + , N − NO 3 − , respirometry and carbon content in different fractions separated by the LUDOX physical methods) and (iii) NIRS variables quantifying the absorptions in the near infrared region separated into 101 classes of wavelength). For each group of variables, a principal component analysis (PCA), associated with discriminant analysis, was run. Each class of variables separated the different soil-use systems (*** P<0.001) similarly. Co-inertia analyses among the different groups of variables verified the sensitivity of the NIRS in detecting significant changes in the soil chemical and organic composition, as well as in microbial activity. These results show the high potential of the NIRS for evaluating soil quality in large areas, rapidly, reliably and economically, thereby facilitating decision-making with respect to soil management and conservation.

Effective separation of potent antiproliferation and antiadhesion components from wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) fruits.

Extracts from wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) were separated into proanthocyanidin-rich fractions using liquid vacuum and open column chromatography on Toyopearl and Sephadex LH-20, respectively. Fractions were characterized using analytical tools including mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy; fraction composition was correlated with bioactivity using antiproliferation and antiadhesion in vitro assays. There was a significant positive correlation between proanthocyanidin content of different fractions and biological activity in both the antiproliferation and antiadhesion assays. Two fractions containing primarily 4-->8-linked oligomeric proanthocyanidins with average degrees of polymerization (DPn) of 3.25 and 5.65 inhibited adhesion of Escherichia coli responsible for urinary tract infections. Only the fraction with a DPn of 5.65 had significant antiproliferation activity against human prostate and mouse liver cancer cell lines. These findings suggest both antiadhesion and antiproliferation activity are associated with high molecular weight proanthocyanidin oligomers found in wild blueberry fruits.

Correlação entre digestibilidade in vitro da parede celular e três métodos analíticos para a avaliação quantitativa da lignina

Três métodos analíticos para a estimativa do conteúdo de lignina na parede celular, em diferentes frações vegetais, de sete espécies forrageiras, foram comparados. Os métodos empregados foram: lignina em detergente ácido (LDA), lignina permanganato de potássio e lignina solúvel em brometo de acetila (LSBA). Para o método espectrofotométrico (LSBA), foi utilizado como padrão de referência a lignina extraída da planta através do próprio reagente brometo de acetila. Não houve concordância entre os três métodos, sendo que, no geral, o método da LSBA mostrou valores mais elevados que os outros dois métodos e o método da LDA, menores valores. Na maioria das amostras, a concentração de lignina foi superior para a parede celular oriunda de planta madura em relação àquela proveniente de planta jovem, assim como o teor de lignina foi maior para a fração colmo em relação à fração folha. As leguminosas tenderam a apresentar teores mais elevados de lignina pelos métodos gravimétricos que as gramíneas, independentemente do estádio de maturidade. Entretanto, essa tendência não foi observada para o método LSBA, particularmente no estádio maduro. Preparações de parede celular foram fermentadas in vitro e os dados correlacionados com os teores de lignina obtidos por intermédio dos três métodos. O método LSBA exibiu os menores coeficientes de correlação, para a maioria das amostras, sugerindo que este método deve ser melhor avaliado.

Selenium distribution in egg white proteins.

The present studies were undertaken to characterize selenium distribution in egg white. Ion-exchange chromatography fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) and flow injection atomic (absorption) spectrometry (FIAS) were used to separate egg white proteins and to determine the selenium content of different fractions. After purification, nine different proteins were identified with sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 56% of the total selenium content was found to be associated with ovalbumin-1 and -2 (+/- 500 ng/g), which is the main protein in egg white. Flavoprotein was determined to be the richest selenium-containing protein (1800 ng/g). The selenium content of the other proteins (lysozyme, conalbumin, globulins and ovomucoid) ranged from 359 to 1094 ng/g.

Nutrient transformation in soil due to addition of organic manure and growing crops

Maintaining organic pools of nitrogen (N) in soil is important for providing a steady flux of N in soil solution. Bioslurry, which is the product obtained from anaerobically digested (methanised) farm yard manure (FYM), is an efficient source of organic manure with capability to supply nutrients, particularly N to crops. A study was conducted to see the equilibrium relationship between the inorganic and organic N fractions as affected by application of bioslurry and fertilizer N in a maize (Zea mays L.) — mustard (Brassica campestris) crop sequence. Results obtained revealed that 75.7 percent of the total soil N was in the hydrolyzable N fraction. Among the hydrolyzable fractions, aminoacid N, unidentified N and hydrolyzable NH 4 + constituted 25.8, 25.7 and 18.6 percent of the total N, respectively. Ammonium fixed in clay lattice constituted 19.1 percent of the total N. Application of bioslurry @ 13.32 t ha−1 under N-unfertilized conditions increased NO3-N, fixed NH 4 + , aminoacid N, hexosamine N and hydrolyzable NH 4 + . The magnitude of increase in total hydrolyzable and inorganic N fractions was 31.4 and 15.2 percent, respectively. Growing crops decreased N in the inorganic fractions. Transformation reaction of organic N to inorganic N was evident after second crop in the sequence. Fertilizer N application encouraged build-up of N in organic fractions, particularly in aminoacid, hydrolyzable NH 4 + and unidentified N fractions. Application of bioslurry maintained higher status of N in both organic and inorganic N fractions. Linear regression relationship between N content in different fractions and bioslurry applied both under fertilized and unfertilized conditions assisted in developing prediction models on the rate of bioslurry to be applied to arrive at the desired N content in different fractions. Significant intercorrelation coefficients (r2) between different fractions indicated free mobility between the N fractions under limited N conditions suggesting a dynamic equilibrium between them. Path coefficient analysis showed that exchangeable NH 4 + and NO3-N had substantial direct positive effect on N uptake by mustard with bioslurry application. Under untreated conditions exchangeable NH 4 + , hexosamine and hydrolyzable NH 4 + fractions had higher direct contribution to meet mustard N requirement. Most of the hydrolyzable N fractions contributed to N uptake by mustard by first transforming to exchangeable NH 4 + and NO3—N and thus setting an equilibrium condition for maintaining the steady flux of N to plants.

Changes in phosphorus metabolism in alfalfa plants induced by bacterial wilt

Radioactive phosphate was applied to the roots of intact alfalfa plants (Medicago sativa L.) on the 49th day after inoculation withCorynebacterium insidiosum (Me Culloch) Jensen and the32P contents in different fractions of phosphoric compounds were determined. In inoculated plants, susceptible to bacterial wilt, the inorganio phosphate contents (32Pinorg) was increased markedly and the32P bound in organic compounds soluble in acids (32Porg) decreased as compared with control. In roots of the same plants the32P contents in phospholipid fraction and DNA were decreased. In tolerant inoculated plants the32Pinorg increase and32Porg decrease as compared with those changes in susceptible plants were less expressive. No expressive changes in determined32P fractions have been proved in resistant plants without any visible disease symptoms.

Untersuchungen über die Aminosäurezusammensetzung von nichtresorbierten Peptidfraktionen des distalen Dünndarminhaltes von Ratten. 3. Mitt. Verfütterung von Weizenkleber und Melassehefe. Untersuchungen über den Gehalt an essentiellen Aminosäuren im Kot

The authors investigated the nitrogen content of different fractions and in particular the aminoacid composition of the trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-precipitable and TCA-soluble peptides in the distal small intestine of rats which had been fed experimental diets (nitrogen-free or containing casein, wheat gluten or molasses yeast as a protein carrier). Parallel with this, they determined in growing rats the nitrogen and amino-acid digestibility of molasses yeast and wheat gluten according to the technique of faecal analysis, and studied the amino-acid composition of the faecal protein. Independently of the dietary protein fed, the peptide fractions of the content of the intestine showed an amino-acid composition that was largely similar to that found in case of nitrogen-free diet. The amino-acid composition of the faecal protein is, independently of the dietary protein given, relatively constant and corresponds approximately to the intestinal loss protein. There is agreement between the amino-acid composition of the TCA-precipitable peptide fractions and those of the corresponding faecal proteins. These components seem to be of endogenous origin.

Activity of Purified Carbonic Anhydrase

WE have shown previously that carbonic anhydrase is a zinc-protein compound1,2 and this was confirmed by other workers3,4'. That the catalytic activity of carbonic anhydrase, unlike the physiological activity of insulin, depends on the presence of zinc in its molecule is strongly supported by the following considerations. (1) An instantaneous, strong and perfectly reversible inhibition of carbonic anhydrase by very small concentrations of potassium cyanide, hydrogen sulphide and sodium azide which react in this way only with metals. (2) The presence of high concentrations of zinc in purified enzyme preparations obtained by different methods and from different materials. (3) The proportionality between the zinc content of different fractions and their catalytic activity. (4) The absence of other metals from purified enzyme preparations.