Concentration Of Bifidobacteria Research Articles

Optimization of treatment and prognosis of acute and chronic eczema in patients with manifestations of intestinal dysbiosis

Objective — the purpose of the work is to increase the effectiveness of treatment of patients with acute and chronic eczema by developing effective comprehensive corrective therapy based on the study of the immune defense system.
 Materials and methods. 47 patients with acute and chronic eczema before and after treatment were selected for the study. To assess the effectiveness of therapy in these patients, we evaluated the data of biochemical studies, indicators of cellular and humoral immunity, as well as the degree of changes in indicators of the microbiota of the colon cavity.
 Results and discussion. The most informative indicators of cellular and humoral immunity of patients with acute and chronic eczema in the acute stage, accompanied by manifestations of intestinal dysbiosis are determined: CD3+-lympho­cytes, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-6 and IgA. The monitoring of these indicators is necessary and sufficient for controlling the effectiveness of prevention and treatment of this group of patients.According to the results of bacteriological examination of feces in all patients, the presence of dysbiosis of the colon of I—IV degrees was established. Patients with eczema also had a significantly lower content of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the colon cavity (by 2.09 and 2.58 times, respectively), bacteroids (by 1.96 times) and the total number of Escherichia coli (by 2.56 times) against the background of a larger number of Escherichia coli with enzymatic properties, opportunistic enterobacteria, enterococci and fungi of the genus Candida (by 1.87, 14.4, 4.20 and 3.22 times, respectively). After the treatment with the addition of pro- and prebiotics of the patients of the main group, the manifestations of dysbiosis of the colon were eliminated, while in the patients of the control group, the manifestations of dysbiosis persisted: lower content of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the colon cavity (by 1.82 and 2.32 times, respectively), bacteroids (by 1.2 times) and the total number of Escherichia coli (by 1.48 times) against the background of a bigger number of Escherichia coli with enzymatic properties, opportunistic enterobacteria, enterococci and fungi of genus Candida (by 1.32, 12.3, 3.24 and 2.85 times, respectively).
 Conclusions. The treatment aimed at normalizing the gastrointestinal tract and increasing the patient’s immunity, has an activating and stimulating effect on the therapeutic treatment complex of a patient with eczema. The addition of pro and prebiotics contributed to a significant reduction in the duration of treatment in patients compared with the indicator in individuals who received only conventional pathogenetic therapy.

METAPHYLAXIS OF APPLICATION OF VETERINARY PREPARATIONS «MULTIOMYCIN 1%» AND «YUBERIN ORAL»

We studied the effect of the antimicrobial drug «Multiomycin 1 %» on the hematological and biochemical pa-rameters of blood, the activity of digestive enzymes (amylase, alkaline phosphatase, protease), the structure of the mi-crobiocenosis of the small and large intestines, and the quality of the products. Based on the results of preclinical stud-ies, a production test was carried out in conjunction with the veterinary drug «Yuberin oral», as well as an assessment of the impact on the productivity of poultry was given. «Multiomycin 1 %» did not adversely affect the chickens. The drug had a positive effect on the activity of the digestive processes, increased their activity. Contributed to a decrease in the total microbial contamination in the contents of the small and large intestines and an increase in the content of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Combined use with yuberin contributed to an increase in safety, an increase in the aver-age daily gain, as well as a decrease in the incidence of gastroenteritis. The weight gain at the end of the experiment in the chickens of the experimental group was 3,74 % higher than in the control. The use of the veterinary drug «Multiomycin 1 %» did not have a negative effect on the quality of the products.

The effect of the developed composition of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Carpathian cheese, on the body of laboratory animals

Data on the study of the effect of a consortium of lactic acid bacteria on the morphological parameters of blood and the state of the intestinal microflora of white rats using a composition of probiotic strains of L. lactis, Lb. plantarum and E. durans SB18 in a ratio of 50:40:10. Thus, when determining the morphological parameters of the blood of rats at 14 days of use found a positive effect of probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria on the hematopoietic function of laboratory animals. In particular, a significant increase in hemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte count, leukocyte count and hematocrit value was found by 14.9, 14.0, 22.5 % (P < 0.05) and 5.7 %, respectively, compared with the control group. In addition, the use of the drug for 14 days caused an increase in the average concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte (MCНS) by 9.8 % (P < 0.05) and a tendency to decrease the average hemoglobin in the erythrocyte (MCН) and the average erythrocyte volume (MCV) by 0.45 and 9.0 %, respectively, compared with the control group. Both central and peripheral organs of the immune system were also significantly affected. In particular, the relative weights of the thymus and spleen increased by 21.1 (P < 0.05 ) and 9.8 % (P < 0.05), respectively. When determining the leukogram of peripheral blood of rats, it was found that the use of the study drug in animals of the experimental group caused a tendency to increase the number of neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes by 6.0, 0.5 and 19.8 %, respectively, with a slight decrease in eosinophils. The use of a composition of a consortium of lactic acid bacteria stimulated an increase in lacto- and bifidobacteria content of the large intestine of white rats. In particular, a significant increase in the number of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli was found by 4.3 and 5.2 % (P < 0.001), respectively, relative to the animals of the control group. In addition, 14-day application of the studied composition of probiotic strains contributed to a probable reduction in the number of opportunistic and putrefactive microflora. The number of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and fungi of the genus Candida significantly decreased relative to control by 4.7 (P < 0.01), 2.6 (P < 0.05) and 13.3 % (P < 0.001), respectively, all this indicated the recovery of the body of laboratory animals. The positive effect of lactic acid bacteria of the formed composition persists until the 21st day of the experiment.

Acquisition of microbiota according to the type of birth: an integrative review.

Objective:to analyze scientific evidence regarding the relationship between the type of birth and the microbiota acquired by newborns.Method:this integrative review addresses the role of the type of delivery on newborns’ microbial colonization. A search was conducted in the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online/PubMed and Virtual Health Library databases using the descriptors provided by Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and Health Science Descriptors (DeCS).Results:infants born vaginally presented a greater concentration of Bacteroides, Bifidobacteria, and Lactobacillus in the first days of life and more significant microbial variability in the following weeks. The microbiome of infants born via C-section is similar to the maternal skin and the hospital setting and less diverse, mainly composed of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Clostridium.Conclusion:the maternal vaginal microbiota provides newborns with a greater variety of colonizing microorganisms responsible for boosting and preparing the immune system. Vaginal birth is the ideal birth route, and C-sections should only be performed when there are medical indications.

High-fat diet induces metabolic syndrome in mice and its influence on intestinal development, liver function and intestinal microbiota

Objective To evaluate the possibility of high-fat diet to induce metabolic syndrome and to alter intestinal development, liver function and intestinal microbiotaof C57 BL/6 J mice. Methods Total 40 of male C57 BL/6 J aged 3 weeks old were randomly divided into two groups: control group and high-fat diet group. After one week of adaptive feeding, the tested mice in high-fat diet group were fed with high-fat diet for 20 weeks, while those in control group were fed with ordinary diet. During the intervention, the body weight of the tested mice was measured weekly and fasting blood glucose(FBG) was measured monthly. Before the end of the experiment, the oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT) of the tested mice was conducted and the fecal 16 S rRNA sequencing was used to profile fecal microbiota of the test mice. Real-time qPCR was used to analyze the concentration of fecal bifidobacteria. Viscera coefficient of liver, spleen and pancreas, visceral fat-body ratio and intestinal length were measured. The indexes of liver function and the levels of serum lipids, leptin and adiponectin were also measured. Liver inflammation and fat infiltration were observed by anatomical pathological analysis. Results After intervention of high fat diet, the body weight, FBG, oral glucose tolerance, the fat-body ratio, the levels of serum lipids, leptin and adiponectin of mice were significantly increased(Pl0. 05). The inflammatory state of liver and the degree of fat infiltration increased. The length of intestine decreased(Pl0. 05). The concentration of Bifidobacterium decreased(Pl0. 05), however, the concentration of B. bifidum and B. angulatum increased(Pl0. 05). The ACE, Chao1, Shannon and Simpson indexes of the high-fat diet were significantly lower than that of the control group(Pl0. 05). Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Deferribacteres were found significantly more in high-fat diet group(Pl0. 05), while Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia were apparently more in control group(Pl0. 05). Conclusion High-fat diet could induce the metabolic syndrome in tested C57 BL/6 J, and lead to the damage of intestinal development, abnormality of liver tissue and its function, decrease diversity of intestinal microbiota, and the transformation of intestinal microbiota community to obesity type.

Changes in the microflora of the intestinal tract of pigs when using Vetom 1

The effect of the probiotic preparation Vetom 1 was studied on the quantitative indicators of microflora of gastrointestinal tract of pigs of the Large White breed kept at a pig farm. Vetom 1 is a powder for oral administration and rectal administration, containing dry bacterial mass of live spore-forming bacteria of Bacillus subtilis DSM 32424 strain. Based on the analogue principle, experimental and control groups of 10 animals in each were formed. Pigs of the experimental group were given Vetom 1 at a dose of 75 mg/kg of live body weight once a day every day for 15 days. When applied, the concentration of bifidobacteria increased. Vetom 1 did not affect the dynamics of the concentration of lactobacilli, enterobacteria and fungi in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Under the influence of the preparation, the correlation dependences between different populations of microorganisms of the gastrointestinal tract of animals changed. Without the use of the probiotic preparation, the concentrations of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria inversely correlated with each other with an average intensity. When using Vetom 1, the populations of these microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs were synergistic in relation to each other and showed a positive correlation dependence of the average intensity. No correlation dependences were found between concentrations of enterobacteria and other studied microorganisms. Without the use of the probiotic preparation, concentrations of bifidobacteria and fungi inversely correlated with each other with a strong intensity. When Vetom 1 was used, the populations of these microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs did not show either synergistic or antagonistic activity among themselves, since the confidence interval of the correlation coefficient equaled zero.

Effect of Different Hemodialysis Methods on Microbiota in Uremic Patients.

Background To investigate the effect of hemodialysis on microbiota in uremic patients. Objective To investigate the effect of hemodialysis on microbiota in uremic patients. Methods This study included 85 adult patients who have received hemodialysis since August 2014, and the treatment plan has not changed for more than 12 months. These patients were divided into hemodialysis group (group A), hemodialysis+hemodialysis filtration group (group B), and hemodialysis+hemodialysis filtration+blood perfusion group (group C). Twenty-four adult ESRD patients (CK group) were enrolled. Serum biochemical indexes were measured, glomerular filtration rate (EGFR) was estimated, dialysis adequacy (kt/V) was calculated, and fresh feces were collected. At the same time, the feces of 30 health workers were selected as the control. 16S rRNA sequence was used to determine the intestinal flora of all fecal specimens. First of all, we analyzed the difference of the whole flora distribution between dialysis and nondialysis ESRD patients; then, we selected the most representative content of bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis to analyze the influence of different blood purification methods on the intestinal flora. Results (1) The level of C-reactive protein (CRP) in dialysis patients was lower than that in nondialysis ESRD patients, and CRP in group C was lower than that in groups A and B. There was no significant difference in kt/V between group A, group B, and group C. There was no significant difference in EGFR between the four groups. (2) The species diversity of ESRD patients without dialysis (CK group) was significantly lower than that of ESRD patients with dialysis; there was no significant difference between group A and group B; the species diversity of group C was significantly higher than that of group A and group B. (3) Compared with the control group, the levels of bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus acidophilus in ESRD patients were significantly lower, while the levels of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis were significantly higher. (4) The levels of bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus acidophilus in hemodialysis patients were significantly higher than those in nonblood purification treatment group, and the levels of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis were significantly lower than those in nonblood purification treatment group. (5) The level of Lactobacillus acidophilus in group C was significantly higher than that in groups A and B, and the level of Escherichia coli was significantly lower than that in groups A and B. Conclusion ESRD patients have microbiota disorder. Hemodialysis can improve microbiota disorder in uremic patients. Compared with ordinary hemodialysis, combined hemoperfusion dialysis can further improve microbiota disorder.

Sustaining exposure to high concentrations of bifidobacteria inhibits gene expression of Mouse's mucosal immunity

Numerous dietary products are supplemented with probiotics that may be beneficial for human health. Recently, bifidobacteria have received increasing attention as a genus of probiotic bacteria with high efficiency and few side effects. To examine potential effects of different bifidobacteria concentrations on the mucosal immune response, we fed mice with (a) 108 colony-forming units (CFU) of bifidobacteria (group 108B), and (b) with 1012 CFU of bifidobacteria (group 1012B) over 42 days and assessed gene expression in intestinal mucosa and immune marker concentrations in serum samples; ten untreated female mice were used as a control. Continuous exposure to 108 CFU of bifidobacteria activated both macrophages and Treg immune cells through significantly increasing the expression of mucosal TLR2 and IL10-mRNA genes, but inhibited Th1 and Th2 cells via significant downregulation of IL4 and IFNγ gene expression, compared to untreated mice. Interestingly, group 1012B showed down-regulated expression of TLR2, IL10, and IL4 genes but up-regulated expression of IFNγ, compared to group 108B and to the control. Also, polyclonal immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, and IgA showed a significant increase in all treated mice compared to the control. We conclude that high concentrations of bifidobacteria reduced innate immune functions. Furthermore, adaptive immunity seemed to be enhanced by increasing stimulation of T and B lymphocytes, suggesting aberration of the immune system following intestinal inflammation due to constant exposure to high concentrations of bifidobacteria. Both experimental bifidobacteria concentrations increased the total levels of circulating Igs, particularly of IgA.

Effects of Bacillus subtilis use as dietary probiotic in weaning piglets

Numerous dietary products are supplemented with probiotics that may be beneficial for human health. Recently, bifidobacteria have received increasing attention as a genus of probiotic bacteria with high efficiency and few side effects. To examine potential effects of different bifidobacteria concentrations on the mucosal immune response, we fed mice with (a) 108 colony-forming units (CFU) of bifidobacteria (group 108B), and (b) with 1012 CFU of bifidobacteria (group 1012B) over 42 days and assessed gene expression in intestinal mucosa and immune marker concentrations in serum samples; ten untreated female mice were used as a control. Continuous exposure to 108 CFU of bifidobacteria activated both macrophages and Treg immune cells through significantly increasing the expression of mucosal TLR2 and IL10-mRNA genes, but inhibited Th1 and Th2 cells via significant downregulation of IL4 and IFNγ gene expression, compared to untreated mice. Interestingly, group 1012B showed down-regulated expression of TLR2, IL10, and IL4 genes but up-regulated expression of IFNγ, compared to group 108B and to the control. Also, polyclonal immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, and IgA showed a significant increase in all treated mice compared to the control. We conclude that high concentrations of bifidobacteria reduced innate immune functions. Furthermore, adaptive immunity seemed to be enhanced by increasing stimulation of T and B lymphocytes, suggesting aberration of the immune system following intestinal inflammation due to constant exposure to high concentrations of bifidobacteria. Both experimental bifidobacteria concentrations increased the total levels of circulating Igs, particularly of IgA.

2792 A Retrospective Study of Probiotic Use in Patients With Chronic Pancreatitis

INTRODUCTION: Chronic pancreatitis is a debilitating condition that develops following recurrent episodes of pancreatitis. It increases morbidity, decreases quality of life and leads to high utilization of medical resources. There is no definitive medical treatment. Studies have shown that gut microbiota may play a role in pancreatitis as bacterial and endotoxin translocation can contribute to severity. Bacteria such as lactobacillus, and bifidobacterium have been noted to be lower in chronic pancreatitis while enterobacteriaceae species were identified at higher levels in those. Probiotics can increase concentrations of bifidobacteria, lactobacilli and streptococci, preventing overgrowth of non-commensals. We are focused on researching new strategies to prevent disease progression and decrease length of hospital stay. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of a database of 86 chronic pancreatitis patients and probiotic use. All patients were cohorted based on severity of disease as rated on EUS using a scale of 1-5 with grades 1-3 grouped as “non-severe” and 4-5 as “severe.” We chose a null of 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval for statistical significance. Relative risk assessments were conducted on the rate of severe chronic pancreatitis in users of probiotics versus negative control. RESULTS: Our initial results revealed that 34% of patients had used probiotics since diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis on EUS. The rate of severe pancreatitis for the cohort of probiotic users was 0.241, and that for negative control was 0.298. A relative risk assessment for our population found a relative risk of 0.81 (95% CI, [0.379-1.727]; P = 0.2922) for the rate of severe chronic pancreatitis given exposure to probiotics. The result suggested a potential effect from probiotics on decreasing the risk of having severe chronic pancreatitis but was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: There was no significant association between probiotic use and severity of chronic pancreatitis. We cannot exclude that probiotics may have a protective or therapeutic immunomodulatory effect on the microbiome of patients with chronic pancreatitis. This study is limited to a chart review in order to determine the extent of probiotic use in patients and cannot verify compliance with probiotics. We cannot report a correlation between probiotic use and severity of chronic pancreatitis.

Study on the bifidobacterial adhesion to the host tissue in ulcerative colitis and related serum inflammatory factors with Pingkui enema

Objective This study is designed to investigate the effect and mechanism of Pingkui enema in treatment of ulcerative colitis. Methods Sixty SD rats at SPF level were randomly divided into 6 groups which were normal group, model group, and the low, medium and high dose groups of Chinese medicine Pingkui enema, and sulfasalazine (SASP) enema group. The normal group and model group were given an equal volume of saline enema after modeling. After continuous administration for 10 days, the histopathological effects were evaluated after extraction, and the serum interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-13 (IL-13), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), rat intestinal mucosal bifidobacteria adhesion and adhesin receptor were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) were used to detect the intestinal bifidobacterial content. Results Compared with the model group, the content of IL-8 (153.50 ± 8.59 pg/ml, 150.84 ± 5.38 pg/ml vs. 167.13 ± 13.66 pg/ml), TNF-α (330.08 ± 10.02 pg/ml, 287.27 ± 13.89 pg/ml vs. 376.50 ± 19.06 pg/ml) in medium, high dose group of Pingkui enema significantly decreased (P<0.05), while the IL-13 (37.04 ± 3.62 pg/ml, 40.64 ± 5.98 pg/ml vs. 31.57 ± 2.95 pg/ml) significantly increased (P<0.05). The bifidobacteria adhesin (124.84 ± 9.74 ng/L, 149.93 ± 9.57 ng/L, 176.74 ± 11.01 ng/L vs. 101.11 ± 17.18 ng/L) and adhesin receptor (78.44 ± 14.03 ng/L, 99.50 ± 3.63 ng/L, 107.36 ± 5.05 ng/L vs. 60.96 ± 13.89 ng/L) in low-, medium-, high dose group of Pingkui enema significantly increased (P<0.05). The content of bifidobacteria (1 331.4 ± 242.2 copies/μl vs. 490.5 ± 106.0 copies/μl) in the middle dose Pingkui enema group significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusions The Pingkui enema can promote the colonization of intestinal epithelial cells by promoting bifidobacteria, increase bifidobacterium adhesin and adhesin receptors, up-regulate the expression of IL-13, and down-regulate the expression of IL-8, TNF-α. Key words: Colitis, ulcerative; Pingkui enema; Bifidobacterium; Adhesin; Adhesion receptor; Inflammation; Rats

P: 37 Probiotics Combined With Rifaximin for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Longitudinal In Vivo 1H-MRS Study of Brain Metabolism Using BDL Rats

BACKGROUND: Chronic hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a severe complication of chronic liver disease (CLD), and finding the right treatment to reduce HE episodes before liver transplant remains a challenge. Both rifaximin (non-absorbable antibiotic) and probiotics are currently used to reduce HE symptoms, but their precise effect on brain metabolites has never been studied. Our aims were: 1) to assess in vivo and longitudinally the effect of the combination of probiotics and rifaximin on bile duct ligated (BDL) rats in different brain regions; and 2) to compare these results with both non-treated (n = 17) and rifaximin-only treated rats (n = 12).1,2 METHODS: In vivo 1H-MRS at 9.4 Tesla combined with biochemical tests (plasma NH4+, bilirubin) and microbiota analysis were performed on adult Wistar rats (n = 9) before BDL3,4 (week 0) and at weeks 2, 4, 6 and 8 after surgery. Evolution of metabolites was studied using the SPECIAL sequence (TE = 2.8 ms) in the hippocampus (2 × 2.8 × 2 mm3) and cerebellum (2.5 × 2.5 × 2.5 mm3). Metabolite concentrations were estimated using LCModel and water as internal reference. Probiotics administration (VIVOMIXX®, 60 billion bacteria/kg of rat) started two weeks before BDL-surgery until the end of the study. Rifaximin (15.7 mg/kg/day = 'human-dose') was administered twice daily starting two weeks after BDL-surgery. RESULTS: All rats displayed the characteristic rise in plasma bilirubin, regardless of treatment group, as well as a similar ammonium increase (Figure 1a). The characteristic pattern of chronic HE was observed (Figure 1e): a gradual increase of brain glutamine followed by a gradual decrease in the other brain osmolytes (myo-inositol, taurine, total choline) and a later decrease of glutamate and creatine. The combination of probiotics and rifaximin improved some of the neuro-metabolic changes associated with CLD at early stages of HE (week 4) in the cerebellum: the 'probiotics + rifaximin' group showed a lower rise of brain glutamine (+33% vs +66%, Figure 1c) and a smaller decrease of creatine (−4% vs −14%). In the hippocampus, rats receiving both probiotics and rifaximin exhibited a smaller increase in brain glutamine even at week 8 after BDL compared to non-treated rats (+99% vs +136%, Figure 1d) and a smaller decrease in brain myo-inositol and glutamate (−20% vs −30% and −7% vs −13%, respectively). Also, bifidobacteria concentration was slightly higher in the 'probiotics+rifaximin' group at week 8 (Figure 1b). Finally, the administration of rifaximin associated with this probiotic showed more beneficial effects than rifaximin only, and both could be used to maintain a balanced microbiota and may provide opportunities for reducing the spread of antibiotic resistances. CONCLUSIONS: To conclude, some promising changes were induced in the neurometabolic profile of BDL-rats who were treated with this specific probiotic and rifaximin (glutamine, myo-inositol, creatine and glutamate).

Frequency and features of gut dysbiosisin patients with obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2

Background. A large difference in the composition of gut microbiota (GM) in healthy people, obese pa­­tients and patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) suggestsgut dysbiosis can have a significant role in the development of both obesity and type 2 diabetes and its complications and consequences. Nevertheless, the question of whether these changes in GM cause or result of obesity and diabetes is still open. The aim study was to examine the prevalence and characteristics of gut dysbiosis, as well as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome (SIBO) in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes of varying degrees of severity. Material and methods. 97 patients were examined, of which 33 with obesity (1 group), 64 patients with type 2 diabetes (group 2) aged 30—72 years, and 30 healthy controls (group 3). In all patients, based on the bacteriological examination of the feces, the quantitative and qualitative composition of colon microbiotawas evaluated by Epstein-Litwak R. V. and Vilshansky O. F. method. At the same time, in the feces, the quantitative content of Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, Enterobacteria, Proteus, Staphylococci, Candida, etc. were studied, with stratification ofdysbiosis on 4 deg­rees of severity. The microbial composition at the level of the main microbial phylotypes was studied by identifying the total amount of DNAs, with DNAs of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were quan­tified based on RNA in real-timePCR. The composition of the small intestine microbiotawas determined in­­directly by the presence of SIBO, diagnosed with the H2-lactulose breath test. Results and discussion. In majority of patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes, changes in quantitative and qualitative composition of GM were noted, de­­pending on body mass index and severity of diabetes. Thus, gut dysbiosis of varying degrees was found in 84.8 % of obese patients and 93.8 % of patients with diabetes, which is believed to exceed its frequency in the control group (40 %). The severity of gut dysbiosis correlated with the presence of obesity and the severity of diabetes. Thus, gut dysbiosis of the 2nd and 3rd degree in patients with moderate-to-severe diabetes was present more often than in patients with mild diabetes or obesity without diabetes. Relative content of the main microbial phylotypes significantly differs in healthy people compared with obese and diabetes patients, as well as at varying degrees of severity of diabetes. Thus, Firmicutes content in obese and diabetic patients was significantly higher, and the Bacteroidetes content was significantly lower than normal. As the severity of diabetes increased, Firmicutes content also increased significantly, while the content of Bacteroidetessignificantly declined. SIBO was detected in 30.3% of obese patients, 45.3% of patients with diabetes and 6.6% of healthy individuals. SIBO were more likely to be detected with a history of diabetes for more than 10 years, decompensation of diabetes and the presence of autonomous diabetic neuropathy. Conclusions. Abnormalities of GM, in particular, increase of Firmicutes and decline of Bactero­idetes ­content, can have pathogenic role in the development of diabetes, and also contribute to worsening of its compensation and natural course. In many patients with obesity and DM, there is gut dysbiosis and SIBO which may also contribute to the sub-and decom­pensation of diabetes and the development of auto­nomic diabetic neuropathy.

Antibiotics as modulators of the intestinal microbiota: between good and evil

In some countries of the world, the prevalence of obesity is increasing at the rate of an epidemic. A significant role in the staying healthy, strengthening immunity and normalizing metabolism is assigned to microbes. Among the drugs that are used to treat serious infectious diseases, antibiotics dominate as the drugs that keep on saving precious human lives. The side effects of antibiotic therapy on the intestinal microflora range from self-leveling and fast-passing “functional” diarrhea to life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis. Recently conducted epidemiological studies have shown that antibiotics are associated with a high risk of weight gain and the development of obesity. Violation of the intestinal microflora is caused not only by antibiotic therapy, but also by the intake of a number of products. Antibacterial drugs are widely used in agriculture as growth promoters, they are stored in the meat of animals and poultry that we eat. Obesity has been proven to be associated with a dysbiotic shift in the fecal microbiota and a low content of bifidobacteria. The hypothesis according to which the intestinal microbiota is a potentially variable target for the prevention and/or treatment of obesity is described in detail. Probiotics are agents capable of modulating and improving the intestinal microflora during antibiotic therapy. The review presents data demonstrating the ability of probiotics not only to prevent the development of dysbiosis that occurs when using antibiotics, but also to impede the emergence of overweight and obesity.

An open-label, randomized, placebo-controlled study on the effectiveness of a novel probiotics administration protocol (ProbiotiCKD) in patients with mild renal insufficiency (stage 3a of CKD)

PurposeGut dysbiosis has been described in advanced, but not in initial stages of CKD. Considering the relevant impact of gut dysbiosis on renal and cardiovascular risk, its diagnosis and treatment are clinically relevant.MethodsWe designed, open-label, placebo-controlled intervention study (ProbiotiCKD) to evaluate gut microbiota metabolism in a cohort of KDIGO CKD patients (n = 28) at baseline and after a randomly assigned treatment with probiotics or placebo. Gut microbiota status was evaluated on:.ResultsBasal mean fecal Lactobacillales and Bifidobacteria concentrations were abnormally low in both groups, while urinary indican and 3-MI levels were, indicating a mixed (fermentative and putrefactive) dysbiosis. After treatment, mean fecal Lactobacillales and Bifidobacteria concentrations were increased, only in the probiotics group (p < 0.001). Conversely, mean urinary indican and 3-MI levels only in the group treated with probiotics (p < 0.001). Compared to placebo group, significant improvements of C-reactive protein (p < 0.001), iron (p < 0.001), ferritin (p < 0.001), transferrin saturation (p < 0.001), β2-microglobulin (p < 0.001), serum iPTH and serum calcium were observed only in the probiotics group.ConclusionsProbiotiCKD is the first intervention study demonstrating that an intestinal mixed dysbiosis is present even in early CKD stage and can be effectively corrected by the novel mode of administration of high-quality probiotics with improvement of inflammatory indices, iron status and iPTH stabilization.

Bifidobacterium spp. reshaping in the gut microbiota by low dose of juçara supplementation and hypothalamic insulin resistance in Wistar rats

High-fat diet (HFD) alters gut microbial diversity and drives a rapid development of hypothalamic inflammation, which impairs hypothalamic insulin sensitivity. The addition of berries in the diet may promote beneficial effects in the host. We investigated the potential of juçara with different doses on the reshaping of the microbiota and improvement in the hypothalamic insulin resistance (HIR) induced by acute HFD treatment. We analyzed pro and anti-inflammatory protein content and expression by ELISA (blood and colon) and Western blotting (hypothalamus); gene expression by RT-PCR (colon and stool). Juçara supplementation restored the fecal Bifidobacteria content, reduced colon inflammation and minimized HIR. It also down-regulated IRα and up-regulated pAkt and increased pAkt/Akt ratio. The lower dose was protective against the adverse effects of HFD, by enhancing IRα efficiency in the hypothalamus. To our knowledge, this is the first study to elucidate the role of juçara in the HIR.

Effectiveness of application of Probiox in children of early age which received antibacterial therapy for acute pneumonia

With the view to determine the effectiveness of the usage of Probiox, an open, individually-controlled clinical bacterial trial was conducted in 40 early age children who received standard antibiotic therapy for acute non-hospital pneumonia and were divided into two groups depending from received Probiox. The third group of children (n=8), who initially did not receive probiotics, but due to the development of a manifested antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) the Probiox was prescribed, was formed during the study. The extent of microbial landscape disturbances during the use of antibiotics in children was assessed by sowing the serial dilutions of faeces, the content of microflora was expressed in lg CFU/g; clinical observations and investigation of coprogramme were conducted.In children of the main group who received Probiox, on the 7–10th day of treatment a moderate decrease in the content of bifidobacteria, an increase of lactobacilli, the disappearance of a part of the opportunistic flora in the intestinal microbiome were occurred. The number of children with identified associations of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms decreased twice.The children of the group of comparison showed a significant depression of bifido- and lactobacilli, an increasing of E. coli quantity and the frequency of detection of two/three-component associations of opportunistic microorganisms, in two fold increasing of the opportunistic flora, the emergence of lactose-negative E. coli.Only 1 child of the main group had a short-term softening of the stool with moderate abdominal discomfort. Children of the comparison group had a pronounced dyspeptic syndrome in 20%, periodic abdominal pain, moderate bloating at 3-4 days after antibiotic use. In children of the additional group, the relief of AAD symptoms occurred within two days after the initiation of the use of Probiox.The obtained data testify about the clinical effectiveness of the usage of Probiox for the prevention of the disorders of intestinal microbiota and antibiotic-associated diarrhea during administration of antibiotic therapy of the acute pneumonia in early age children. High efficiency and good tolerability is also demonstrated in children with developed AAD.

PROSPECTS OF APPLICATION OF A MIXTURE BASED ON GOAT MILK WITH BETA-PALMITIC ACID IN CHILDREN THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE

Breast milk is the optimal nutrition for baby of the first year of life. The composition and value of the individual components of breast milk are revealed and studied. This allows one to improve new infant milk formula for infants, who for various reasons are unable to receive breastfeeding. Because the energy needs of the child in the first year of life are high and it’s with the fat component of the diet it gets up to 50% of the energy adaptation of the fat component of the mixture is important, in particular, addition of beta-palmitic acid. The consumption by babies of formulas with beta-palmitic acid promotes digestion of fat and calcium; contributes to increase in the concentration of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, formation of soft stools. These effects facilitate digestion, promote bone mineralization and reduce the duration of crying.

Nutritional, microbiological and psychosocial implications of the low FODMAP diet.

Dietary restriction of certain fermentable carbohydrates (low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet) is effective for managing symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, there are potential consequences of this diet that relate to its impact on nutritional, microbiological, and health-related quality of life outcomes. Evidence suggests that the low FODMAP diet leads to some alterations in nutrient intake. For example, carbohydrate intake is reduced, and there is a decrease in the proportion of patients meeting the recommended intake for calcium. Intake of other macro and micro-nutrients appears to be adequate in the short term. As well as the impact on nutrient intake, extensive dietary modification can have a pronounced impact on the gastrointestinal microbiota. Indeed, recent data suggests the diet markedly reduces luminal Bifidobacteria concentration, and there is limited evidence that it reduces total bacteria abundance and concentration of other bacterial groups, for example, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Finally, despite the evidence for its clinical effectiveness in patients with IBS, the restrictive nature of the diet could pose a significant burden on patients, thereby limiting improvements, or indeed worsening health-related quality of life. In conclusion, while robust evidence supports the clinical effectiveness of the low FODMAP diet, it is important, considering the likelihood of its continued widespread use in IBS and other functional bowel disorders, that we extend our understanding of the impact of the diet on endpoints that may have potential consequences for long term health.

EFFECTS OF PROBIOTIC INTAKE ON INTESTINAL BIFIDOBACTERIA OF CELIAC PATIENTS

Healthy individuals exhibit a significantly higher concentration of faecal bifidobacteria in comparison to celiac patients. Even though there are potential benefits in probiotic usage, they have been little explored as an adjunctive therapy in celiac disease. This study aimed at the comparison of faecal bifidobacteria concentration and pH among celiac patients and healthy subjects before and after the daily intake of 100 g of yogurt containing probiotic for a thirty-day period. Feces from 17 healthy subjects and 14 celiac patients were analyzed, in which stool culture was performed for the isolation and quantification of faecal bifidobacteria. Furthermore, Gram's method was employed for the microscopic analysis of the colonies, while the identification of the Bifidobacterium genus was made through determination of the fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase enzyme. Faecal pH was measured using a calibrated pHmeter. Faecal bifidobacteria concentration before probiotic consumption was significantly higher in healthy individuals (2.3x108±6.3x107 CFU/g) when compared to celiac patients (1.0x107±1.7x107 CFU/g). Faecal pH values did not show a significant difference. After the daily consumption of probiotic-containing yogurt both groups showed a significant increase in the concentration of faecal bifidobacteria, but healthy subjects presented significantly higher bifidobacteria concentrations (14.7x108±0.2x108 CFU/g) than the celiac group (0.76x108±0.1x108 CFU/g). The obtained pH values from both groups were not significantly different, being 7.28±0.518 for the celiac patients and 7.07±0.570 for healthy individuals after the probiotic intake. The probiotic supplementation significantly increased the number of bifidobacteria in the feces of celiac patients, although it was not sufficient to reach the concentration found in healthy individuals prior to its consumption.