Bone Content Research Articles

Calcium-Deficit Diet Improves Iron Content in Ovariectomized Rats

In women, menopause is associated with disorders related to calcium and iron content, which may increase the risk of osteoporosis. This study aimed to determine the effect of calcium deficiency on the iron content in ovariectomized rats. This study included 30 3-month-old female rats, which were divided into three groups: group C (n = 10)—control group fed the standard diet; group O—ovariectomized rats fed the standard diet; and group D—ovariectomized rats fed the calcium-deficit diet. After 3 months of experimental intervention, the weight of the rats was measured, and blood and tissue samples were collected. Morphological parameters were analyzed in whole blood, and serum levels of leptin, estrogen and C-reactive protein, and total antioxidant status were determined. The iron content was measured in tissues, and histological analysis was performed in the femur. The results obtained demonstrated that ovariectomy significantly decreased the iron content in bones, hair, spleen, liver, and kidneys. The calcium-deficit diet increased the iron content in tissues and the hemoglobin level in ovariectomized rats and also enhanced the number of osteoblasts in bones compared with the O group. In conclusion, calcium deficiency improved the iron content in ovariectomized rats in this 12-week study.

Estimation of body and carcass composition of crossbred growing bulls from 11th rib dissection

Precise methods for measuring livestock body and carcass composition are essential for both animal and meat scientists. The aim of this study was to calibrate the 11th rib cut dissection method for the estimation of crossbred beef-on-dairy bull empty body (EB) and carcass compositions against reference tissue and chemical postmortem measurements. Sixty-six (66) crossbred bulls from Angus, Limousin and Simmental sires (n = 22 each) crossed on Brown Swiss dams were serially slaughtered along growth from 58 to 534 kg BW. The muscle, adipose tissue and bone contents of the left 11th rib were determined by physical dissection. Linear regressions followed by leave-one-out-cross-validation were tested between rib dissection variates (with or without additional ones: BW or carcass weight, carcass grading or postmortem linear measurements) and reference EB or carcass chemical (water, lipids, proteins, minerals and energy) and tissue (muscles, adipose tissues and bones, only for final slaughter group of 514 ± 12 kg BW, n = 30) compositions. When all bulls are considered (serial slaughter group, n = 66), the inclusion of rib dissection variate together with BW or hot carcass weight allowed precise estimations of EB and carcass masses and proportions of water [R2 ≥ 0.91, residual CV (rCV) ≤ 3.1%], lipid (R2 ≥ 0.88, rCV ≤ 14.0%), protein (R2 ≥ 0.23, rCV ≤ 3.7%) and energy (R2 ≥ 0.89, rCV ≤ 7.7%). Slight further improvements in precision were achieved when carcass grading conformation or fat scores was added to the multiple estimative regressions. Crossbreed effect was significant on the intercept of most of the predictive equations. Especially ×Angus had higher intercepts for lipids, energy and adipose tissues and lower ones for water, proteins and muscles, when compared to ×Limousin and ×Simmental. Further developments using for example rib imaging analysis rather than physical dissection may contribute to large scale and high-throughput phenotyping of body and carcass compositions.

Accelerated mineralization kinetics in children with osteogenesis imperfecta type 1.

Not much is known about the time course of mineralization in newly formed bone from healthy individuals nor in patients with bone disease. To investigate the early phase of mineral accumulation in human bone, we measured the mean mineralization content between double fluorescence labels (CaYoung) with quantitative backscattered electron imaging (qBEI) in human transiliac biopsy samples. Fluorescent labels for histomorphometric evaluation were administered over two 2-day periods separated by a 10-day-free interval, 4–5 days before biopsy procedure. We compared n = 19 children with osteogenesis imperfecta type I (OI, 6 girls/13 boys, age-range 2.2–14.1 years) with both a reference group of n = 38 healthy children (REF, 24 girls/14 boys, age-range 1.5–20.9 years) and an age-matched subgroup ( n = 17) of the latter (CON, 5 girls/12 boys, age-range 2.0–14.7 years). We observed significantly higher levels of CaYoung in OI type I compared to CON and REF in both cortical bone (Ct.CaYoung, +8.3 % and +7.0 %, respectively) and cancellous bone (Cn.CaYoung, +6.5 % and +4.9 %, all p < 0.001). When comparing cortical and cancellous compartments intra-individually, we found a significantly higher Cn.CaYoung than Ct.CaYoung in REF (2.3 ± 2.9 %, p < 0.001), but not in the OI group (0.6 ± 1.6 %, not significant). In the REF group, n = 7 samples also contained double labels in primary woven bone (which is deposited at the external cortex during growth/lateral drift of the iliac crest). This primary woven bone in REF had a higher CaYoung than secondary osteonal bone (4.9 ± 2.7 %). Our findings suggest that bone in OI has an accelerated mineral accumulation compared to healthy bone. This is reflecting the overall increased bone mineralization in OI as reported previously, and indicates that the higher levels of mineralization than those seen in healthy individuals are already achieved in OI type I early after onset of mineralization. • We measured mineralization kinetics by the combination of qBEI and CLSM imaging. • The mineral content of bone between the double labels (CaYoung) was analyzed. • CaYoung was increased in young patients with OI compared to healthy children. • In healthy children but not in OI, CaYoung was higher in spongiosa than in cortex.

Disrupted placental vitamin D metabolism and calcium signaling in gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia patients.

Gestational diabetes (GDM) and pre-eclampsia (PE) represents the unrecognized risk factors for reduced bone content in neonates. The present study is planned to explore the components of vitamin D metabolism and calcium transport in placenta of GDM and PE cases and its effect on the neonatal bone mass determination using bone densitometry system. We have collected serum and placenta tissues from GDM (n = 20), PE (n = 20), and healthy pregnancies (n = 20). In the present study, we found mRNA expression of oxidative stress markers, vitamin D metabolic components and calcium channels, calcium channel binding proteins, plasma membrane calcium ATPase, ATP synthase and Ca2+ release genes; Ryanodine receptors genes were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in placental tissue of GDM, PE, and healthy pregnancies. We observed high level of oxidative stress in both GDM and PE placenta compared to normal pregnancies. CYP2R1 and VDR mRNA expression was significantly downregulated and upregulation of CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 in GDM and PE compared with healthy cases. Similarly, calcium transporters were downregulated in GDM and PE placental tissues. In addition, CYP24A1, VDR, CaBP28K, TRPV5 and PMCA3 mRNA expression were correlated with BMC of neonates. Oxidative stress is probably relevant to disrupted vitamin D homeostasis and calcium transport in the placenta of GDM and PE cases. The altered regulatory mechanism of CYP24A1 and VDR could indicates more pronounced serum 25(OH)D reduction. Additionally, reduced BMC in the neonates of these cases might be as consequences of modified CYP24A1, VDR, CaBP28K, TRPV5 and PMCA3 mRNA expression.

MINEROL IN THE PROBABLE PREVENTION OF TOXIC IMPACT OF ION ALUMINIUM ON BONES IN RATS

Background. The use of a variety of aluminium-containing medications, occupational exposure to alumina dust and fumes, and heavily contaminated water sources have been associated with an adverse effect on the organism, in particular, on bone system. The search for a preventive means against the impact of aluminium on the state of bones is topical. Objective. To assess the probable prophylactic effect of sorbent Minerol on the skeletal system of white rats in long-term AlCl3 intoxication. Materials and methods. In the 2-month study, male rats were grouped into: intact animals; AlCl3-induced toxicity model (240 mg/kg of w.b.); and animals administered daily with Minerol 1g/kg of w.b. on the background AlCl3 intoxication. Density and content of mineral and organic components were determined in the femurs and lumbar vertebrae, with atrophy of the alveolar process being determined in the jaws. The aluminium content was determined in the femoral bones. Results. A long-term exposure to AlCl3 resulted in the 2.5-fold increase in aluminium content in femoral bones, 17.1% increase of alveolar bone atrophy, the slight decrease of the density of femoral bones and the slight increase of the density of lumbar vertebrae. The following changes in the content of the mineral-organic complex of bones were indicated: in femurs – the decrease due to both mineral and organic fractions, and in lumbar vertebrae – the increase due to significant increase in the organic fraction. Minerol reduced the aluminium content in femurs by 20.7%, caused a decrease in the density, mineral-organic component and mineral fraction of bone tissue of the femur and lumbar vertebrae, and additionally increased the degree of atrophy of the alveolar bone against the background of AlCl3 intoxication. Conclusions. In addition to the sorption effect, the dose of Minerol used in the study probably bound the nutritional components required for bone remodelling, i.e. protein, calcium, phosphorus etc. The results imply further investigations of the sorption properties of Minerol in prevention of the negative impact of AlCl3 in higher dose of the said sorbent and in combination with calcium, phosphorus and protein preparations.

Healing Patterns of Non-Collagenated Bovine and Collagenated Porcine Xenografts Used for Sinus Floor Elevation: A Histological Study in Rabbits.

Objective: To compare healing of collagenated and non-collagenated xenografts used for maxillary sinus floor elevation. Materials and Methods: Two different xenografts were used: deproteinized bovine bone (DBBM group) and collagenated corticocancellous porcine bone (collagenated group). Healing was studied after 2, 4, and 8 weeks. The loss of dimensions of the elevated area and the percentages of new bone, xenograft remnants, osteoclastic zones, vessels, inflammatory infiltrates, and soft tissues were analyzed. Three regions were evaluated: close to the bone walls (bone wall region), subjacent the sinus mucosa (submucosa region), and the center of the elevated area (middle region). The primary variables were the percentage of new bone and xenograft remnants. Results: Between 2 and 8 weeks, the elevated areas showed a reduction of 16.3% and 52.2% in the DBBM and collagenated groups, respectively (p < 0.01 between the two areas after 8 weeks). After 8 weeks, the highest content of new bone was observed in the bone wall region, which was higher in the collagenated group than in the DBBM group (41.6% and 28.6%, respectively; p < 0.01). A similar quantity of new bone was found between the two groups in other regions. A higher percentage of vessels in all regions evaluated (p < 0.01) and soft tissue in the sub-mucosa region (p < 0.05) was found in the collagenated group than in the DBBM group. Conclusions: The present study showed that both xenografts allowed new bone formation. In comparison with the non-collagenated xenograft, the collagenated xenograft underwent higher resorption, resulting in greater shrinkage of the elevated space after sinus lifting and a higher content of new bone in the regions close to the bone walls. Clinical relevance: In this study, the region adjacent to the bone wall showed the highest new bone content. This region resembles the base of the sinus, closest to the sinus floor and walls, and is the most important region from a clinical point of view because it is where the implant will be installed. Residues of the biomaterial remained after 8 weeks of healing. Other reports have shown that these biomaterial residues may interfere with the integration of implants.

Genetics of tibia bone properties of crossbred commercial laying hens in different housing systems.

Osteoporosis and bone fractures are a severe problem for the welfare of laying hens, with genetics and environment, such as housing system, each making substantial contributions to bone strength. In this work, we performed genetic analyses of bone strength, bone mineral density, and bone composition, as well as body weight, in 860 commercial crossbred laying hens from 2 different companies, kept in either furnished cages or floor pens. We compared bone traits between housing systems and crossbreds and performed a genome-wide association study of bone properties and body weight. As expected, the 2 housing systems produced a large difference in bone strength, with layers housed in floor pens having stronger bones. These differences were accompanied by differences in bone geometry, mineralization, and chemical composition. Genome scans either combining or independently analyzing the 2 housing systems revealed no genome-wide significant loci for bone breaking strength. We detected 3 loci for body weight that were shared between the housing systems on chromosomes 4, 6, and 27 (either genome-wide significant or suggestive) and these coincide with associations for bone length. In summary, we found substantial differences in bone strength, content, and composition between hens kept in floor pens and furnished cages that could be attributed to greater physical activity in pen housing. We found little evidence for large-effect loci for bone strength in commercial crossbred hens, consistent with a highly polygenic architecture for bone strength in the production environment. The lack of consistent genetic associations between housing systems in combination with the differences in bone phenotypes could be due to gene-by-environment interactions with housing system or a lack of power to detect shared associations for bone strength.

Effects of L-serine administration on meat quality, characteristics and mineral content of tibia bone in heat-stressed broiler

in heat-stressed broiler chickens. One hundred and twenty broiler chicks were allocated into four groups of 30 each. Group A (feed restriction), Group B (feed restriction + L-serine), Group C (ad libitum) and Group D (ad libitum + L-serine). Feed restriction (20%) was implemented on days 7–14, and L-serine (200 mg/kg) was provided orally from days 1–14. Seven broiler chickens were slaughtered from each group at 35 days old to determine meat drip loss, cooking loss and pH; and tibia bone weight, length, diameter, weight/length index, robusticity index, strength and proximate analysis. Serum samples were harvested for the determination of calcium and phosphorus concentrations. Temperature-humidity index in the pen (28.72 - 32.90) was above the thermoneutral zone indicating heat stress. The drip loss and cooking loss were lower in FR + L-serine and AL + L-serine groups compared to the controls. The tibia bone weight, length, weight/length index and breaking force were higher (P &lt; 0.05) in FR + L-serine and AL + L-serine groups compared to the controls. The percentage composition of ash, calcium and phosphorus was relatively high in L-serine-administered groups. In conclusion, L-serine improved meat quality and tibia bone characteristics in broiler chickens exposed to heat stress

Analysis of Protein Levels in Cow Bones from Kaledo Waste from Palu City Central Sulawesi

Kaledo (donggala ox leg) is one of the famous culinary in Central Sulawesi. The number of restaurants that provide kaledo menus causes problems, due to the lack of utilization of the bone waste, causing problems in the environment. People still don't know that beef bones still contain protein. Protein serves as a form of new tissue during the growth and development of the body. This study aims to determine the protein content of beef bones from kaleo waste from the city of Palu, Central Sulawesi, which was taken randomly from a kaledo restaurant. Determination of protein content in beef bones from kale waste using the Kjeldhal method. In the results of calculations that have been carried out with three repetitions, it was found that the protein content in Repetition1 was 3.85%, Repetition2 was 3.59% and Repetition3 was 4.2%. The average protein content of beef bones from kale waste is 3.88%. The results of this study are expected to be a source of information about the protein content contained in beef bones from kaleo waste and can be used further as a substance in the utilization of bone waste.

The importance of bone sample selection when using radiocarbon analysis in cases of unidentified human remains

The radiocarbon (14C) analysis of skeletonised human remains can provide vital information regarding the time since death. This study analysed the 14C content in both cortical and trabecular bone from the femur and rib of 18 human remains donated to the Australian Facility for Taphonomic Experimental Research. To determine the most appropriate bone to sample for 14C analysis when estimating the time since death, differences in turnover time between the bone types, and the difference between environmental 14C during the year of death (YOD) and the level of 14C found within the bone (i.e., the lag time) were examined. Overall, the average lag time for all donors was 25 years, with the cortical bone from femur samples providing the largest lag time (39 years) and the trabecular bone from rib samples containing the lowest level of 14C (most modern), with an average lag time of 13 years. The results of this study suggest that in cases of unidentified human remains, the analysis of trabecular bone from a rib may be preferred sample, as this bone contains the most recent 14C, and can provide an estimate of both the time since death, and a broad approximation of YOD.

Cortex or cancellous-which is early for the decrease of bone content for vertebral body in health?

To obtain the cortex and cancellous parameter of the vertebral bone of healthy subjects using QCT. To explore which is earlier or faster for bone loss with age. 733 physical examiners underwent chest low-dose CT examination were recruited, from April 1, 2021 to October 1, 2021. QCT sequence was used to obtain the bone mineral density of T12-L2 vertebral body without additional radiation. The mass and area of vertebral cortex and cancellous at the central level of L2 vertebral body were measured. The age -related characteristics of vertebral cortex and cancellous between male and female was analyzed and compared. The vBMD of T12-L2 vertebral body decreased with age. Significant differences were found in volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) of T12-L2 vertebral body. For female, significant differences were found in bone content involving cortical mass, cancellous mass, cortical area, cancellous area, cortical mass/cancellous mass and cortical area/cancellous area in different age groups, respectively. The cortical mass decreased with age in female. The cancellous mass of female increased and then decreased with peak at 31-40 y. The cortical area of female decreased gradually before 71 y. The cancellous area of female increased and then decreased with peak at 51-60 y. The values of mass ratio and area ratio in female showed a slowly downward trend with age. Significant differences of bone content between non-menopausal and menopausal women were found except the cancellous mass. For male, no significant differences were found in all parameters of bone content. The changes of vertebral BMD, bone content of cortex and cancellous have different characteristics in different age. The change of cortex in female maybe earlier and faster than that of cancellous, especially in menopausal women.

Oral Contraceptives and Female Rowers' Skeletal Health.

Redinger, AL and Baker, BS. Oral contraceptives and female rowers' skeletal health. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 669-677, 2023-Previous studies suggest that women using oral contraceptives (OC) experience fewer skeletal benefits from exercise compared with non-OC users. These findings may be especially important for athletes competing in weight-supported sports with a high prevalence of low bone mineral density and fracture, such as rowing. The purpose of this study was to examine skeletal health and bone injuries in collegiate female rowers. Forty-nine National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I female rowers completed general health, menstrual history, and bone physical activity questionnaire (BPAQ) surveys. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) scans were used to assess bone content, density, and geometry. Contraceptive (OC users n = 14, non-OC users n = 35) and self-reported stress fracture (SFx n = 11, None n = 38) groups were analyzed using analysis of covariance and independent t -tests. Additionally, effect sizes ( d ) were calculated and significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Oral contraceptive users had reduced lumbar spine areal bone mineral density after adjustment for Total BPAQ ( d = 0.58; p = 0.041) compared with non-OC users, but all other total body and site-specific DXA measures of bone mineral content and density were similar between contraceptive and injury groups. When comparing bone geometry of the 4, 38, and 66% tibiae using pQCT, no significant differences were found after adjustment for either contraceptive or injury group (all p > 0.060). Our findings suggest that OC usage was not associated with reduced skeletal health in competitive female rowers as evidenced by all Z-scores being above -2.0 and similar bone indices of mineralized content, density, geometry, and estimated strength between the groups.

Rib cortical bone thickness variation in adults by age and sex.

Rib fractures are a common and serious outcome of blunt thoracic trauma and their likelihood is greater in older individuals. Osteoporotic bone loss is a well-documented aging phenomenon with sex-specific characteristics, but within rib bones, neither baseline maps of regional thickness nor the rates of bone thinning with age have been quantified across whole ribs. This study presents such data from 4014 ribs of 240 adult subjects aged 20-90. A validated cortical bone mapping technique was applied to clinical computed tomography scans to obtain local rib cortical bone thickness measurements over the surfaces of ribs 2 through 11. Regression models to age and sex gave rates of cortex thinning in local zones and aggregated across whole ribs. The statistical parametric mapping provided these relationships regionally as a function of rib surface location. All models showed significant reductions in bone thickness with age (p < 0.01). Average whole-rib thinning occurred at between 0.011 to 0.032 mm/decade (males) and 0.035 to 0.043 mm/decade (females), with sex and age accounting for up to 37% of population variability (R2 ). Rates of thinning differed regionally and by rib, with the highest bone loss of up to 0.074 mm/decade occurring in mid-rib cutaneous and superior regions of ribs 2-6. Rates were consistently higher in females than males (significantly so across whole ribs but not all local regions) and were more pronounced in cutaneous, superior, and inferior rib aspects (average 0.025 mm/decade difference in ribs 4-8) compared to pleural aspects which had the thickest cortices but saw only minor differences in thinning rates by sex (0.045 mm/decade for females and 0.040 mm/decade for males). Regional analysis showed male and female bone thickness differences that were not statistically significant at 20 years of age (p > 0.05 across practically all regions) but subsequent cortex thinning meant that substantial pleural and cutaneous regions were thinner (p < 0.05) in females than males by 55 years of age. The techniques and results from this study can be applied to assess rib bone content loss in clinical settings across wide populations. Additionally, average cortex thickness results can be mapped directly to finite element models of the thorax, and regression results are used to modify such models to represent the ribs of men and women across their full adult lifespan.

Use of thermogravimetric analysis to estimate collagen and hydroxyapatite contents in archaeological bone

In this study, we evaluate whether thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) can be used to estimate the amounts of collagen and hydroxyapatite in archaeological bone accurately and rapidly, through evaluation of twenty-four previously analyzed archaeological human bone samples. Mass losses in the approximate ranges of 300–500 °C, 220–600 °C, and 600–900 °C, correspond to collagen mass loss, total organic mass loss, and hydroxyapatite mass loss, respectively. The first two mass losses (300–500 °C and 220–600 °C) show strong correlations with independently determined collagen content; however, the correlation between the third loss range (600–900 °C) and hydroxyapatite content was poor. Thus, TGA appears to be a good technique for estimating collagen but not apatite content in archaeological bone. As thermogravimetric analysis requires small amounts of material (tens of mg) and minimal sample preparation, while avoiding the superficiality of other collagen quantification methods (e.g., vibrational spectroscopy), it appears to be a promising technique for further archaeological exploration.

Effect of Calcium Carbonate Preparation on Malnutrition in Preschool Children.

Objective To analyze the effect of calcium carbonate preparations on malnutrition in preschool children. Methods A total of 100 preschool malnourished children treated in our hospital from February 2020 to February 2021 were recruited and assigned to a calcium carbonate preparation group or calcium lactate preparation group via the random number table method, with 50 cases in each group. Outcome measures included bone content, malnutrition symptom scores, nutritional indices, urine calcium, patient compliance, and treatment satisfaction. Results After treatment, the calcium carbonate preparation group showed higher content of right heel bone and bone density versus the calcium lactate preparation group (P < 0.05). After treatment, children given calcium carbonate preparation were associated with lower scores of malnutrition symptoms and higher serum calcium, ferritin, transferrin, prealbumin, and albumin levels versus those receiving calcium lactate preparation (P < 0.05). Children in the calcium carbonate preparation group showed higher urine calcium levels than those in the calcium lactate preparation group after treatment (t = 17.640, 45.131, 18.168, 19.565, P < 0.05). A higher compliance (96.00%) and treatment satisfaction (98.00%) of children in the calcium carbonate preparation group was observed versus those in the calcium lactate preparation group (62.00%, 66.00%) (Z = 3.521, Z = 3.447, P < 0.05). Conclusion The calcium carbonate preparations show more enrichment in the amelioration of malnutrition in preschool children versus calcium lactate preparations.

Evaluation of High Doses of Phytase in a Low-Phosphorus Diet in Comparison to a Phytate-Free Diet on Performance, Apparent Ileal Digestibility of Nutrients, Bone Mineralization, Intestinal Morphology, and Immune Traits in 21-Day-Old Broiler Chickens.

Simple SummaryPhytic acid is the main storage form for phosphorus in plants. Although it is the main source of organic phosphorus in broiler diets, its utilization by monogastric animals is limited. In addition, phytic acid displays antinutritional effects, impacting optimal nutrient and energy digestibility. The supplementation of feed with phytases enables broilers to use phytate phosphorus more efficiently. Superdosing of phytase has been reported to have additional beneficial effects on the animal beyond the ones derived from the improved phosphorus utilization. This study tried to elucidate the mechanisms related to the immune response and mucosal morphology contributing to those overall beneficial effects. Although addressing performance was not the primary target of the study, performance improved linearly with increasing levels of phytase. The use of increasing doses of phytase showed linear increases in apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein, crude ash, and phosphorus. Jejunal crypt depth decreased with the addition of phytase to a low-protein diet, as well as the content of CD3-positive intraepithelial lymphocytes, but the results could not demonstrate clear differences between phytase doses in these specific parameters.The supplementation of feed with phytases enables broilers to utilize more efficiently phosphorus (P) from phytic acid (IP6), the main storage form of P in plants. The current study evaluated the addition of 500, 1000, and 3000 FTU of phytase per kg to a phytate-containing diet with low P level (LP) fed to broilers from 1 to 21 days of age and compared it to a hypoallergenic phytate-free diet (HPF). There was a linear improvement in performance parameters with increasing levels of phytase in the LP diet (p < 0.001). Apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein, P, and some amino acids, increased with phytase. Crude ash, P, and the calcium content of tibia bones linearly increased with increasing levels of phytase (p < 0.001). Crypt depth (related to body weight) in the jejunum epithelium linearly decreased with phytase addition (p < 0.001). Cecal crypt depth decreased with phytase supplementation (p = 0.002). Cecum tissue showed lower counts of CD3-positive intraepithelial lymphocytes in broilers receiving the phytase in comparison to LP (p < 0.001), achieving similar counts to HPF-fed broilers. Although results from the current study seem to point out some mechanisms related to the immune response and mucosal morphology contributing to those overall beneficial effects, no clear differences between different phytase doses could be demonstrated in these specific parameters.

Impact of an indigenously produced multi-enzyme complex from Bacillus subtilis KT004404 on growth and blood parameters in broiler chicken.

A 42-days experiment was conducted on a day old birds (n = 400) to evaluate the effect of enzyme supplements in feed on the growth, blood parameters, phosphorous content in bones, and nitrogen retention. Different treatments included: control (C) without enzyme supplement, while the other three groups included enzyme mixture T1 and T2 with two commercially available enzyme mix, and T3 with indigenously produced multi-enzyme complex from Bacillus subtilis KT004404. Birds that were fed with indigenously produced multi-enzyme complex showed significant weight gain as compared to other groups. The total feed intake of the birds fed with enzyme supplements was higher than the birds in the control group. The feed conversion ratio was significantly improved (p < 0.05) in treatment groups (T1, T2, T3) as compared to the control. The blood parameters which were analyzed included uric acid, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and serum proteins i.e. globulin and albumin. Birds fed with the enzyme in the group T1, T2 and T3 exhibited higher (p < 0.05) body weight gain. Tibia ash content was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in T1, T2, and T3 as compared to the control. The results of the current study indicate that supplementing poultry feed with the exogenous multi-enzyme produced from Bacillus subtilis KT004404 improved the growth of the birds, feed utilization, and exhibited beneficial effects on the blood parameters, phosphorous and nitrogen retention in broiler chicken.

Dynamics of Some Mineral Elements Content in the Muscle, Bone and Liver of Quails Under the Apimin Influence

In the system of full-fledged poultry feeding, particular importance is attached to providing them with mineral substances. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the Apimin mineral additive based on bee podmore on the content of zinc, copper, magnesium, and iron in the meat, liver, and bone tissue of quails. During the study, the following methods were used: zootechnical (to analyse the productivity of quails), physiological (to determine the digestibility of nutrients in the poultry diet), biochemical (to analyse the content of minerals in muscles, liver, and tubular bones), morphological (to determine the meat qualities of quails: mass of edible parts, meat carcasses), statistical (to determine the presence or absence of a substantial difference between the values). Justification of the effectiveness of feeding the Apimin additive was carried out based on a comprehensive study on the chemical composition of Apimin, retention of minerals, meat indicators, dynamics of zinc, copper, iron, magnesium content in muscle, bone, and liver tissues of quail. The research was conducted on Pharaoh meat quail from 1 to 56 days of age and quails from 60 to 120 days. Apimin contains calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, phosphorus, silicon, and selenium. Feeding Apimin increases metabolism, the digestibility of copper was higher by 21.7%, zinc – by 5.9%, iron – by 8.9%, and magnesium – by 12.9%. Including the additive in the diet influenced increasing muscle mass, the ratio of pulp to bone was higher by 0.26. The content of zinc in pectoral muscles increased by 15.6%, in femoral and lower leg muscles by 2.6%, in the liver – by 5.3%; in pectoral muscles iron increased by 5.1%, in liver – by 13.1%. The copper content was 8.0% higher in the thigh and lower leg muscles, 3.2% higher in the liver, and 14.0% higher in the pectoral muscles. No effect of Apimin on magnesium content was found. With age, the content of ash in the bones of quail fed with Apimin decreased by 3.87%, the content of copper increased by 18.3%, and zinc by 27.6%.

The Effect of Professional Sports Participation on Bone Content and Density in Elite Female Athletes

Background: The role of exercise in osteoporosis prevention has been proven. Nevertheless, there is no consensus about the types of sports, especially at professional levels. Non-impact sports such as swimming may have a negative effect or no effect. Objectives: Thus, the present study aimed to compare the effect of different sports on bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) of elite female athletes. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study consisting of 48 athletes in five groups of long-distance running, volleyball, basketball, swimming (n = 12 for each), and ten control subjects. For measuring the lumbar spine (L2 - L4) and proximal femur (femoral neck, trochanter, and Ward’s triangle), the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) method was applied. Results: Indicated that the running, basketball, and volleyball groups had a significantly higher lumbar spine and proximal femur BMD than the swimming and control groups (P &lt; 0.05). Running resulted in significantly higher lumbar spine BMC compared to volleyball, basketball, swimming, and control groups, respectively (P &lt; 0.01), while basketball had higher proximal femur BMC than running and controls (P &lt; 0.01). The Z-score of the lumbar spine in the running was significantly higher than in basketball, swimming, and controls (P &lt; 0.05), while basketball had a significantly higher femur neck Z-score than volleyball, running, and controls (P &lt; 0.001). Finally, the swimmers had significantly higher Z-scores in the lumbar and the proximal femur than non-athletes (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Although all sports are effective for improving the bone health, the swimmers had much better bone status than non-athletes, while the sports of long-distance running and basketball were more efficient than others; therefore, a combination of endurance and jumping exercises seems to be the best way to prevent osteoporosis.

EFFECT OF ADDING VITAMIN D3 AND VARIOUS PARTICLE SIZE OF OYSTER SHELL TO DIETS IN CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D3 CONCENTRATION, EGG SHELL AND BONE BREAKING FORCE IN LAYING HENS

This study was conducted in the poultry farm belong to Department of Animal Production at College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, from 20/7/2021 to 15/10/2021, to show the role of vitamin D3 and multi particle size of oyster shells to providing the needed calcium for laying hens in order to manufacture the eggshell throughout the hours of the day and its impact on shell quality and bone health. one hundred-eight Lohman Brown laying hens, 43 weeks of age, were distributed randomly to nine treatments, four replicates for each treatment and three hens for each replicate. The experimental treatments were as follows: T1/ control diet without any additives, T2/ calcium source 50% limestone + 50% oyster shell size less than 1 mm + vitamin D3 4000 IU kg-1, T3/ calcium source 50% limestone +50% oyster shell size 1-2 mm + vitamin D3 4000 IU kg-1, T4/ calcium source 50% limestone + 50% oyster shell size 2-3 mm + vitamin D3 4000 IU kg-1, T5/ calcium source 50% Limestone + 50% oyster shell size 3–5 mm + Vitamin D3 4000 IU kg-1, T6/ Calcium source 50% limestone + 50% oyster shell size less than 1 mm + Vitamin D3 8000 IU kg-1, T7 / Calcium source 50% limestone + 50% oyster shell 1-2 mm +Vitamin D3 8000 IU kg-1, T8 Calcium source 50% limestone + 50% oyster shell 2-3 mm + Vitamin D3 8000 IU kg-1, T9/ Calcium source 50% limestone +50% oyster shell size 3-5mm + Vitamin D3 8000 IU kg-1. The results showed a significant increase (P≤0.05) in levels of calcium in blood plasma for fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth treatments. The results indicated a Significant increase (P≤0.05) in level of vitamin D3 in blood plasma for the sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth treatments. The results showed a significant increase (P≤0.05) in tibia bone breaking strength and Calcium content in tibia bone for the sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth treatments. The results of eggshell breaking force trait indicated significant increase (P≤0.05) for fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth treatments.