Contention In China Research Articles

Legal Perspective on the Risk of Copyright Infringement by AI-Generated Contents in China

Legal Perspective on the Risk of Copyright Infringement by AI-Generated Contents in China

Value-driven Contention in China: Forms, Tactics and State Responses

Abstract This research challenges the conventional wisdom that value-driven protests in China are exceedingly rare and face harsh state repression. Drawing on a hand-coded, multi-source dataset of over 3,100 protests in three Chinese megacities from 2014 to 2016, we identify 67 protests that reveal a hitherto unknown underbelly of everyday, value-driven contention. Qualitatively, we identify three main forms of contentious performances. Quantitatively, we show how value-driven protesters combine non-disruptive tactics with ambitious targets and virtually never extract concessions. Surprisingly, we find that such protests are less often policed and repressed than other protests. They are also never met with violence from non-state actors. We provide three interpretations for the counter-intuitive finding on repression. This study shows that the Chinese state coexists with a non-negligible amount of explicitly regime-critical contention. It adopts a containment strategy, tolerating a certain extent of value-driven performances when the risk of spill-over into wider society is limited.

Iodine nutrition status of children 3-13 years of age in areas with high groundwater iodine content in China

BackgroundAdequate iodine status is crucial for children's health and normal development. However, there is a paucity of research on the iodine status of children from areas with high groundwater iodine content. ObjectivesTo monitor the iodine status of children in Shandong, China (regions primarily characterized by high iodine concentrations in groundwater) and to describe the factors influencing children's iodine status. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from 2013 to 2023 on 3,253 children aged 3-13 years. We collected drinking water, spot urine, and 24-hour urine samples from children to assess their iodine status (measuring drinking water iodine concentration (WIC), water iodine intake (WII), urine iodine concentration (UIC), 24-hour urine iodine excretion (24-h UIE), daily iodine intake (DII), etc.), and analyzed influencing factors. ResultsThe median WIC for children was 183 (IQR: 70.2, 362) μg/L, and the median spot UIC was 428 (IQR: 194, 737) μg/L, surpassing the WHO cutoff (300 μg/L). Children at risk of iodine excess numbered 1750 (61.8%). Approximately 61% of iodine intake came from drinking water. Boys had significantly higher iodine intake than girls (P < 0.001). Children's age showed positive correlations with spot UIC, 24-h UIC, and 24-h UIE. There were no significant differences in 24-h UIC and 24-h UIE among children with different BMIs. The logistic regression model revealed that the risk of iodine excess was increased by boy gender, increment in age (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.08), and every 10 μg (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.04) or 50 μg (OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.22) increment in WII. ConclusionChildren in areas with high groundwater iodine content are at a risk of iodine excess. As age increases, the risk of iodine excess in children rises, with boys at a higher risk than girls.

An Analysis of Elementary Musical Creativity Contents in China

This study aims to examine and analyse the musical creativity content of elementary school music textbooks in China through qualitative document analysis. The selected materials are textbooks published by the People's Music Publishing House and People's Education Press for Grade 5 and 6 students. The frequency and percentage of musical creativity contents were recorded, and the corresponding musical elements and mediums were analysed. The results showed that the musical elements with the highest frequency are rhythm and melody, while the musical mediums with the highest frequency are vocal, body, instrument, and notation.

Multivariate Validation at Multistation of Distributed Watershed Hydrological Modeling Based on Multisource Data on Chinese Loess Plateau

Earlier, hydrological simulation calibration and validation relied on flow observations at hydrological stations, but multisource observations changed the basin hydrological simulation from single-flow validation to multivariate validation, including evaporation, soil water, and runoff. This study used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) distributed hydrological model to simulate and investigate hydrological processes in the Jinghe River Basin in China. After a single-station, single-variable calibration using flow observation data at the Zhangjiashan Hydrological Station, multisource data were used to validate actual evaporation, soil water, and runoff. Using the flow station data from Zhangjiashan station for parameter calibration and validation, the simulated values of R2, NSE, and KGE were all above 0.64, the PBIAS was within 20%, and the values of all the metrics in the calibration period were better than those in the validation period. The results show that the model performed satisfactorily, proving its regional applicability. Qingyang, Yangjiaping, and Zhangjiazhan stations had R2, NSE, and KGE values above 0.57 and PBIAS within 25% during regional calibration, considering spatial variability. Additionally, simulation accuracy downstream increased. R2, NSE, and KGE were above 0.50, and PBIAS was within 25% throughout validation, except for Qingyang, where the validation period was better than the calibration period. The Zhangjiashan station monthly runoff simulation improved after regional calibration. Runoff validation performed highest in the multivariate validation of evaporation–soil water–runoff, followed by actual evaporation and soil water content in China. The evaluation results for each hydrological variable improved after additional manual calibration. Multivariate verification based on multisource data improved the hydrological simulation at the basin scale.

Beauty ideals and body positivity: a qualitative investigation of young women's perspectives on social media content in China.

Much of the existing knowledge regarding the impact of beauty ideals and body positive social media content on women's body image is based on the Western cultural context. This limits our understanding of the issue in other cultures, such as China, among others. Therefore, to address this gap, this study examined young Chinese women's perspectives on beauty ideals and body positivity in social media through a qualitative investigation. Female university students in China (N = 24) participated in individual interviews. A thematic analysis revealed four primary themes: (1) characteristics of mainstream beauty ideals in Chinese social media; (2) impact of beauty ideals on young women; (3) perspectives on the content and roles of body positivity; (4) influences of body positive social media content on young women. These findings indicate that young Chinese women are aware of the beauty ideals in social media and their negative impact on their body image. Furthermore, young Chinese women generally expressed a favorable outlook on body positivity but noted its limitations.

A Study on the Impact of Hallyu (Korean Wave) on Korea’s Consumer Goods Exports to China: Panel Analysis Using Big Data and Provincial-Level Data

This study empirically analyzes how the Hallyu (Korean Wave) phenomenon affects Korea’s consumer goods exports to China using Chinese provincial-level panel data covering the period from 2011 to 2020. This paper adopts Baidu Index big data with the keywords “Korean drama”, “Korean movie”, “Korean music”, and “Korean entertainment” as proxy variables for Hallyu. The paper investigates the impact of Hallyu on Korean consumer goods exports by subdividing consumer goods into seven processing steps. In addition to the effect of the composite Hallyu index, the effect of each Hallyu content is also examined. Moreover, this study also investigates the impact of the political issue of the deployment of the THAAD American anti-ballistic missile defense system by dividing the period from 2011 to 2020 into before and after 2016. An export equation that includes income level, the Hallyu index, as well as other variables recognized as factors affecting Korea’s exports in existing studies, is used. Several interesting conclusions have been reached. First, Hallyu in China has a significant impact on Korea’s exports of non-durable consumer goods and processed household food and beverages to China. Second, the political issue of the deployment of THAAD has a negative impact on Korea’s exports of consumer goods to China. Third, among the four types of Hallyu content, dramas, as the most popular content in China, have the greatest influence on Korea’s exports of consumer goods to China.

Content of medicine prescription and clinical practice training for haematology advanced practice nurses in China: A modified Delphi study

AimTo explore the scope and form of prescriptions for blood and hematopoietic drugs that future advanced practice nurses (APNs) in the Department of Haematology and to establish a medicine prescription training content in China. BackgroundBecause the increasing number of doctors cannot meet the increasing demand for medical care with the population growth, many countries have begun to explore the medical team structure and practice areas, among which nurse prescribing rights have been the most effective. However, China's higher nursing education system still lacks education and training on nurse prescription. DesignOn the basis of literature research and semi-structured interviews, a set of nursing prescription content, education, training and practice system suitable for Chinese nurses was jointly created. MethodsTwo rounds of expert consultation between 23 haematology nursing experts and clinical experts determined the training content of blood system drugs and medicine prescriptions. Additionally, on the basis of the 23 experts，13 experts engaged in clinical and education, teaching and training experts were involved. Two rounds of expert consultation with 36 experts identified a general clinical practice training program for advanced practice nurses in China. ResultsRegarding contents and forms of hematopoietic drugs, the study concluded that advanced practice nurses in haematology department can prescribe anti-anemia drugs, anti-coagulant drugs and anti-thrombotic drugs in 2 categories and 16 drugs. Of these, four kinds of drugs should be prescribed in the form of protocol prescription. One kind of drug should be prescribed in the form of extended prescription and 11 drugs should be prescribed in the form of independent/extended or agreed/extended prescription. Regarding training content, the study obtained the training content of nurses' medicine prescriptions in eight clinical circumstances and the medicine prescription training content for common diseases of the blood system. The required specifications and the medicine prescription decision skills of nurses were sorted out according to different prescription types. ConclusionsThe degrees of expert authority were both higher in consultations. Moreover, the results after consultation were reliable. It was recommended that haematology APNs could prescribe anti-anaemic drugs and anti-coagulation and anti-thrombotic drugs. Furthermore, most drugs should be prescribed in the form of independent/extended or agreed/extended prescriptions. The establishment of a medicine prescription training content for haematology APNs is expected to provide a reference for clinical practice education and training for drug prescriptive authority applicants for blood and hematopoietic system nurses in China.

A Dataset of Young People’s Perception on Dissemination of Government Propaganda and Socialist Culture Content in China

A Dataset of Young People’s Perception on Dissemination of Government Propaganda and Socialist Culture Content in China

Analysis of the Evolution of the Policy of Linking the Increase and Decrease in Urban and Rural Construction Land in China Based on the Content Analysis Method

The policy of linking the increase and decrease in urban and rural construction land is a land policy that gradually forms and develops to solve the contradiction between “food and construction” under the background of urbanization in China. It is of great significance to the sustainable development of China’s social economy. In order to grasp the evolution of the policy of linking the increase and decrease in urban and rural construction land in China as a whole, this paper used the content analysis method to analyze the changes in the content of China’s urban−rural construction land increase/decrease linkage policy from different perspectives, such as the levels of policy promulgation and the types of policy promulgation. Firstly, 105 directly related policy texts were selected from a large amount of policy information and read in detail with this as a sample, and 11 keywords were extracted, which were “balance of occupation and compensation”, “clear property rights”, “reasonable planning”, “project area”, “turnover indicators”, “linkage procedure”, “voluntary principle”, “resettlement compensation”, “cultivated land protection”, “supervision and management”, and “capital finance and taxation”. Secondly, the policy text was coded to provide quantitative data on policy development. Finally, the trajectory of policy development was analyzed on the basis of the quantitative data on policy development. The results show that the existing policies were mostly issued in the form of notifications, management measures, implementation plans, working rules, and so on, involving the nature, principles, conditions, methods, procedures, capital finance and taxation, and circulation indicators of the linkage between the increase and decrease, but the policy effectiveness is low, and there is a lack of formal laws and regulations. Improving the legal status of the policy, changing the relationship between the government and the market, strengthening the protection of cultivated land, and reconstructing the income distribution mechanism will help to further improve the policy of linking the increase and decrease in urban and rural construction land.

Characterization of nutritional components of foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv) cv. Jingu 21 cultivated in soil with different nutrient contents in China

Foxtail millet, one of the earliest cultivated crops in the world, regarded as important food in Africa and Asia due to its high nutritional value. Cultivation locations could affect the yield of foxtail millet, but its effects on nutrient contents is unclear. In this study, soil samples were collected from eight locations in Shanxi province, China, and the relationship between soil nutrients and nutritional contents (i.e., essential amino acids, minerals and α-tocopherol contents) of millet was investigated. The results demonstrated that higher soil N and P in soil resulted in higher contents of threonine (210–687 mg/100 g), valine (426–579 mg/100 g), leucine (999–1522 mg/100 g), isoleucine (416–618 mg/100 g), phenylalanine (542–753 mg/100 g), and α-tocopherol (3.30–10.6 mg/100 g) in millet, while soil nutrients did not significantly affect Mg contents. Based on principal component analysis (PCA), millet form eight locations could be separated into three clusters according to soil nutrients and millet nutritional contents. Interestingly, the PCA clusters closely correlated with the geographical features of the cultivation locations. This study expands the knowledge on the roles of soil N, P, K in improving the nutritional contents of millet and provides information on choosing suitable soil conditions for cultivation management of millet to enhance its nutritional quality.

Enhancing soil carbon and nitrogen through grassland conversion from degraded croplands in China: Assessing magnitudes and identifying key drivers of phosphorus reduction

Agricultural intensification has resulted in severe degradation of croplands in China. While the conversion of degraded croplands to grasslands has been proposed as a potential solution, the effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrients remain uncertain due to the complex interactions between plant growth and nutrient cycling. To identify key drivers and evaluate general patterns, a meta-analysis of 204 studies was conducted to evaluate changes in SOC, soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and soil enzyme activities in the 0–40 cm soil layer following grassland conversion across China. Our results showed that grassland conversion increased SOC (16 %), total N (TN, 12 %), available N (AN, 7 %), microbial biomass C (MBC, 48 %), microbial biomass N (MBN, 39 %), and the activities of urease (38 %) and phosphatase (64 %). However, the conversion decreased soil pH (−1 %) and available P content (AP, −26 %). The reduction in AP could be attributed to the restored grasslands absorbing more AP for growth. The duration of conversion was a major factor influencing changes in SOC, TN, and urease activities. Furthermore, mean annual precipitation had a significant impact on soil pH, TP, AP, MBC, and phosphatase activities. Our findings suggest that converting degraded croplands to grasslands can improve soil C and N content in China; however, these findings should be interpreted in the context of the entire recovery process. Further research and mitigation measures, such as the addition of soil P sources, may be required to address this decline in AP.

Culture Shock of the Covid-19 on TikTok: Users Taste Shift for Video Content in China

The Covid-19 pandemic has had a global impact and served as an economic and cultural shock. In 2022, Shanghai was in an entire lockdown for two months due to quarantine policies adopted by China to prevent the pandemic from spreading. During this period, social media became a crucial part of peoples lives, used for communication, entertainment, and receiving news. This article investigates the post-pandemic effect of Covid-19 on social media by conducting a study using customized surveys to examine users preference shift of video content on TikTok, Chinas most popular short-video social platform. The study found a correlation between TikTok users preference shift for short video content and the Covid-19 pandemic in China. The participants were divided into social groups based on age, gender, and occupation, but the study did not find any significant differences in their responses to this correlation. There were high shifts in taste for video content related to the Covid-19 pandemic, such as health news and indoor exercise. The study shows that shifts in the purpose of using social media are significant when experiencing a cultural shock. Users often respond to cultural shock by switching to certain types of video content. Future scholars studying media psychology and exploring the elements that shift consumers gratification and purposes of using social media can benefit from this article.

Impact of long-term fencing measures on soil physicochemical and stoichiometry characteristics of desert steppe in alpine regions

The effects of different enclosure years on soil physicochemical properties provide scientific basis for soil fertility evaluation and ecological restoration. However, the details on the effects of long-term fencing measures on soil physicochemical properties in alpine regions are still lacking. The soil physicochemical properties, soil nutrient content, and stoichiometric characteristics of desert grassland were examined in the desert steppe of northern Tibetan Plateau, where grazing exclusion using fences has been implemented. This study included conducting experiments on different soil layers during different duration (10, 11, and 12 years) of grazing exclusion using fences; natural plots with no grazing exclusion were used as a control variable. Results showed that several soil physicochemical indexes, such as soil organic matter, soil water content, soil capillary porosity, soil non-capillary porosity, and soil capillary water capacity, in plots under the fencing measures were higher than those in the natural plots. The soil bulk density of the 12- and 11-year grazing exclusion plots was lower than that of the natural plots. The clay content of the 10- and 12-year grazing exclusion plots was higher than that of the natural plots, and the sand content was lower than that of the natural plots. The soil nutrient content was especially low with less than the average level of soil nutrient content in China. The stoichiometric C/N, C/P, N/P, and C/K ratios were 10.28–16.39, 2.74–16.69, 0.24–1.53, and 0.27–0.82, respectively. This result indicates that the degree of organic carbon mineralization was relatively high, and there existed a certain N limitation in the study area. The implementation of enclosure is conducive to the accumulation of C and N. The results provide support for elucidating the physicochemical characteristics, soil nutrients, and nutrient cycling of desert steppe in the northern Tibetan Plateau and for the study of the allotted time of fencing project in the alpine region.

Evolution of Economic Education Content in China's Middle School Curriculum

Evolution of Economic Education Content in China's Middle School Curriculum

Climate Variations in the Low-Latitude Plateau Contribute to Different Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) Yields and Sugar Contents in China.

In China, the main sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) planting areas can be found in the low-latitude plateau (21° N-25° N, 97° E-106° E), which has most of the natural ecological types. However, there is limited information on the climate conditions of this region and their influence on sugarcane yield and sucrose content. Monthly variations in the main climate factors, namely, average air temperature (AAT), average relative humidity (ARH), average rainfall amount (ARA), and average sunshine duration (ASD), from 2000 to 2019 and sugarcane yield and sucrose content of 26 major sugarcane-producing areas from 2001/2002 to 2018/2019 were collected from the low-latitude plateau in Yunnan for studying the impact of climate variations on sugarcane yield and sucrose content. The results showed that AAT in the mid-growth season had a significant positive correlation with sucrose content (p < 0.05), and AAT in the late-growth season had a very significant positive correlation with sucrose content (p < 0.01). ARH in the mid-growth season had a significant positive correlation with sugarcane yield (p < 0.05). ARA in the early-growth season showed a significant positive correlation with sugarcane yield (p < 0.05). ASD in the late-growth season had a significant positive correlation with sugarcane yield (p < 0.05) and sucrose content (p < 0.01). The rainy and humid sugarcane areas were characterized by high ARA and ARH during the entire growth period, low AAT and ASD in the mid-growth season, and low AAT in the late-growth season, contributing to a high sugarcane yield, but not a high sucrose content. The low temperature and sunshine semi-humid sugarcane areas were characterized by the lowest AAT in the early and middle stages of sugarcane growth, less ASD in the early and middle stages, and less ARA in the early and late stages, which are unfavorable for sugarcane yield and sucrose content. The high temperature and humidity sugarcane areas were characterized by higher AAT and ARA, and moderate ASD during the entire growth period, resulting in good sugarcane growth potential and contributing to the sugarcane yield and sucrose content. The semi-humid and multi-sunshine sugarcane areas were characterized by the lowest ARH in the entire growth period, the lowest ARA in the middle and late seasons, and the longest ASD, contributing to an increase in sucrose content. The humid and sunny areas were characterized by the longest ASD and high ARH in the early and late seasons of sugarcane growth and moderate AAT and ARA during the entire growth season, which are beneficial for high sugarcane yield and sucrose content. Overall, these findings suggest that the sugarcane variety layout should be based on the climate type (of which there are five in the plateau), and corresponding cultivation practices should be used to compensate for the climatic conditions in various growth stages.

Sodium content targets for pre-packaged foods, China: a quantitative study and proposal.

To determine the contribution of pre-packaged foods to population sodium intake in China, and to propose sodium content targets for food subcategories used for the World Health Organization's (WHO's) global sodium benchmarks. The impact of four different approaches to reducing the sodium content of pre-packaged foods on population sodium intake was estimated using data from national databases covering the nutrient content and ingredients of 51 803 food products and food consumption by 15 670 Chinese adults. We recategorized food products using a food categorization framework developed for WHO's global sodium benchmarks and adapted for China-specific foods. Pre-packaged foods, including condiments, contributed 1302.5mg/day of sodium intake per adult in 2021, accounting for 30.1% of population sodium intake in China. Setting maximum sodium content levels using a 90th-percentile target would reduce sodium intake from pre-packaged foods by 96.2mg/day, corresponding to a 1.9% reduction in population intake. Using the 75th-percentile, a fixed 20% reduction and WHO benchmark targets would further reduce intake by 262.0mg/day (5.2% population intake), 302.8mg/day (6.0% population intake) and 701.2mg/day per person (13.9% population intake), respectively. Maximum sodium content levels based on revised 20% reduction targets were proposed because they should result in substantial and acceptable reductions in sodium content for most food subcategories: overall sodium intake would decline by 305.0mg/day per person, and population intake by 6.1%. This study provides the scientific rationale for government policy on setting targets for food sodium content in China. Simultaneous action on discretionary salt use should also be taken.

Optimizing lucerne (Medicago sativa) termination on the Loess Plateau, China: a comparative analysis of conventional tillage and herbicide treatments

IntroductionLucerne (Medicago sativa L.) is a crucial component in agricultural rotation systems due to its ability to enhance soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents. In China, conventional tillage (CT) is commonly used for lucerne termination, leading to soil structure degradation and C and N losses. While herbicide application has been suggested for lucerne termination in the United States and EU, its impact on lucerne growth suppression and soil C and N contents in China remains uncertain.MethodsIn this study, we examined the effects of herbicide type [glyphosate and 2,4-D (G + 2), glyphosate and dicamba (G + D), 2,4-D and dicamba (2 + D), with water (W) and CT as controls] and concentration (100, 200, 300%) on various lucerne and soil properties.Results and DiscussionOur findings revealed that G + 2 and 2 + D treatments significantly reduced the regreening rate, and the recommended herbicide concentration (100%) was sufficient for lucerne termination. CT and W treatments resulted in a higher soil pH compared to herbicide treatments. Moreover, herbicide treatments exhibited higher soil organic C (SOC) and total N (TN) levels than the CT treatment. The 2 + D treatment demonstrated a higher SOC content compared to the G + 2 treatment, while the 200 and 300% herbicide concentrations reduced SOC and TN levels. The G + 2 treatment had the highest soil ammonium nitrogen content (7.94 ± 1.45 mg kg−1), while the CT treatment showed the lowest (6.46 ± 1.54 mg kg−1). In conclusion, our study suggests that applying the recommended herbicide dosage (100%) effectively terminates lucerne grassland on the Loess Plateau of China without negatively impacting soil C and N storage. Finally, it is important to acknowledge that one-year trials at a single site have inherent limitations, and the findings should be considered cautiously when informing policy decisions.

“Refusing appearance anxiety”: A content analysis of body positive posts on Chinese social media

“Body positivity” is a global movement trending on social media. It aims to challenge predominant appearance ideals in media and encourage women to accept and appreciate all bodies regardless of appearance. In Western contexts, an increasing number of research has explored the potential of body positive social media to benefit young women’s body image. However, similar research in China is lacking. This study aimed to explore the content of body positivity posts on Chinese social media. Eight hundred eighty-eight posts from Xiaohongshu (one of China’s most popular social media platforms) were coded for positive body image themes, physical appearance-related attributes, and self-compassion themes. The results showed that these posts depicted diverse body sizes and appearances. Additionally, while over 40% of the posts conveyed appearance-focused messages, most contained positive body image themes, and nearly half contained self-compassion themes. The study clarified the content of body positivity posts on Chinese social media and provides theoretical support for future research on body positivity in social media content in China.

The Controls of Laminae on Lacustrine Shale Oil Content in China: A Review from Generation, Retention, and Storage

The successful development of shale oil in China has claimed that laminated shale is a favorable lithofacies for the effective extraction of petroleum. Clarifying the role of laminae in shale oil generation, migration, storage, and enrichment is urgent and important. Starting from the describing and classifying of the lamina, the common methods and terms used to delineate lamina types are briefly summarized. The results of different schemes are often mutually inclusive, which prompted scholars to work towards a unified division scheme. The influencing factors of oil retention in shale systems, including organic matter (OM) type, total organic carbon (TOC) content, OM maturity, mineral composition, pore structure, and preservation conditions, are systematically discussed. Subsequently, comparative work on source rock quality, reservoir properties, and hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of shales with different laminar structures is carried out. The comparison results of shale with different rock structures reveal that the laminated shale has a high expulsion efficiency. However, the strong oil generation capacity and superior storage space of laminated shale synergistically control the considerable amount of retained oil in the shale system. Especially the oil mobility of laminated shale is also considered because of great pore size and pore connectivity. The fine evaluation of laminar structure and prediction of laminar distribution has great significance for the selection of shale oil “sweet spot area” or “sweet spot interval”.