Cotton Content Research Articles

Single overall ‘H-shaped’ multifunctional compound achieves fire safety, durability, enhanced strength, and smoke suppression of cotton fabrics

Challenges currently faced by phosphorus-based flame retardants for cotton fabrics include reduced fabric strength after treatment, high smoke release during combustion, formaldehyde release from commercial phosphorus-based flame retardants and poor flame retardant durability after treatment. In the present work, a P/N/B synergistic flame retardant TBST is synthesized using phosphoric acid, cyanuric acid, boric acid, pentaerythritol, etc. The phosphorus‑nitrogen‑boron atomic ratio is 2:3:1, and it is successfully prepared on cotton fabric to prepare TBST/Cotton. When the weight gain rate is 29.8 %, the LOI value is 41.6 ± 0.3 %, indicating that TBST/Cotton has excellent flame retardant performance. At the same time, in the vertical flame test, the length of residual carbon is 5.6 cm. In addition, the THR and HRR are reduced by 58.4 % and 91.9 % respectively compared to Cotton, indicating that TBST/Cotton has excellent combustion performance. In addition, compared to the residual carbon content of Cotton at 710 °C, the residual carbon content of TBST/Cotton in nitrogen increased by 27.79 %. For a 30 % increase in weight, the increase in longitudinal mechanical strength is 23.1 %. Inferred the decomposition mechanism and flame retardant mechanism of TBST/Cotton. TBST/Cotton has the advantages of good flame retardant durability and enhanced mechanical properties, and the reinforcement mechanism of TBST has been speculated.

Discrimination and Quantification of Cotton and Polyester Textile Samples Using Near-Infrared and Mid-Infrared Spectroscopies.

In the textile industry, cotton and polyester (PES) are among the most used fibres to produce clothes. The correct identification and accurate composition estimate of fibres are mandatory, and environmentally friendly and precise techniques are welcome. In this context, the use of near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopies to distinguish between cotton and PES samples and further estimate the cotton content of blended samples were evaluated. Infrared spectra were acquired and modelled through diverse chemometric models: principal component analysis; partial least squares discriminant analysis; and partial least squares (PLS) regression. Both techniques (NIR and MIR) presented good potential for cotton and PES sample discrimination, although the results obtained with NIR spectroscopy were slightly better. Regarding cotton content estimates, the calibration errors of the PLS models were 3.3% and 6.5% for NIR and MIR spectroscopy, respectively. The PLS models were validated with two different sets of samples: prediction set 1, containing blended cotton + PES samples (like those used in the calibration step), and prediction set 2, containing cotton + PES + distinct fibre samples. Prediction set 2 was included to address one of the biggest known drawbacks of such chemometric models, which is the prediction of sample types that are not used in the calibration. Despite the poorer results obtained for prediction set 2, all the errors were lower than 8%, proving the suitability of the techniques for cotton content estimation. It should be stressed that the textile samples used in this work came from different geographic origins (cotton) and were of distinct presentations (raw, yarn, knitted/woven fabric), which strengthens our findings.

Effect of crop geometry and nitrogen levels on leaf chlorophyll content of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) at different growth stages under rainfed Vertisols

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2018–19 at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Lam, Gunter, Andhra Pradesh on Vertisols under rainfed conditions. To study the effect of crop geometry and nitrogen levels on compact cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Leaf chlorophyll content was measured with the Soil Plant Analysis Development meter (SPAD 502 Plus Chlorophyll Meter) at different crop growth stages. Among the various crop geometry studied, maximum chlorophyll (SPAD index) content, functional leaves per square meter and leaf area index (LAI) were recorded with close crop geometry 60 cm × 10 cm. Among nitrogen levels application of 180 kg N/ha recorded maximum chlorophyll content, functional leaves per square meter and LAI. Combined effect on crop geometry and nitrogen levels on chlorophyll content was recorded significant with closer geometry 60cm x10cm along with an application of 180kg N ha-1 at 90 days after sowing. Dry matter accumulation (kg/ha) at 30 DAS, 60 DAS, 90 DAS and at harvest was significantly affected by crop geometry and levels of nitrogen but not by their interaction.

Evaluation of Performance of Cotton Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites

This experimental study explored the impact of varying weight proportions (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) of cotton fiber reinforcement in epoxy composites on compressive strength, Charpy impact strength, and water absorption characteristics. Concurrently, the interfacial properties were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The inclusion of 15 wt.% cotton fiber notably enhanced compressive strength, displaying consistent improvement as cotton content increased until reaching 15 wt.%. Beyond this point, further increases yielded diminishing enhancements in compressive properties. EC20 demonstrated superior impact strength and energy absorption. Increased cotton concentrations improved impact properties due to the fibrous nature of cotton, enhancing energy dissipation and crack resistance within the epoxy matrix. Higher cotton content correlated with increased water absorption, aligning with cotton’s hydrophilic properties. The EC20 composite exhibited heightened water uptake and permeability, indicating the influence of elevated cotton concentrations. SEM analysis of fracture surfaces identified crucial features such as fiber pull-out, matrix cracking, interfacial debonding, and surface irregularities. These findings contribute significantly to understanding the inherent failure mechanisms in these composite materials.

Rapid quantitative analysis of cotton-polyester blended fabrics using near-infrared spectroscopy combined with CNN-LSTM

Accurate and rapid quantitative analysis of fiber content is important for blended fabric quality control and supervision. In this paper, a deep learning method based on an improved hybrid network of convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) to fast and accurate determine cotton content of cotton-polyester blended fabrics using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The cotton-polyester blended fabric samples were partitioned into training set, validation set and testing set in the ratio of 6:2:2 to develop the quantitative model of cotton content of blended fabric. Firstly, a one-dimensional CNN architecture is designed and modeled to obtain the CNN parameters and to evaluate the spectral preprocessing methods. Then, the CNN structure is modified and improved using LSTM to obtain a CNN-LSTM structure. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the validation set obtained by CNN model is 0.83%, which is 34.03% lower than that of the traditional partial least squares (PLS) model, and the RMSE of the testing set obtained by CNN model is 0.88%, which is 25.88% lower than that of the PLS model. The RMSE of the validation set obtained by CNN-LSTM model is 0.65%, which is 47.85% lower than that of the PLS model, and the RMSE of the testing set obtained by CNN-LSTM model is 0.75%, which is 36.57% lower than that of the PLS model. Compared with PLS and CNN models, the CNN-LSTM model can more accurately analyze the cotton content proportion of cotton-polyester blended fabrics, which provides a new fast and non-invasive method for the quantitative detection of fabrics.

Optimizing cotton yield through appropriate irrigation water salinity: Coordinating above- and below-ground growth and enhancing photosynthetic capacity

The employment of brackish water for irrigation holds considerable potential for addressing the shortfall of freshwater resources in arid regions. It is crucial to discern the impact of salinity on agricultural output and its mechanisms when irrigating with brackish water. Here, a two-year field experiment (2021–2022) was undertaken in Xinjiang, China to assess the effects of water salinity (0.85 g L−1, CK; 3 g L−1, S1; 5 g L−1, S2; and 8 g L−1, S3) on the growth, photosynthesis, carbon accumulation, and cotton yield under mulched drip irrigation. Results showed that, compared to CK, the S1 treatment led to increased biomass, the boll capacity of the root system (BCR), and a reduced root-to-shoot ratio (R/S). In addition, the S1 treatment enhanced the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and chlorophyll content (Chl) of cotton, enhancing the total carbon accumulation of boll (Cboll) and consequently, the seed cotton yield. However, the higher salinity treatments, S2 and S3, demonstrated a detrimental impact on these indicators. In comparison to CK, the S1 treatment showed a yield increase of 5.92% and 4.76% in the respective two years, yet the S2 and S3 treatments showed a yield decrease of 5.55–15.77% and 5.06–16.74%. The application of a structural equation model (SEM) elucidated a direct effect of photosynthetic parameters (Pn and Chl) and biomass characteristics (total biomass, R/S, and BCR) on yield. These factors also indirectly modulated seed cotton yield through the Cboll/Croot ratio. These results suggest that irrigation with brackish water of 3 g L−1 optimizes cotton production by coordinating crop growth of aboveground and underground parts. This study offers practical strategies for the cotton industry to enhance yields under brackish water irrigation.

Analysis of changes in cotton moisture under the influence of infrared (IR) radiation

Current cotton drying technology has a negative impact on product quality due to the use of high temperatures and very low energy efficiency. In the literature on the research on their elimination, information on heat generation from fuel by traditional methods and the use of drum dryers is presented, and the above problems have not been completely solved. The article presents the results of research on the possibility of reducing water vapor in cotton under the influence of infrared radiation based on functional ceramics. In this case, as a result of changing the wavelength of radiation, the full energy consumption is based on the evaporation of water in the product. As a result, it was determined that the moisture content of cotton does not have a negative effect on the quality indicators of the fiber, and the appearance of the fiber does not change. Energy efficiency is proven to be high.

Study on the mechanism of salt relief and growth promotion of Enterobacter cloacae on cotton

AimsIn-depth studies on plant ion uptake and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) at the molecular level will help to further reveal the effects of PGPR on plants and their interaction mechanisms under salt stress.MethodsCotton was inoculated with a PGPR-Enterobacter cloacae Rs-35, and the ion uptake capacity, membrane transporter protein activity, and expression of key genes were determined under salt stress. Changes in the endogenous hormone content of cotton were also determined. Further, the genome-wide metabolic pathway annotation of E. cloacae Rs-35 and its differential enrichment pathway analysis of multi-omics under salinity environments were performed.ResultsIn a pot experiment of saline-alkali soil, E. cloacae Rs-35-treated cotton significantly increased its uptake of K+ and Ca2+ and decreased uptake of Na+, elevated the activity of the H+-ATPase, and increased the sensitivity of the Na+/H+ reverse transporter protein on the vesicle membrane. Meanwhile, inoculation with E. cloacae Rs-35 could promote cotton to maintain the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content under salt stress. Genome-wide annotation showed that E. cloacae Rs-35 was respectively annotated to 31, 38, and 130 related genes in osmotic stress, phytohormone and organic acid metabolism, and ion uptake metabolic pathway. Multi-omics differences analysis showed that E. cloacae Rs-35 were enriched to tryptophan metabolism, multiple amino acid biosynthesis, carbon and glucose synthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation metabolic pathways at the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome.ConclusionE. cloacae Rs-35 can promote cotton balance cell ion concentration, stabilize intracellular IAA changes, stimulate induction of systemic tolerance, and promote the growth of cotton plants under salt stress.

Effect of Chloride Salicylic Acid Ionic Liquids on Cotton Topping and High-Temperature Resistance

Chemical topping involves using plant growth regulators to facilitate the rapid transition of cotton into reproductive growth, similar to manual topping (MT), thereby enhancing cotton yield. Despite its benefits, high-temperature stress following cotton topping often reduces cotton yield. Therefore, developing an effective formula capable of not only inhibiting cotton top growth but also alleviating high-temperature stress is of critical importance. In this study, chlormequat chloride salicylic acid ionic liquids (CSILs) were synthesized via the acid–base neutralization of salicylic acid (SA) and 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethyl ethanaminium hydroxide, obtained from the reaction between potassium hydroxide and chlormequat chloride (CCC). The resulting CSILs were characterized using various techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ultraviolet-visible light (UV-vis) spectroscopy. The characterization results confirmed the successful synthesis of CSILs as a novel water-soluble cotton-topping agent. Notably, compared with CCC treatment, CSILs at the same concentration exhibited a more sustainable and stable inhibition effect on cotton tip growth, resulting in an 11% increase in cotton yield. These findings suggest that CSILs have a greater potential for use in cotton chemical topping compared with CCC. Furthermore, compared with MT, the MDA content of cotton leaves treated with CSILs was reduced, and the activities of POD and SOD were increased under high-temperature stress. Moreover, these effects became more pronounced with an increasing CSIL concentration, highlighting the positive impact of CSILs in alleviating high-temperature stress on cotton. Notably, no significant difference in cotton yield was observed between the CSIL treatment at 120 g AI ha−1 and the MT treatment. Thus, this study underscores the significant potential of CSILs in both cotton topping and enhancing resistance to high-temperature stress.

Characterization and gasification of end-of-life banknotes rich in cotton content

Many central banks are reviewing their environmentally sustainable activities, including the disposal of end-of-life banknotes, within the scope of green finance policies aimed at reducing environmental impacts. The total amount of banknote production waste and end-of-life (non-reusable) banknotes is estimated to exceed 185.000 tons per year worldwide. End-of-life banknotes are commonly disposed of as combustion, incineration for energy recovery, and landfill. In this study, the characterization and gasification of end-of-life banknotes rich in cotton content, which are classified as lignocellulosic waste, were investigated to bring them into the economy more effectively. The proximate, calorific value, lignocellulosic, elemental, and metal analyses were performed as characterization tests. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed at six different heating rates from 5 to 30 °C. The gasification experiments were carried out in a laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor. With the gas analyzer, CO, CO2, CH4, H2, and O2 compositions as the mole fraction were determined simultaneously. The effects of temperature, particle size, and H2O/O2 ratio at the inlet intake on the experimental mole fractions were examined. The gasification main reactions that could be effective in gas composition were examined. The cotton-based banknote sample presented high levels of calorific value, C, O, H, cellulose, and lignin concentrations. The sample contained various transition metals such as Fe, Cu, Co, and Cr, which can be used as catalysts in gasification. The activation energy was calculated as 171.13 kJ/mol according to Kissinger method. In gasification experiments, the production of CO (12.11 %) and H2 (8.77 %) in a high composition was carried out.

Efficient recycle of waste poly-cotton and preparation of cellulose and polyester fibers using the system of ionic liquid and dimethyl sulfoxide

Efficient recycling of waste textiles is beneficial to the utilization of waste resources and environmental protection. In order to selectively dissolve the cotton from the waste poly-cotton fabrics, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazole chloride ([Amim]Cl)/Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethyl phosphate ([Emim]DEP)/DMSO system were used as solvents to dissolve the cotton from the waste poly-cotton fabrics. The influence of dissolved parameters, such as the mass ratio of ionic liquids (ILs) to DMSO, the size and amount of waste poly-cotton fabrics, and the dissolution temperature and time on the dissolution performance were investigated systematically in this work. The results showed that when the mass ratio of [Emim]DEP/DMSO was 5:5, the size of 1.0 × 1.0 cm, the cotton content of 1.4 wt%, the dissolved temperature of 80 °C, and the dissolved time of 60 min, the dissolution rate of cotton from the waste poly-cotton fabrics was 99.9%. The solubilization ability of the [Emim]DEP/DMSO system was higher than that of the [Amim]Cl/DMSO system for cotton, and the viscosity of the obtained cellulose solution was 0.1 Pa·s, which was more favorable for the separation of polyester from the cellulose solution. Furthermore, the degradation of regenerated cellulose obtained in [Emim]DEP/DMSO system was 5.0%, which was much lower than that of the [Amim]Cl/DMSO system. After five recycles, the dissolution rates of each time on cotton were all above 98%, which was basically the consistency with fresh [Emim]DEP/DMSO. In addition, the separated cellulose solution was used to prepare regenerated cellulose fibers by wet spinning, and polyester was used to prepare regenerated polyester fibers by melt spinning, and both of these fibers had smooth and dense surfaces. This strategy may provide a new approach to efficiently recycling waste poly-cotton fabrics.

Effect of weave structures and thread densities on the cover factor and mechanical properties of cotton spandex woven fabrics

The aim of this article is to investigate the effect of weave structures and thread densities on the cover factor and mechanical properties of cotton spandex woven fabrics. 98% cotton and 2% spandex poplin, twill, and sateen woven fabrics of different thread densities were used in this research for investigation. In this investigation, total samples of 15 types with miscellaneous textures such as plain (1/1), twill (1/4), and 7 ends sateen (1/6) were used. Yarns were assessed using microscope with its morphological views and outer shape views to confirm the existence of cotton fibers. In the microscopic observations, the outer shape of cotton yarn was seen with full of hairy fibers at the slope which guaranteed the existence of cotton content in these cellulosic fabrics. The stretching behaviors such as stretch, growth and recovery were measured in agreement with the test method provided by ASTM D3107 Standard along with apposite equations as mentioned underneath the paper. Using weave coefficient, the values of cover factors were measured with suitable equations. The fabrics of plain weave exposed the highest values of cover factors due to having higher interlacement points than any other weave structures conducted in this research. The fabrics of sateen weave exposed excellent mechanical properties with its stretch, growth and recovery values due to having fewer binding points in its repeat size, than any other weave structures carried out in this research. This research is practice based and it opens possible ways for the scholars to further study in this field.

Study on the effect of cotton fiber temperature on cleaning effects

This article presents the results of research on increasing the cleaning efficiency of cotton by heating. As a result, the cleaning efficiency decreased with increasing equipment productivity. However, in the IV-industrial variety with high moisture content of cotton, the temperature of the cotton fiber was 30 when the working productivity increased to 6000 kg/h. Cleaning efficiency at 32°S was found to have reached 45.3%, indicating that the air temperature was 110 which corresponds to 130°S.

Garment ageing in a laundry care process under household‐like conditions

AbstractThis study reflects typical consumer textile washing behaviour while taking into account existing standards in the household appliance and garment industries. Two garments were washed repeatedly with artificial dirt and detergent 30 times. The collected washing water was separated using fractional filtration. Textile physical tests were used to follow property changes of the garments, the microplastic release is determined using thermoextraction/desorbtion–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and the total organic carbon was measured as a sum parameter for the organic bonded carbon. This article shows the importance of a reality‐based approach when investigating microplastics of textile origin in the laundry care process. Deposits of detergent and dirt on the textiles were detected. The total mass of sieve residues was much higher than the release of synthetic polymers. The cotton content of the garments causes a much higher fibre release than synthetic fibres. Both will lead to false results by purely gravimetric analysis because nonpolymer fibres will be included microplastic mass. The results cannot be generalised only by the main polymer type, knowledge of the textile construction must be included for final evaluation.

A Study on the Estimation Model of Hyperspectral Reflectivity and Leaf Nitrogen Content of Cotton Leaves

A Study on the Estimation Model of Hyperspectral Reflectivity and Leaf Nitrogen Content of Cotton Leaves

Impact of variability of cotton gin trash on the properties of powders prepared from distinct mechanical approaches

Cotton gin trash (CGT), a large quantity by-product of cotton ginning process can differ in its contents among different seasons, cotton harvesting methods and ginning processes, due to its complex mixture. Finding a sustainable and constant powder fabrication method across different variety of CGT is important for practical application of CGT powder. However, the impact of variability of CGT and the powder preparation methods on the properties of CGT powder have not been addressed in the literature so far. In this study, achieving micro-sized powder from CGT was targeted and difference in the particle size and properties of the prepared powders were investigated in relation to their fractional content across different batches and drying techniques. This will facilitate choosing the right method to reach desired particle size and properties of CGT for a targeted application. Three different batches of CGT were collected from New South Wales, Australia, across three different years (2017, 2018, and 2022). The micro-sized CGT powders were then fabricated through mechanical milling and using two different methods: spray drying and ring grinding. A wide range of micro-sized particles (4.9–92.6 μm) was achievable from CGT by varying the milling time and drying method. Though the cotton fibre content affected particle size of the milled slurry, its impact was found minor when the milled slurry was converted into dried CGT powder. The powder morphology and chemical structure of CGT powder from different batches were not significantly different though the crystallinity index was found higher for the samples with higher amount of cotton fibres. The thermal stability of powders was mainly affected by milling time, drying technique, and fibre content though the impact was minimal. The moisture absorption of the CGT powder was found higher for ring ground powders, which was further improved by lower cotton content. Overall, this study provides an applicable and sustainable powder production method which could be used to optimise milling times, and drying techniques across different CGT sources to obtain required particle size for utilisation of CGT, such as composite reinforcement. • Reporting a sustainable and constant cotton gin trash (CGT) powder fabrication method. • A wide range of micro-sized CGT particles (4.9–92.6 μm) was produced. • Drying method was found more impactful on CGT powder size rather than CGT variability.

Study of Virtual Land Measurement and Influencing Factors of Cotton Trade in China

Based on China’s current cotton industry development situation, cotton trade scale and cotton trading partner countries, the researchers measure and analyze the total import and export volume of cotton on the virtual land between 1980 and 2021, calculate the virtual land content of cotton imported and exported to China from these countries based on their respective cotton yield per area, analyze the reasons for the net import of virtual land in China’s cotton trade and use Multiple Linear Regression on Stata to discuss the factors that influence the net import of virtual land in China’s cotton trade. The research results find out that China is the net importer of virtual land in the cotton trade and the trade is highly geographically concentrated. Domestic supply meeting demand tends to be the cotton consumption trend, and the net import of cotton virtual land is affected by both external and internal factors. Finally, the researchers suggest that China should promote the diversity of cotton import in the context of securing cotton import, raise global cotton trade efficiency through establishing standardized cotton tariffs, accelerate multilateral free trade, build premium global cotton value chain, establish friendly international relations, actively implement the cotton “go global” strategy and stimulate domestic market liberalization.

Visible and near-infrared spectroscopy and deep learning application for the qualitative and quantitative investigation of nitrogen status in cotton leaves.

Leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC) is a critical indicator of crop nutrient status. In this study, the feasibility of using visible and near-infrared spectroscopy combined with deep learning to estimate LNC in cotton leaves was explored. The samples were collected from cotton's whole growth cycle, and the spectra were from different measurement environments. The random frog (RF), weighted partial least squares regression (WPLS), and saliency map were used for characteristic wavelength selection. Qualitative models (partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), support vector machine for classification (SVC), convolutional neural network classification (CNNC) and quantitative models (partial least squares regression (PLSR), support vector machine for regression (SVR), convolutional neural network regression (CNNR)) were established based on the full spectra and characteristic wavelengths. Satisfactory results were obtained by models based on CNN. The classification accuracy of leaves in three different LNC ranges was up to 83.34%, and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of quantitative prediction models of cotton leaves was as low as 3.36. In addition, the identification of cotton leaves based on the predicted LNC also achieved good results. These results indicated that the nitrogen content of cotton leaves could be effectively detected by deep learning and visible and near-infrared spectroscopy, which has great potential for real-world application.

Rational biochar application rate for cotton nutrient content, growth, yields, productivity, and economic benefits under film-mulched trickle irrigation

Biochar application to soils has been proven to be an efficient way for yield enhancement in agricultural systems. However, what is the most economical biochar application rate (BCAR) for cotton in saline-alkali soils in arid and semi-arid zones remains unclear. To narrow the gap, this study aims to investigate how biochar application affected the nutrient content, growth, yield, quality, and productivity of cotton, and to find the rational BCAR. The three-year field experiments of biochar application combined with plastic film mulched drip irrigation were conducted for cotton in Xinjiang, China. The biochar was continuously applied to the farmland at 0 (in 2018)+ 0 (in 2019)+ 0 (in 2020), 10 + 10 + 10, NT (no test)+ 25 + 25, 50 + 50 + 30, and 100 + 100 +NT t ha−1 during cotton growth period of 2018–2020. The cotton growth, yield, and quality indicators were observed and used for computing water-fertilizer productivity. The cost-benefit analysis was referred to recommend a rational BCAR. All four biochar application treatments increased the leaf/stem/root nutrient (N, P, and K) content than control during different cotton growth stages. The daily relative content of chlorophyll increased with the increasing BCAR and were larger at biochar treatments of 50 and 100 t ha−1 than 0, 10, and 25 t ha−1. The growth and yield-related indicators (plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index and seed yield), irrigation water productivity, and partial fertilizer (N, P, and K) productivity consistently increased than control under biochar application conditions, and the BCAR of 10 t ha−1 showed the greatest advantages in enhancing germination rates, cotton yields, water-fertilizer productivities, and financial income than biochar treatments of 0, 25, 50 and 100 t ha−1. However, neither cotton fiber quality indices (length, Micronaire, strength or uniformity index) were significantly affected by biochar applications. Based on the economic analysis, the rational BCAR was 10 t ha−1 each year (continued for three years) for cotton planting, which was a best dose that could be applied to arid zones and have not been reported before.

STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF COTTON DRYING IN A CLUSTER SYSTEM

In the article, experiments were carried out on raw cotton varieties of the An 37 and Namangan 77 breeding to analyze the operating mode and technological processes of tower drying equipment in the technological process of drying raw cotton at the cotton ginning enterprise Bahodyr Logon LLC. LLC Textile. From the obtained results, the amount of moisture removal from the cotton content of the equipment, the time of splitting of cotton, the amount of consumption for evaporation of 1 kg of moisture from the equipment, and the results of the analysis are presented.