Concentration Of Active Substance Research Articles

Hygienic assessment of the population risk after consumption of agricultural products grown with the application of triazole class-based fungicides

The problem of pesticide poisoning is particularly acute among countries whose primary source of income is agriculture (India, China, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina etc.). About 3 million cases of intentional and unintentional pesticide poisoning are reported in the world annually, resulting in the death of more than 250000 people. In Ukraine, by 2020, more than 250 pesticide preparations containing active substances of the triazole class. Aim of the work. Hygienic assessment of the population risk after consumption of agricultural products grown with the application of triazole class-based fungicides. Materials and methods. We analyzed the resistance parameters of triazole fungicides (difenoconazole, prothioconazole, cyproconazole, and metconazole) and strobilurin (azoxystrobin) in various crops. To determine the content of active substances in crops, we used modern methods of high-performance liquid and gas chromatography. For the integral assessment of the hazard indicators was used, the indicators of the allowable daily intake, the half-life periods in plants and the average daily consumption of the product were evaluated. Research results. The risk assessment for the population, calculated according to the methodology showed that the risk values of triazoles were 0.0002-0.2239, strobilurins – 0.0002-0.0016, which does not exceed the acceptable (less than 1). Calculations carried out according to the method show that all studied compounds of triazoles class belong to the moderately hazardous when consuming treated products of rapeseed, soybean, sunflower, sugar beet and hazardous when consuming cereals; strobilurin - low hazard when consumed the most of the studied cultures. Differences in hazard classes are primarily due to differences in the behaviour of pesticides in different crops and the length of the vegetative season.

Development of Probiotic-Fermented Black Mulberry (Morus nigra L.) Juice and Its Antioxidant Activity in C2C12 Cells

Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) is considered a medicinal and food-homologous plant in China. An obstacle to its widespread use is that its annual season and shelf life are extremely short. In this paper, fermented black mulberry juice (FBMJ) was prepared with various probiotic strains, and response surface methodology was used to determine the optimum production conditions for achieving the maximum active substance content in the resulting product. The fermentation process increased levels of biological enzymes and total phenols in the resulting juice. When the ratios of the Lactobacillus inocula to the total inoculum were 27.96% for L. paracasei, 15.37% for L. casei, 16.64% for L. plantarum, and 5.12% for L. delbrueckii, the B. animalis subsp. lactis content reached 15.83%, the L. fermentum content reached 19.08%, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity reached 310 U/g. To study the antioxidant characteristics of the juice, C2C12 cells were treated with H2O2 to induce oxidative stress and the cytoprotective activity of FBMJ was subsequently evaluated. After treatment with FBMJ for 24 h, cell viability was found to be protected under H2O2 exposure, while SOD and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels were increased. The reactive oxygen species level and malondialdehyde content were also decreased. These results provide molecular evidence for the antioxidant effect of FBMJ and demonstrate that lactic acid bacteria fermentation has a positive effect on black mulberry juice (BMJ).

Effect of Combination of Carbopol-940 Base and HPMC Gel Extract of Aloe Vera Flesh on Physical Properties and Antibacterial Activity of Propionibacterium acnes

ABSTRACT Aloe vera (Aloe chinensis Barker.) has been shown to be efficacious as an antibacterial which has the potential to treat acne caused by the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes. The use of this combination can increase the viscosity, dissolution, diffusion, and bioavailability of the preparation. This study aims to determine the effect of the combination of Carbopol base and HPMC as a gelling agent on the physical properties and antibacterial activity of aloe vera gel against P. acnes bacteria. Aloe vera flesh extract was obtained using 70% ethanol maceration method. The gel preparation has an active substance concentration of 0.50% using a combination base of Carbopol:HPMC with a ratio of 1.00:0.50; 0.75:0.75; and 0.50:1.00. The tests included tests of adhesion, dispersibility, and viscosity as well as measurement of antibacterial activity by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone formed on the media. The resulting data from the physical properties of the gel were analyzed by linear regression correlation. While the data on the results of the antibacterial activity were analyzed by statistical tests using the ANOVA method. The results showed that with increasing concentration of HPMC, the adhesive power and viscosity decreased, but the dispersion power increased. The three gel formulations had different zones of inhibition due to differences in diffusion that occurred in the test medium. Keywords: Aloe Vera, Gel, Propionibacterium Acnes.

UPLC Technique in Pharmacy—An Important Tool of the Modern Analyst

In recent years, ultra-efficient liquid chromatography (UPLC) has gained particular popularity due to the possibility of faster separation of small molecules. This technique, used to separate the ingredients present in multi-component mixtures, has found application in many fields, such as chemistry, pharmacy, food, and biochemistry. It is an important tool in both research and production. UPLC created new possibilities for analytical separation without reducing the quality of the obtained results. This technique is therefore a milestone in liquid chromatography. Thanks to the increased resolution, new analytical procedures, in many cases, based on existing methods, are being developed, eliminating the need for re-analysis. Researchers are trying to modify and transfer the analytical conditions from the commonly used HPLC method to UPLC. This topic may be of strategic importance in the analysis of medicinal substances. The information contained in this manuscript indicates the importance of the UPLC technique in drug analysis. The information gathered highlights the importance of selecting the appropriate drug control tools. We focused on drugs commonly used in medicine that belong to various pharmacological groups. Rational prescribing based on clinical pharmacology is essential if the right drug is to be administered to the right patient at the right time. The presented data is to assist the analyst in the field of broadly understood quality control, which is very important, especially for human health and treatment. This manuscript shows that the UPLC technique is now an increasingly used tool for assessing the quality of drugs and determining the identity and content of active substances. It also allows the monitoring of active substances and finished products during their processing and storage.

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of ampicillin/sulbactam and clindamycin in jawbone, plasma, and platelet-rich fibrin: Application to patients with osteonecrosis of the jaw

Ampicillin in combination with sulbactam is a widely used drug choice for infection prophylaxis, especially in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Clindamycin serves as an alternative in patients with known allergy to β-lactam antibiotics. To ensure effective prophylaxis, it is important to achieve sufficiently high concentrations of active antibiotic substances in the tissues affected by the surgery. To this end, a LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated that allows the quantification of ampicillin, sulbactam and clindamycin in jawbone, plasma, and so-called platelet-rich fibrin (PRF). Validation was performed in accordance with the European Medicines Agency guidelines for bioanalytical method validation. For all matrices, sample processing was carried out by protein precipitation with acetonitrile or methanol 80%, containing the isotope labelled internal standards (IS) of the three drugs. Analytes were separated on a pentaflourophenyl column at 20 °C using gradient elution. Furthermore, detection was accomplished by electrospray ionisation in positive-ion mode (ampicillin, clindamycin and corresponding IS) and negative-ion mode (sulbactam and corresponding IS) in combination with multiple reaction monitoring. Depending on the analyte and the matrix under investigation, calibration curves ranged from 0.14 to 59.8 µg/g (jawbone - ampicillin), 2.0–1000 µg/mL (plasma - ampicillin), and 1.0–495 µg/mL (PRF - ampicillin). All analytes fulfilled the requirements of the guideline regarding sensitivity, linearity, selectivity, carryover, within-run and between run accuracy and precision, matrix effect and extraction recovery in all matrices. The method was successfully applied to measure concentrations of ampicillin, sulbactam and clindamycin in real-life samples obtained in routine clinical practice.

Weed suppression and antioxidant activity of Astragalus sinicus L. decomposition leachates.

Astragalus sinicus L. (milk vetch), a versatile plant that has a soil-enriching effect as green manure, is widely planted in the temperate zone of China. In previous experiments, milk vetch incorporated into the soil as green manure showed potential for goosegrass control. However, "what exactly happens at the chemical level?" and "what are the compounds that are potentially responsible for the phytotoxic effects observed during those previous assays?" In a recent study, in vitro phytotoxicity bioassays and chemical analyses of milk vetch decomposition leachates were carried out to explore the relationship between the temporal phytotoxic effects and the dynamics of chemical composition. For that, milk vetch decomposition leachates with a decay time of 12h, 9 days, 12 days, 15 days, and 18 days were analyzed for organic compounds by liquid chromatography. The main results were as follows: (1) three compounds with goosegrass suppression potential produced during the decomposed process, i.e., 4-ethylphenol, N-acrylimorpholine, and allyl isothiocyanate. 2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate was present in the 12-h decomposition leachates but was at its highest concentration of 127.1 µg ml-1 at 15 days. (2) The cultures were configured according to the four concentrations of goosegrass-resistant active substances measured in the 15-day decomposition leachate and, as with the 15-day decomposition leachate, the mixture cultures inhibited 100% of goosegrass germination at the high concentrations (≥ 30%), which suggests that these substances have goosegrass suppression potential. (3) The high total phenolic content (302.8-532.3 mg L-1), the total flavonoid content (8.4-72.1 mg L-1), and the reducing activity of the decomposition leachates for different decay times may explain why the incorporation of milk vetch into the soil did not lead to peroxidation of goosegrass in the previous study. (4) Finally, the changes in acid fraction and total content (1.9-4.2 mg ml-1) for different decay times explain the variations in pH of the decomposition leachates, which, when discussed in conjunction with previous studies, may lead to changes in soil nutrient effectiveness and consequently affect crop growth. This study can provide a reference for green weed control research.

Inflammatory diseases of the external ear: place and possibilities of topical therapy

Otitis externa (NO) is manifested by inflammatory changes in the auricle, external auditory canal and epidermal layer of the eardrum. The disease is characterized by a wide prevalence and a continuing increase in morbidity, a persistent, resistant to adequate therapy course and frequent recurrence of the pathological process. For the development of NO, the presence of an etiotropic agent and a violation of the integrity of the epidermal layer of the skin of an endogenous and exogenous nature are necessary. According to the area of distribution and the type of pathological process, limited and diffuse NO are considered. Most often, bacteria act as the causative agents of NO, with diffuse forms Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the leader. The appointment of systemic antibiotics for uncomplicated forms of NO is impractical, it is optimal to use topical combined drugs that have adequate activity against the main pathogens of NO. The advantages of topical therapy in such patients are the rapid accumulation of required active substance concentration in the area of inflammation and almost complete lack of systemic action, minimal risk of development and spread of resistant strains of microorganisms. It is required to use antimicrobial agents that have been shown to be active against the main pathogens of otitis externa. The reduction of inflammation and pain is also an important component of the management of patients with OE. A good option for topical therapy of patients with inflammatory changes in the external ear is a drug with antimicrobial and local anesthetic action containing antibacterial components: aminoglycoside neomycin sulfate and cyclic polypeptide polymyxin B sulfate, and local anesthetic lidocaine hydrochloride. Such agents have a balanced antimicrobial and local anesthetic action, high safety and can be recommended for use in patients with diffuse otitis externa.

Simultaneous estimation of crotamiton and hydrocortisone by RP-UPLC using green analytical principles embedded analytical quality by design (AQbD) method

Analyzing varied concentrations of pharmaceutical active drug substances in dosage forms without any interferences using eco-friendly principles is more challenging. Hence, the aim of the present study is used to estimate Crotamiton (CTM) and Hydrocortisone (HCS) simultaneously by applying green analytical principles together with Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD)- rotatable central composite based approach using RP-UPLC based method development and validation. The study was intended to enhance efficiency and reduce environmental consequences, by reducing the toxic solvents/chemicals usage and waste emission. The separation was carried out through the aid of a Waters X-Bridge (C18 50 × 2.5 mm i.d, 1.7 µm) column with an optimized mobile phase for the determination of two drugs were ethanol:0.01 M ammonium acetatebuffer (pH 3.0) 30:70v/v at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min. The measurement was made at aconcentration of 70–130 µg/ml for CTMand 1.75–3.75 µg/ml for HCS(R2 = 0.9998–0.9995). The results of the degradation study revealed that the drugs degraded under stressed conditions and the degradation products were identified using MS, and the proposed structures were depicted. The suggested methodology’s linearity, accuracy, and precision have been verified using ICHcriteria and green assessment tools, with environmentally acceptable results. This novel eco-friendly AQbD-based analytical approach could be readily adaptable by chemical and pharmaceutical industries for regular analysis without any regulatory barriers.

Preventive effect of the drug Santomectin against psoroptosis of sheep in the plain zone of the Republic of Dagestan

Relevance. Psoroptosis of sheep and goats is a chronic disease caused by the Psoroptes ovis, occurring in a subacute, acute, chronic, sometimes generalized form. It is characterized by a lesion in sheep and goats of thick-haired parts of the body, in goats — sometimes the auriclesIn view of the above, the determination of the most cost-effective modern broad-spectrum acaricidal and antiparasitic agents in the conditions of the Caspian region of the Russian Federation is an urgent task.Мethods. The prophylactic effect of the antiparasitic drugs Santomectin and Ivermek was studied on 90 animals, divided into 2 experimental groups and one control group. Animals of the first group were injected with the drug Ivermek (ivermectin — 10 mg and tocopherol acetate — vitamin E — 40 mg) once, at a dosage of 1 ml of the drug per 50 kg of body weight of the animal. The second group was administered Santomectin (1 ml of the preparation contains 5 mg of ivermectin and 125 mg of closantel). Santomectin was injected into the subscapular region intramuscularly, once, at a dose of 1 ml of the drug per 50 kg of animal body weight. The third control group was not treated with chemoprophylactic drugs. Animals were observed for 30 days.Results. The data obtained in the course of production experiments on the effect of the acaricidal activity of the preparations indicate that the use of the Santomectin preparation with a single injection with an active substance concentration of 0.1 mg ivermectin per 1 kg of live weight gives a preventive effect against Psoroptes ovis by 16.7% higher than the use of the drug “Ivermek” at a concentration of 200 µg of ivermectin per 1 kg of live weight.

Toxicological and hygienic requirements when working with pesticides in agriculture

Intensive use of pesticides in Russia puts forward the task of identifying ways to prevent their adverse effects on the health of workers. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the safety requirements when working with pesticides in agriculture from a toxicological and hygienic standpoint. An analytical study was performed. Research materials documents regulating the use of pesticides, scientific publications, data from own research. The safety of pesticides for those working with them is based on numerous toxicological and hygienic studies carried out at the stage of registration tests. According to the results of toxicological studies, including the establishment of toxicity parameters for acute inhalation, dermal and oral intake, subacute and chronic exposure, in accordance with the hygienic classification of pesticides by degree of danger, a hazard class is established, which determines the possibility, scale, technology of the use of pesticides on the territory of the Russian Federation. Particular attention is paid to the study of sensitizing effects, irritating effects on the skin and mucous membranes, as well as possible manifestations of long-term effects (teratogenic, embryotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic). The severity of carcinogenic and mutagenic effects determines the restriction of the use of pesticides, up to a complete ban. Hygienic regulation of the content of active substances of pesticides is carried out taking into account the hazard class and toxicity parameters. A prerequisite for the safe use of pesticides is the establishment of hygienic standards in almost all environments. The last stage of the study is an assessment of the risk to workers when using each pesticide in real conditions of agricultural production and regulation of use. Conclusion. Safety requirements for those working with pesticides when applied using various technologies in agricultural conditions are determined taking into account the hazard class of pesticides and the equipment used. The application of the method of assessing the risk of exposure to pesticides at the stage of registration tests guarantees the exclusion from circulation in Russia of drugs that pose a real danger to a working person. The minimum risk of exposure to pesticides on workers is ensured by compliance with all safety requirements and application regulations.

The Potential of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus) as Removal of Kidney Stone

Some people in Mojokerto use pineapple crowns as medicine to remove a kidney stones. However, research related to this topic is very limited, there is no specific data regarding the content of active substances in pineapple crown. So that in this study, kidney stone decay was tested with pineapple crown extract and analyzed the phytochemicals of pineapple crown were. The effect on the ability of pineapple crown to remove kidney stones was carried out in vitro by testing kidney stones obtained from one of the patients with kidney stone disease. The solubility of calcium oxalate which is the content of kidney stones was tested against pineapple crown extract with various solvents. While the phytochemical test was carried out 6 times on the extraction of pineapple crown with various solvent variations. From the results of tests carried out on the content of several phytochemical compounds such as saponins, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and steroids, it was found that the highest content was found in pineapple crown extract with water and ethanol solvents. From the in vitro test results of kidney stone solubility, it was found that there was an effect of pineapple crown on kidney stone solubility although it was not significant. The optimum concentration of pineapple crown extract from several variations of the concentration tested was 0.0625 M. Through this research, can provide scientific facts to the public about the use of pineapple crown extract for kidney stone removal.

Дослідження фунгіцидної дії дезінфекційного препарату «Діолайд»

Nowadays it is important to develop new disinfectants for poultry which are simple in use, non-toxic if used in the presence of birds, with a broad bactericidal spectrum, not causing the resistance of microflora, maintaining the air environment, linking ammonia and deodorizing the air. One of the product effectiveness indicators comes from testing on micromycetes which are persistent on the indoor surfaces and require high fungicidal concentrations of active substances. Research results of the effect produced by the “Diolide” disinfectant with 42% sodium chlorite and 46% sodium chloride base showed fungicidal activity against the etalon strains of Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404. By serial digestion method using paper disks on Chapek’s medium and on the malt agar in the presence of the “Diolide” disinfectant the effective concentration of 0.1% was established. “Diolide” disinfectant at 0.1% concentration at 60 min. exposure completely disinfected test objects of wood, iron, brick and plaster which were contaminated with micromycetes. It was found that the effectiveness of “Diolide” disinfectant depends directly on the time of exposure and it is therefore necessary to adhere to these conditions in the production process.

Antiseptics: analysis of assortment, technologies of compounding and using

Proper hand hygiene disrupts the spread of a numerous infections and is therefore a guarantee of good human health. Wide use of antiseptics by the public raises questions about their effectiveness, safety and availability. At the same time, the culture of hand hygiene is a priority for all spheres of society.
 The aim of the work is to study the range of antiseptics on the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine and assess the peculiarities of their use, to compound the antiseptic for hands of optimal composition and provide its quality control.
 The study used information retrieval, pharmacological, organoleptic, physical and chemical, graphic and statistical methods.
 Based on the analysis of information sources, the active ingredients and their optimal concentrations in the composition of antiseptics of industrial and extemporaneous production have been established. According to the results of this stage of work, four prescriptions of antisepticswith different compositions were selected for further compounding.It was found that positive results of quality control according to the organoleptic and physical and chemical parameters were received for the solution compounded using 96%ethanol and paying attention to key technological features that are decisive in the compounding of non-aqueous solutions and affect the quality of the product.
 The problematic issues of registration and circulation of antiseptics in Ukraine were identified as a result of the development of normative documents. Its consequence is the spread of unscrupulous practices of selling products that do not have a proven disinfection effect. The active components of industrial and extemporaneous antiseptic agents were determined based on the analysis of literary sources. It was established that most of the products recommended for home production did not meet the requirements of regulatory documents in terms of composition and concentration of active substances. This is a sign of the spread of unreliable information among the population, which can harm health. The need to comply with the rules for dosing ingredients and the technological features of manufacturing of non-aqueous solutions is substantiated. It was established that the required concentration of ethanol in the finished product is achieved when preparing solutions according to prescription N 3, which included 96% ethanol according to the results of the physical and chemical control. The presence of disinfection corners at National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya certainly popularizes hand hygiene among students of higher education. This is indicated by the high frequency of students' use of the products that were placed in the appropriate places. At the same time, it was established the need to conduct educational work among students, which will contribute to increasing the level of awareness of the regulatory framework of registered disinfectants, their proper composition, labeling and method of use.

A Review of the Application of Modified Separators in Inhibiting the "shuttle effect" of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Lithium-sulfur batteries with high theoretical specific capacity and high energy density are considered to be one of the most promising energy storage devices. However, the “shuttle effect” caused by the soluble polysulphide intermediates migrating back and forth between the positive and negative electrodes significantly reduces the active substance content of the battery and hinders the commercial applications of lithium–sulfur batteries. The separator being far from the electrochemical reaction interface and in close contact with the electrode poses an important barrier to polysulfide shuttle. Therefore, the electrochemical performance including coulombic efficiency and cycle stability of lithium–sulfur batteries can be effectively improved by rationally designing the separator. In this paper, the research progress of the modification of lithium–sulfur battery separators is reviewed from the perspectives of adsorption effect, electrostatic effect, and steric hindrance effect, and a novel modification of the lithium–sulfur battery separator is prospected.

OPTIMASI DAN UJI MUTU FISIK FORMULASI MASKER GEL PEEL – OFF KULIT PISANG (Musa paradisiaca L)

Kepok banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) is one of the most commonly consumed bananas in Indonesia. Apart from the fruit, the other potentially used is banana peel. Kepok banana peel is rich in flavonoids which has function as antioxidants that protect skin from free radicals. In this study, we optimized and conducted physical characterization for banana peels peel-off gel mask. The aim for this research was to optimize the peel-off gel mask and analized the physical characteristics of peel-off mask gel. The formulation was optimized with different concentration of active substance. The physical characterization was organoleptic observation, homogeneity, pH, dispersibility, adhesion, drying time, irritation and stability assay. Organoleptics observation showed that peel-off gel showed distinctive scent, brownish color and gel-like structure. All preparation were homogenous, pH value dispersibility, adhesion, and drying time was within the required criteria. The peel-off was not irritant as showed from irritation assay. The preparation was also stable during 12 weeks storage under room temperature condition. We conclude that banana peels peel-off gel mask was successfully formulated. Further observation for its effectivity will be required.

Effects of commercial pesticides on the nematode biological control agent Pochonia chlamydosporia

ABSTRACT Tomato Solanum lycopersicum plants are exposed to a wide range of pests and diseases in protected cultivation, including root-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne spp. As the application of chemical nematicides is progressively being restricted in the EU, biological control agents such as Pochonia chlamydosporia are being considered as sustainable alternatives. Nevertheless, success in the control of RKN depends on the compatibility of the fungus with pesticides used to manage other pests and diseases. We tested the in vitro acute and chronic effects of twelve different commercial pesticides used throughout a tomato cropping cycle on P. chlamydosporia. All pesticides significantly inhibited radial growth of the fungus at 22 days, with exception of methiocarb (Mesurol 200), spiromesifen (Oberon), copper-metalaxyl-M (Ridomil Gold R) and oxamyl (Vydate 10L). All fungicides produced significant acute and chronic negative effects on chlamydospore viability. Insecticides methiocarb, spinosad (Spintor) and indoxacarb (Steward) did not affect chlamydospore germination at the tested concentration of active substance (100 mg·L−1) of pesticide in the acute effects test, but all tested pesticides significantly reduced chlamydospore viability in the chronic 6-week-exposure test. Importantly, chlamydospore germination rates recorded were higher in the 12-week than in the 6-week-exposure chronic test, hinting at P. chlamydosporia acclimation or recovery. In view of differences in compatibility of commercial pesticides with P. chlamydosporia, acting on different fungal life stages in acute and chronic processes, these must be carefully selected and the timing of their application considered in the design of crop protection strategies against RKN to improve the biological control success.

Effect of root inoculation with Mycorrhizal fungus and foliar spraying with Moringa leaf extract on some vegetative characteristics and concentration of the active substance in Citrullus Colocynthis fruits

A field experiment was conducted in the 2021 agricultural season in one of the agricultural fields in Anbar Governorate - Fallujah district to study the effect of treating roots with different concentrations of Mycorrhizal fungi and foliar spraying with different concentrations of Moringa leaf extract and the interaction between them on some vegetative characteristics and concentration of the active substance in Citrullus Colocynthis fruits. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design R.C.B.D with three replications for each treatment. The experiment included 16 treatments resulting from the control treatment, inoculation with three concentrations of mycorrhizal fungi, foliar spraying with three concentrations of moringa leaf extract and the interaction between them, the averages were compared using the least significant difference L.S.D at a probability level of 0.05. The results showed that the inoculation of roots with mycorrhizal fungi gave significant differences in the studied traits, as the inoculation treatment with mycorrhizal fungi at concentration (20 g) for each plant achieved the highest values ​​for some of the traits studied, which significantly outperformed the control treatment without addition in each of the number of flowers, leaf content of Chlorophyll and concentration of active substances (Citrullol, Cucurbitacine, Colocynthine, Colocynthitine).

Formulasi dan Evaluasi Sabun Padat Transparan dari Ekstrak Bunga Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)

Rosella flower is a plant with an antioxidant effect because it contains anthocyanins included in the flavonoid group. Therefore, it is essential to develop rosella flower extract in the form of soap preparations. This present work formulated and evaluated transparent solid soap preparations with 70% ethanol extract. This laboratory experimental research analyzed transparent solid soap preparations that were made of three formulas with different concentrations of active substances, namely FI (0.5%), FII (1%), FIII (2%). In addition, the evaluation of solid soap preparations involved organoleptic observations (smell, color, shape), pH test, foam height test, and irritation test on volunteers' skin. The results of quality inspection of organoleptic preparations indicated that the higher the concentration of the active substance in solid soap preparations, the less transparent the soap looks; the pH test produced 10.63-11.43; the initial foam height test resulted in 80 mm, and the final rest got 70 mm, 60 mm, and 50 mm; skin irritation tested to volunteers showed a negative reaction. The formulation in this study was formula 1, which produced the best transparent soap. It is concluded that FI, FII, and FIII soap with 70% ethanol extract of rosella flowers can be formulated as transparent solid soap.

Features of Pesticide-Contaminated Surface Water

This work aims to investigate the concentration indices of 14 pesticides in the major water bodies of the Southern Federal District of the Russian Federation. The study was conducted in 2019 using samples of bottom sediments and surface waters collected from three reservoirs (Krasnodar, Proletarian, and Veselovsky) and two rivers (Don and Sal). Concentrations of active pesticide substances were studied, and the results were benchmarked against 2018. In 2019, 14 active pesticide substances were detected in water and sediment samples from the three reservoirs under study. Maximum pesticide concentrations were observed in the spring of 2019 and autumn 2018. Total concentration indices in these time frames were similar, but autumn 2019 is 20 times lower than 2018 (0.7 versus 6.5, p ≤ 0.001). Total pesticide concentrations for rivers and reservoirs averaged about the same (0.15-0.80, p ≥ 0.05). There are different levels of pesticides in rivers and reservoirs. The detected pesticide concentrations did not exceed the maximum allowable concentrations, but the cumulative effect can have a harmful impact on hydrobionts in the future.

The Effectiveness of the Papaya Mengkal and Green Grass Jelly Against the Decrease in the Blood Pressure of the Client's Mild Hypertension

Hypertension is condition medical moment pressure blood in arteries increase exceed normal limit. Various study has conducted for see effectiveness plant in lower pressure blood high, such as papaya mengkal and green grass jelly. In one study said that there was a decrease in blood pressure in hypertensive clients after giving papaya juice. While green grass jelly is rich in flavonoid and alkaloid active substances. The content of flavonoid active substances can act as anti-hepatotoxic, anti-HIV1, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and can provide a vasodilating effect on blood vessels that helps protect heart function. Flavonoids can reduce arterial stiffness and can be an alternative treatment to reduce the risk of heart disease.