Concentrations Of Daidzein Research Articles

Effects of pulsed magnetic field treatment of soybean seeds on calli growth, cell damage, and biochemical changes under salt stress

The effects of magnetic field (MF) treatments of soybean seeds on calli growth, cell damage, and biochemical changes under salt stress were investigated under controlled conditions. Soybean seeds were exposed to a 1.0 Hz sinusoidal uniform pulsed magnetic field (PMF) of 1.5 µT for 5 h/day for 20 days. Non-treated seeds were considered as controls. For callus regeneration, the embryonic axis explants were taken from seeds and inoculated in a saline medium with a concentration of 10 mM NaCl for calli growth analysis and biochemical changes. The combined treatment of MF and salt stress was found to significantly increase calli fresh weight, total soluble sugar, total protein, and total phenol contents, but it decreased the ascorbic acid, lipid peroxidation, and catalase activity of calli from magnetically exposed seeds compared to the control calli. PMF treatment significantly improved calli tolerance to salt stress in terms of an increase in flavonoid, flavone, flavonole, alkaloid, saponin, total polyphenol, genistein, and daidzein contents under salt stress. The results suggest that PMF treatment of soybean seeds has the potential to counteract the adverse effects of salt stress on calli growth by improving primary and secondary metabolites under salt stress conditions.

Association of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 single nucleotide polymorphism rs12762549 with the basal plasma levels of phase II metabolites of isoflavonoids in healthy Japanese individuals

Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2; ABCC2) is an ATP-binding cassette transporter that mediates the efflux of anionic drugs and phase II metabolites. Our aim was to elucidate the impact of a single nucleotide polymorphism, rs12762549 (G>C), on the in-vivo activity of MRP2. Plasma specimens collected from 18 healthy volunteers were subjected to an untargeted metabolomic analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The role of MRP2 in the disposition of substances of interest was then examined in vivo in Mrp2-deficient mutant rats (Eisai hyperbilirubinemic rats; EHBRs) and in vitro in human MRP2-expressing membrane vesicles. A multivariate analysis model using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry data sets successfully differentiated the GG and the CC genotypes of rs12762549. The C allele is associated with the basal plasma levels of the five phase II metabolites of genistein and dihydrogenistein. Such phase II metabolites were also accumulated in EHBR, compared with normal rats, partly because of the reduced biliary excretion. Following oral administration of genistein and daidzein, the plasma concentrations of total genistein and total daidzein, which were mainly accounted for by sulfoglucuronide conjugates, were markedly higher in EHBR than in normal rats. ATP-dependent uptake of sulfoglucuronides and glucuronides of the isoflavonoids was observed only in MRP2-expressing membrane vesicles. MRP2 plays a significant role in preventing the accumulation of phase II metabolites of isoflavonoids. The rs12762549 is associated with an interindividual difference in the plasma levels of MRP2 substrates, phase II metabolites of isoflavonoids, suggesting that this single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with variations in in-vivo MRP2 activity.

Direct and Indirect Photolysis of the Phytoestrogens Genistein and Daidzein

Genistein and daidzein are two estrogenic compounds derived from plants, especially legumes. This research begins to explore their environmental fate, focusing on direct and indirect photolysis. UV-visible spectra for both compounds at varying pH values were taken, the pK(a) values for both compounds were measured, and UV-visible spectra for each protonation state were determined. The loss of both compounds in deionized water was observed upon exposure to natural sunlight, and the quantum yields were determined for each protonation state. In Mississippi River water, direct photolysis does not account for all of the loss of genistein and daidzein. The mechanism of indirect photolysis was probed using quenchers and sensitizers, and results suggest that daidzein is transformed mainly via direct photolysis and singlet oxygenation, while genistein is transformed mainly via reaction with triplet-state natural organic matter. The parameters determined in this study will allow for estimation of the concentration of genistein and daidzein in sunlit surface waters, which will allow for assessment of any risks posed to aquatic wildlife.

CHANGES IN ISOFLAVONE GLUCOSIDE AND AGLYCONE CONTENTS OF CHICKPEA YOGHURT DURING FERMENTATION BYLACTOBACILLUS BULGARICUSANDSTREPTOCOCCUS THERMOPHILUS

Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus fermented chickpea yoghurt with a ratio of 1:1 (v/v) for 6–7 h at 42C. All cultures reached 109 cfu/mL of chickpea yoghurt. After 8 h, pH and titratable acidity ranged from 5.74 to 4.25 and 0.16 to 0.62%, respectively. Daidzein and genistein increased to 39.92 µg/g DW (dried weight of freeze-dried chickpea yoghurt) and 50.34 µg/g DW, respectively, after a 4-h fermentation. The amount of aglycone genistein and daidzein were more than that of glucoside daidzin and genistin. Total content of the aglycone daidzein and genistein was 90.26 µg/g DW at 4 h, which was 5.7 times of the initial fermentation (15.71 µg/g DW). Chickpea yoghurt fermentation hydrolyzed the isoflavone glucosides, and L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus converted isoflavone glucosides to aglycones. L. bulgaricus and S. Thermophilus seemed to be effective starters for chickpea milk with more aglycones and appropriate acidity. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Chickpea is one of the oldest consumed legumes in Xinjiang, and has a significant contribution to human diet treatment. Leguminosea is the plant family most abundant in isoflavones. Furthermore, researchers have credited isoflavones in soybeans for some beneficial health effects. The addition of chickpea to milk-based products could be a good alternative for increasing the intake of chickpea. In the present study, changes in the contents of isoflavone glucosides and aglycones during chickpea yoghurt fermentation were investigated. Lactic acid bacteria were expected to effectively convert isoflavone glucosides to aglycones in chickpea milk.

Isoflavone supplementation reduces DNA oxidative damage and increases O-β-N-acetyl-d-glucosaminidase activity in healthy women

Phenolic compounds are believed to boost the human antioxidant defense system and health; therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the hypothesis that soy isoflavones (IFs) provide antioxidant protection in healthy women by evaluating DNA resistance to oxidative damage and O-β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase (OGA) activity. An IF supplement (80 mg/d) was given to 9 postmenopausal women and 13 young women for 6 months and then stopped up to the 14th month. The women were allowed to consume their normal diet. Blood samples were collected at the beginning of the study after 2, 4, and 6 months and then at the 8th and 14th months. Plasma concentrations of genistein and daidzein, total antioxidant capacity, plasma vitamin status, markers of oxidative stress (red blood cell membrane fluidity, activity of the red blood cell cytosolic enzyme OGA and lymphocyte DNA susceptibility to oxidative stress), and serum lipid profile were analyzed. Analysis of variance for repeated measures was used for statistical analysis. Plasma concentrations of IFs rose significantly during the supplementation period, and plasma total antioxidant capacity increased in young women; membrane fluidity and OGA activity increased, and DNA oxidative damage decreased (P < .05) at 4 months, then returned to the basal level. There was a significant inverse correlation between DNA damage and plasma IF concentrations (P < .01). The results indicated a positive effect of IF supplementation on oxidative stress in women, thus suggesting that the healthful action ascribed to soy consumption may be partially related to the antioxidant potential of IFs.

Soya isoflavone consumption in relation to carotid intima–media thickness in Chinese equol excretors aged 40–65 years

Previous studies have suggested that the daidzein metabolite equol rather than daidzein itself contributes to the beneficial effect of soya foods in the prevention of CVD. The aim of the present study is to examine the proportion of equol excretion in Chinese adults and compare plasma lipids and carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) between equol excretors and non-excretors, and to evaluate the effect of soya isoflavone intakes on serum lipids and IMT in either equol excretors or non-excretors. Subjects (n 572; women n 362, men n 210) were recruited for the present study. An overnight urine sample was provided by each subject on their usual diet to quantify urinary concentrations of daidzein and equol. Far-wall IMT was determined by B-mode ultrasound in the right carotid at two sites, carotid bulb (CB-IMT) and common carotid artery (CCA-IMT), and fasting serum lipids were measured. Habitual dietary intakes were estimated with a FFQ, and soya isoflavone intake derived from the FFQ was assessed. Of the 572 subjects, the proportion of equol excretors on their usual diet was 25·0 % (n 143). Compared with non-excretors, equol excretors showed significantly lower serum TAG (-38·2 (95 % CI -70·4, -5·9) %, P = 0·012) and CCA-IMT (-4·9 (95 % CI -9·7, -0·3) %, P = 0·033). Equol excretors with higher daily isoflavone intakes (-5·4 mg/d) had significantly lower IMT (-16·2 %, P = 0·035) and tended to have higher HDL-cholesterol (P = 0·055) than did those with lower daily isoflavone intakes (1·5 mg/d), while no association was observed between soya isoflavone intakes and serum lipids or IMT in non-excretors. In conclusion, the benefits of soya isoflavones in preventing CVD may be apparent among equol excretors only.

A process for high-efficiency isoflavone deglycosylation using Bacillus subtilis natto NTU-18

In order to produce isoflavone aglycosides effectively, a process of isoflavone hydrolysis by Bacillus subtilis natto NTU-18 (BCRC 80390) was established. This process integrates the three stages for the production of isoflavone aglycosides in one single fermenter, including the growth of B. subtilis natto, production of β-glucosidase, deglycosylation of fed isoflavone glycosides. After 8 h of batch culture of B. subtilis natto NTU-18 in 2 L of soy medium, a total of 3 L of soy isoflavone glucoside solution containing 3.0 mg/mL of daidzin and 1.0 mg/mL of genistin was fed continuously over 34 h. The percentage deglycosylation of daidzin and genistin was 97.7% and 94.6%, respectively. The concentration of daidzein and genistein in the broth reached 1,066.8 μg/mL (4.2 mM) and 351 μg/mL (1.3 mM), respectively, and no residual daidzin or genistin was detected. The productivity of the bioconversion of daidzein and genistein over the 42 h of culture was 25.6 mg/L/h and 8.5 mg/L/h, respectively. This showed that this is an efficient bioconversion process for selective estrogen receptor modulator production.

Daidzein and Genistein Are Converted to Equol and 5-Hydroxy-Equol by Human Intestinal Slackia isoflavoniconvertens in Gnotobiotic Rats 3

Intestinal conversion of the isoflavone daidzein to the bioactive equol is exclusively catalyzed by gut bacteria, but a direct role in equol formation under in vivo conditions has not yet been demonstrated. Slackia isoflavoniconvertens is one of the few equol-forming gut bacteria isolated from humans and, moreover, it also converts genistein to 5-hydroxy-equol. To demonstrate the isoflavone-converting ability of S. isoflavoniconvertens in vivo, the metabolization of dietary daidzein and genistein was investigated in male and female rats harboring a simplified human microbiota without (control) or with S. isoflavoniconvertens (SIA). Feces, urine, intestinal contents, and plasma of the rats were analyzed for daidzein, genistein, and their metabolites. Equol and 5-hydroxy-equol were found in intestinal contents, feces, and urine of SIA rats but not in the corresponding samples of the control rats. 5-Hydroxy-equol was present at much lower concentrations than equol and the main metabolite produced from genistein was the intermediate dihydrogenistein. The plasma of SIA rats contained equol but no 5-hydroxy-equol. Equol formation had no effect on plasma concentrations of the insulin-like growth factor I. The concentrations of daidzein and genistein were considerably lower in all samples of the SIA rats than in those of the control rats. Male SIA rats had higher intestinal and fecal concentrations of the isoflavones and their metabolites than female SIA rats. The observed activity in the rat model indicates that S. isoflavoniconvertens is capable of contributing in vivo to the bioactivation of daidzein and genistein by formation of equol and 5-hydroxy-equol.

Physiological levels of soy isoflavones reduce proliferation and promote apoptosis in the ERβ-positive breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231

Dietary soy, particularly the high levels consumed as part of traditional Eastern-Asian diets, may be protective against certain subtypes of breast cancer(1). This effect is partly related its high isoflavone phytoestrogen content (genistein and daidzein). However much in vitro evidence suggests a contradictory, growth promoting impact of physiological (serum) levels of isoflavones in oestrogen receptor alpha positive (ERa+) breast cancer cell lines(2). This has led to the contraindication of isoflavone supplement use in post menopausal breast cancer survivors. The inconsistency between epidemiological and in vitro evidence may relate to the relative expression levels of ERa and its counterpart ERb. Unlike in cell lines predominantly expressing ERa, the proliferation of ERb-dominant cell lines can be inhibited by concentrations of genistein as low as 1 nM(3,4). This information is relevant as the ERa - /b+ subgroup represent approximately 18% of all breast tumours(5) but the beta-receptor is not routinely tested for upon diagnosis. We assessed the impact of physiologically relevant concentrations (serum levels achievable through diet: 0.01nM to 31.6 mM) of the soy isoflavones genistein and daidzein on proliferation (MTT assay) and apoptosis with the Annexin V-Cy32 Apoptosis Detection Kit and DAPI staining/Nuclear Area Factor (NAF) calculation in the ERa - /b+ breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Low doses of genistein or daidzein (‡ 0.01 nM) inhibited MDA-MB-231 proliferation by around 20%, although this frequently failed to achieve statistical significance. The highest concentrations used (31.6 mM) resulted in a dramatic decrease in percent proliferation compared with a vehicle only control (meanSD : 48.512.6, p = 0.004 and 48.413.1, p<0.001 for genistein and daidzein respectively; n = 3). 17b-oestradiol (E2; the major circulating oestrogen) also slightly reduced proliferation at its pre- and post-menopausal serum concentrations (1nM and 1 pM respectively). This reduction in proliferation was associated with an observed increase in cell death at 10 and 31.6 mM genistein and daidzein, which was at least partly explained by an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells. While the combination of E2 and isoflavones failed to show any synergistic growth inhibitory, or pro-apoptotic effects, some inhibition of proliferation was still documented. This implies that the growth inhibitory effects of genistein, daidzein and E2 may not be regulated by the same mechanisms. However, more importantly, the apoptotic cell death observed with soy isoflavone treatment was not abrogated by the addition of physiological E2 concentrations. Overall, our data suggests that at concentrations achievable through the diet (£ 10 mM) soy isoflavones may be potentially beneficial as chemotherapeutic agents against ERa - /b+ breast cancers, through their ability to reduce proliferation and promote apoptosis, even in the presence of physiological E2 levels. Routine determination of the expression levels of ERb in addition to ERa in breast cancer would be an invaluable biomarker to indicate the potential efficacy of this cheap and readily available treatment, and indicates a possible pharmacological target. 1. Wu AH, Yu MC, Tseng CC, Pike MC (2008) Brit J Cancer 98:9–14. 2. Hwang CS, Kwak HS, Lim HJ, et al. (2006) J Steroid Biochem Mol Bio 101:246–53. 3. Rajah TT, Du N, Drews N, Cohn R (2009) Pharmacology 84:68–73. 4. Kang X, Jin S, Zhang Q (2009) J Food Sci 74:H237–H242. 5. Skliris GP, Leygue E, Watson PH, Murphy LC (2008) J Steroid Biochem Mol Bio 109:1–10.

New synthetic pyridine derivate as potential elicitor in production of isoflavonoids and flavonoids in Trifolium pratense L. suspension culture.

The production of secondary metabolites in Trifolium pratense L. suspension culture of the family of legume plants (Fabaceae) is low, and therefore there was an attempt to increase it by elicitation. New synthetic substance, 2-(2-fluoro-6-nitrobenzylsulfanyl)pyridine-4-carbothioamide, was tested as elicitor—a substance that showed the best elicitation effect after 48-hour application of 1 μmol L−1 concentration. Maximum contents of genistin (11.60 mg g−1 DW), daidzein (8.31 mg g−1 DW), and genistein (1.50 mg g−1 DW) were recorded, and the production of these isoflavonoids thus significantly increased, when compared with the control, by 152%, 151%, and 400%. The maximum content of flavonoids (5.78 mg g−1 DW) and the increase in the production by 142%, when compared with the control, were induced by 6-hour application of 100 μmol L−1 concentration. The tested substance showed to be an effective elicitor of phenylpropane metabolism.

High-power ultrasonication-assisted extraction of soybean isoflavones and effect of toasting

The effect of high-power ultrasonication (HPU) on extraction of soybean isoflavones and components, including total phenolic and DPPH radical scavenging activities (RSA) were evaluated. Isoflavones from defatted soybean flakes were extracted using a bench scale HPU system at 20 kHz and varying amplitudes (18–54 μm) for 1 and 3 min. Aqueous acetonitrile, and aqueous ethanol based solvents were evaluated for extraction at samples-to-solvent ratios of 0.1:1 and 0.2:1. The non-sonication control extraction was with mixing with magnetic stirrer for 2 h. Preliminary data indicated 1.2–1.5 times more genistein recovery at 1, and 3 min sonication compared to control, however, total phenolic decreased. The genistein recovery was lower at higher sonication levels. RSA also decreased to 40% for HPU-assisted extractions. Total isoflavones recovery in HPU-assisted extractions increased from 600 to 5813 μg/g. The concentration of major isoflavone components, genistein, daidzein, and glycitein also increased by 10-fold. HPU for 3 min reduced the average particle size of treated soy flakes from 530 μm to 60 μm. Toasting at 150 °C of defatted soy flake for longer period of time led to higher aglycone concentration in extract; however, 2 h toasting was sufficient prior to HPU-assisted extraction.

Effects of High Temperature Stress at Different Development Stages on Soybean Isoflavone and Tocopherol Concentrations

Soybean contains a range of compounds with putative health benefits including isoflavones and tocopherols. A study was conducted to determine the effects on these compounds of high temperature stress imposed at specific development stages [i.e., none, pre-emergence, vegetative, early reproductive (R1-4), late-reproductive (R5-8), or all stages]. Two cultivars (AC Proteina and OAC Champion) were grown in growth chambers set at contrasting temperatures [i.e., stress conditions of 33/25 °C (day/night temperature) and control conditions of 23/15 °C] in order to generate these treatments. Isoflavone and tocopherol concentrations in mature seeds were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. In both cultivars isoflavone response was greatest when stress occurred during the R5-8 stages and during all development stages, these treatments reducing total isoflavone concentration by an average of 85% compared to the control. Stress imposed at other stages also affected isoflavone concentration although the response was smaller. For example, stress during the vegetative stages reduced total isoflavones by 33% in OAC Champion. Stress imposed pre-emergence had an opposite effect increasing daidzein concentration by 24% in AC Proteina. Tocopherol concentrations were affected the most when stress was imposed during all stages of development, followed by stress restricted to stages R5-8; response to stress during other stages was limited. The specific response of tocopherols differed, α-tocopherol being increased by high temperature by as much as 752%, the reverse being observed for δ-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol. The present study demonstrates that while isoflavone and tocopherol concentrations in soybeans are affected the most by stress occurring during seed formation, concentrations can also be affected by stress occurring at other stages including stages as early as pre-emergence.

Effects of daidzein on steroid receptor coactivator-1 expression in MC3T3-E1 cells and the mechanism

To investigate the roles of daidzein in the expressions of steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) and nuclear receptor corepressor (NcoR) in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in α-minimal essential medium (α-MEM) containing 2% fetal bovine serum and treated with various concentrations of daidzein (10(-9), 10(-7) and 10(-5) mol/L) or 17β-estradiol at 10(-8) mol/L for 3 d. The protein levels of SRC-1 and NcoR in MC3T3-E1 cells were determined by Western blotting. Estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI182780 at 10(-7) mol/L or specific ERα antagonist methyl-piperidino-pyrazole (MPP) at 10(-6) mol/L were used to block the corresponding receptors, and then MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with daidzein at 10(-7) mol/L or 10(-5) mol/L for 3 d. SRC-1 and NcoR protein levels were detected by Western blotting. The protein levels of SRC-1 increased by 2.5 fold (P<0.05) and 2 fold (P<0.05) by 10(-7) and 10(-5) mol/L of daidzein respectively, while the NcoR levels were not significantly altered. 17β-Estradiol at dose of 10(-8) mol/L did not affect the expression of SRC-1 but decreased NcoR protein expression by 35% (P<0.05). Compared with the control, daidzein at 10(-7) and 10(-5) mol/L did not increase SRC-1 expression when ERs were blocked by antagonist ICI182780. Daidzein at 10(-7) and 10(-5) mol/L up-regulated SRC-1 by 1.8 fold (P<0.05) and 2.4 fold (P<0.05) respectively while ERα was blocked by MPP. Daidzein increases protein level of SRC-1 and the ratio of SRC-1/NcoR. ERβ, instead of ERα, participates in the action of daidzein in regulating SRC-1 expression. Up-regulation of SRC-1 and increase of SRC-1/NcoR are part of the mechanism of the estrogenic effect of daidzein in improving osteogenesis.

High serum isoflavone concentrations are associated with the risk of precocious puberty in Korean girls

The gradual decrease in the age of onset of puberty raises concerns about the contribution of phytoestrogen intake on sexual maturation. However, no data are available on the association between serum isoflavone (genistein, daidzein) concentration and central precocious puberty (CPP). The aim of the study was to test the association between serum isoflavone concentrations and the risk of CPP in Korean girls. A case-control study was conducted at Inje University Hospital in Korea. One-hundred and eight girls with CPP (aged 8·6 ± 0·8 year) and 91 age-matched controls (aged 8·5 ± 0·8 year) were examined. Serum concentrations of daidzein (P = 0·0202), genistein (P = 0·0021) and total isoflavones (P = 0·0009) were higher in children with CPP than in normal children. When the children were categorized into three groups according to total serum isoflavone as follows: <30, 30-70 and ≥70 nmol/l, serum concentrations of daidzein, genistein and total isoflavones significantly increased across three categories of serum isoflavone (P < 0·0001). The prevalence of CPP was significantly higher in children with serum isoflavone level of ≥30 nmol/l than those with serum level of <30 nmol/l (P = 0·0008). The adjusted OR for precocious puberty increased significantly across a range of total serum isoflavone (OR = 4·39; 95% CI: 1·83-10·51 vs OR = 5·22; 95% CI: 2·07-13·20; P = 0·001). These results suggest that elevated serum isoflavones may be associated with the risk of CPP in Korean girls.

Estrogenicity of outer scales of onion on uteri of immature mice.

We aimed to investigate the estrogen-like activities of the outer scales of onion and garlic on the uteri of immature mice. This work compared the estrogenic effects induced by estradiol with the effects of plant extract (onion, garlic) in models of immature mice (n= 72). The animals were divided into 6 groups, with 12 animals in each group, as follows: Group I (control group), Group II (estradiol-treated group), Group III (onion extract treated group), Group IV (onion extract treated group after blockage of estrogen receptors), Group V (garlic extract treated group), and Group VI (garlic extract treated group after blockage of estrogen receptors). Uterine wet weight/body mass ratios were determined. Uterotrophic bioassay, immunohistochemical assay for estrogen receptor and proliferative marker Ki67, uterine contractility, and serum estrogen levels were investigated. Onion extract induced proliferative changes in the uterus, it also increased the uterine mass and epithelial cell height. Also, the frequency and amplitude of myometrial contractility were significantly increased in the group treated with onion extract. This estrogenic activity could be attributed to the quercetin and daidzein content, and activation of estrogenic receptors, as these effects disappeared after blockage of E2 receptors. Our results support the possible estrogenic properties of the onion extract, which could be attributed to quercetin and daidzein, but not that of garlic extract.

유산균 발효에 의한 갈근탕의 특성변화 분석

갈근탕을 이용한 유산균 발효에 적합한 균주를 선발하기 위하여 3종의 Lactobacillus균을 이용하여 발효시킨 갈근탕의 특성을 분석해 본 결과, 발효에 의한 유기산의 생성으로 3종의 발효 갈근탕 모두 pH가 3.8 이하로 저하되었다. 또한 각 Lactobacillus들에 의한 갈근탕의 지표물질 중 하나인 isoflavone 배당체 daidzin의 비배당화 활성을 평가한 결과 L. plantarum KFRI 144균주가 89.9%의 가수분해율을 보여 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과로부터 L. plantarum KFRI 144균주는 갈근탕 약효성분의 생체이용률을 높일 수 있는 기능성 발효 갈근탕 제조의 starter 균주로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. The possible application of Lactobacillus spp. as a functional starter culture to ferment galgeuntang (GT) and to produce bioactive isoflavone (daidzein) was investigated. Lactobacillus casei KFRI 127, L. plantarum KFRI 144, L. bulgaricus KFRI 344 were used for GT fermentation. Acid development and quantification of isoflavones using high-performance liquid chromatography were performed after fermentation at 37<TEX>$^{\circ}C$</TEX> for 48 h. All the tested Lactobacillus spp. lowered pH to about 3.8 in 48 h and L. plantarum KFRI 144 exhibited 89.9% hydrolysis rate of daidzin (79.1-8.0 <TEX>${\mu}g$</TEX>/mL) during fermentation. The content of daidzein in GT fermented with L. plantarum KFRI 144 was increased by 6.6-fold (3.6-23.9 <TEX>${\mu}g/mL$</TEX>). These results demonstrate that L. plantarum KFRI 144 has potential as functional starter culture for manufacturing fermented GT with higher isoflavone bioavailability.

콩잎 품종에 따른 이화학적 특성 비교 및 콩잎 분말을 첨가한 두부 개발

본 연구에서는 품종에 따른 콩잎의 이화학적 특성을 살펴보고자, 4종류 콩잎(대원, 대풍, 황금, 서리태)을 이용하여 평가하였으며, 콩잎 분말의 활용방안을 모색하기 위해 콩잎 분말을 첨가한 두부를 개발하여 그 이용 가능성을 알아보았다. 콩잎의 이화학적 특성을 살펴본 결과, 품종별로 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 콩잎은 대부분 탄수화물로 이루어져있으며, K, Ca, Mg, Na, P, Fe 등의 무기질이 함유되어 있는데 상대적으로 칼륨 함량이 높음을 확인할 수 있었다. Isoflavone 함량은 모든 품종에서 daidzein 함량이 genistein 함량 보다 함량이 높게 나타났고 특히, 대풍콩잎에서 유의적으로 높은 함량을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 대풍콩잎 분말의 첨가량(0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3%)을 달리하여 두부를 제조하여 품질 특성을 살펴본 결과, 수율은 두부 간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 명도(L)와 적색도(a)는 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 낮아지는 경향을 보였으나 황색도(b)는 콩잎 첨가 수준이 증가할수록 점점 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 조직감 특성은 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 경도(hardness)는 대조군에 비해 콩잎을 첨가한 두부에서 높은 경향을 보였으며 이는 관능평가 결과에서도 비슷한 추이를 나타냈다. 두부의 외관, 맛, 향, 조직감에 대하여 특성 강도를 평가한 결과, 콩잎의 첨가수준이 증가할수록 대조군에 비해 고소한 맛은 덜한 반면, 두부의 색, 향, 조직감은 강하게 평가되었다. 기호도 평가에서는 콩잎을 첨가한 두부가 대조군에 비해 높게 평가되었고, 0.2% 첨가 두부에서 전반적인 기호도가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해보면 콩잎 분말 첨가는 전체적인 관능평가에 긍정적인 영향을 미치며, 특히 콩잎 분말 0.2%가 두부의 기호도를 높일 수 있을 것이라고 사료된다. 본 연구를 통하여 콩잎의 이화학적 특성은 품종에 따라 유의적인 차이가 있음을 확인하였으며 식품 소재로서의 콩잎 분말의 이용가능성 또한 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 연구 결과는 콩잎 분말의 식품학적 가치를 향상시키고 기능성 소재로서의 이용 가능성을 증진시킬 수 있는 기초자료가 될 것으로 기대되며, 나아가 기능성 식품 개발에 크게 기여할 것으로 사료된다. The objectives of this study were to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of soybean leaves in different cultivars and to develop a soybean curd prepared with soybean leave powder as a functional food. Four cultivars (Daewonkong leaf, Daepungkong leaf, Hwangguemkong leaf, and Seoritae leaf) were selected for this experiment. A significant difference was observed in the proximate composition of soybeans leaves (p<0.05). Soybean leaves had the highest content of carbohydrates. The mineral composition and isoflavone content in soybean leaves were significantly different among the cultivars (p<0.05). In particular, Daepongkong leaf had the highest content of genistein, daidzein, and total isoflavones. This study was also conducted to determine the quality characteristics of a soybean curd developed from daepongkong leaf with various concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3%) of soybean leaf powder (SLP). The soybean curd yield rate increased according to the level of SLP added, whereas the L and a color values decreased. In the sensory evaluation, intensity scores for color, after taste, leafy taste, and chewiness were highest for the 0.3% soybean curd. The soybean curd with 0.2% SLP soybean milk attained the highest overall acceptability score. These results showed that soybean leaf was preferred over soybean curd containing 0.2% soybean leaf powder.

Profiling of bioactive compounds in cultivars of Runner and Valencia peanut market-types using liquid chromatography/APCI mass spectrometry

Peanuts are classified into four market-types (Runners, Spanish, Virginia and Valencia). Studies on their phytochemical composition have focused mainly on market-types other than Valencia. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the phytochemical composition of cultivars of Valencia and Runner market-types. Extracts of 25 peanut cultivars of Runner and Valencia market-types were analysed using HPLC–DAD-MS analysis. Results showed major differences in UV profile of the market-types. A major peak with m/z 317 identified as isorhamnetin was present only in Valencia cultivars while its glycoside (isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside) having m/z 625 was identified in both market-types. Genistein, daidzein, rutin, quercetin and trans-resveratrol were also identified and quantified. Genistein and daidzein concentrations (0.03mg/100g) were similar in both market-types. trans-Resveratrol and rutin were significantly (p<0.05) higher in Runner cultivars while quercetin was 10-fold higher (0.60±0.04mg/100g) in Valencia cultivars making them a better source of this phytochemical.

Simultaneous Determination of Main Effective Constituents in Traditional Chinese Medicine Kudzuvine Root Using HPLC-DAD Coupled with Second-order Calibration Based on Alternating Trilinear Decomposition

A method for simultaneously quantifying the main effective constituents such as puerarin, daidzin and daidzein in traditional Chinese medicine kudzuvine root was developed in this paper, by using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and second- order calibration method based on alternating trilinear decomposition (ATLD) algorithm. Profiting from the application of second-order calibration method, it needs very simple chromatographic conditions. The mo- bile phase consisted of methanol (53%, φ) and water (47%, φ), which was pumped at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with 20.0 μL injection volume. The column temperature was set at 30 . ℃ The range of scanning wavelengths were 190~380 nm. The predicted contents of puerarin, daidzin and daidzein in kudzuvine root samples were (0.465±0.023), (0.553±0.015) and (0.098±0.005) mg/g, respectively and their spiked re- coveries were (101.3±3.2)%, (100.4±6.4)% and (100.1±4.9)%, respectively.

Abstract B83: Isoflavones from phytoestrogens and cervical cancer risk: A nested case-control study

Abstract Objective: The effect of soybean products in cervical cancer risk has not been investigated yet. To examine the association between soybean product intake and cervical cancer risk, we measured phytoestrogen biological markers in cervical cancer patients and non-cancer control patients. Methods: Among patients visit Ewha womans university hospital between October 2007 and October 2010, 143 cases and 143 matched controls as same age distribution were enrolled. The concentrations of the four biomarkers in the plasma samples were measured using time-resolved fluoro-immunoassay. Dose-response relationship was analyzed with restricted cubic spline method. Conditional and unconditional logistic regression models were used to compute the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: There are linear relationships between two isoflavones concentrations (daidzein, equol) and cervical cancer risk. As daidzein concentration increased by 100 nmol/L, cervical cancer risk significantly increases by 41.4%. (P=0.028) Compared with the reference group, cervical cancer risk increased significantly in higher concentration of daidzein(P=0.04), genistein(3rd and 4th quantile, P=0.03), enterolactone(3rd quantile, P=0.003). Conclusions: Serum concentrations of daidzein, genistein, and enterolactone were siginificantly associated with a increased risk for cervical cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):B83.