Concentrations In Different Parts Research Articles

Quantitative Relationship Between Paddy Soil Properties and Cadmium Content in Tobacco leaves.

Tobacco readily accumulates cadmium (Cd), an unnecessary and poisonous element. A total of 107 soil and tobacco leaf samples were collected from South China, to clarify the quantitative relationship between soil properties and Cd content in tobacco leaves. The results showed that 86.9% of the total sampling points had soil cadmium in excess of standard value, and the ratio of active Cd content to total soil Cd content was 24.0%. The enrichment factor of tobacco Cd was 3.43. There was a significant positive correlation between Cd concentration in tobacco leaves and soil Cd content. Soil pH, organic matter and cation exchange amount were negatively correlated with the Cd enrichment factor of tobacco. This present study has provided a regression model of tobacco Cd content based on soil factors, which could accurately predict Cd content in different parts of tobacco.

Assessment and comparison of phytochemicals and antioxidant properties from various parts of the Australian maroon bush (Scaevola spinescens)

Scaevola spinescens is endemic to Australia and traditionally used as a medicinal plant. While its bioactive compounds have been studied, their concentrations in different parts of the plant have not been reported. This study compared total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoids, saponins and antioxidant properties, as well as major individual phytochemical compounds in the whole root, root bark, root wood, whole stem, stem bark, stem wood, and leaf of S. spinescens. The results showed the leaf had significantly highest concentrations of TPC followed by the root bark and stem bark (47.34, 12.24 and 10.20 mg GAE/g, respectively). Flavonoids concentrations were also significantly higher in the leaf compared to the root bark and stem bark (20.95, 6.22 and 4.19 mg CE/g, respectively). For saponins, the root bark contained significantly highest concentrations (112.58 mg EE/g). Luteolin 7-glucoside was isolated and identified in the leaf of S. spinescens. Eight major compounds were identified with the leaf displaying the highest diversity of major compounds, and in higher concentrations, compared to the other plant constituents. As the leaf and root bark contained the highest concentrations of phytochemicals, these plant parts are recommended as starting material for future studies, to further isolate and identify the major compounds from S. spinescens and investigate their biological properties for use in pharmaceutical and food applications.

Heavy metal concentrations in five fish species from the Gulf of Guinea and their human health implications

A major impact of marine pollution is the contamination of fish, which has become an issue of concern due to the potential adverse human health effects. Therefore, this study assessed heavy metal (Cu, Ni, Fe, Cd, Pb, Zn and Hg) concentrations in different parts of five fish species namely S. aurita, E. encrasicolus, S. colias, B. auritus and P. bellottii from the Gulf of Guinea and their implications for human health. The results showed that Cd and Pb concentrations in all the analysed fish species were below their respective detection limits of 0.01 mg kg−1 dw and 0.05 mg kg−1 dw and thus pose low health risks. On a wet weight basis, the mean metal concentrations in fish muscle ranged from 0.04 to 0.31 mg kg−1 for Cu, 1.23 to 3.87 mg kg−1 for Fe, 0.20 to 0.39 mg kg−1 for Ni, 0.17 to 0.42 for Zn, and 0 to 0.05 mg kg−1 for Hg. Although these measured metal concentrations were within permissible limits for human consumption, the calculated hazard quotients indicated that the concentrations of Hg in S. aurita, S. colias and B. auritus pose significant health risks.

Comprehensive Quality Evaluation of American Ginseng for Different Parts and Abnormal Trait Based on the Major Ginsenoside Contents and Morphological Characteristics.

The demand for American ginseng, a famous traditional medicine and high-grade healthy food, has increased dramatically over recent years. However, only the main root is popular among consumers, whereas other parts of American ginseng are rarely available in the market. In this study, the contents of 5 major ginsenosides (Re, Rc, Rg1, Rd, and Rb1) were determined through high-performance liquid chromatography. Our study showed that all these 5 major ginsenosides are found in different parts of American ginseng plants, and the total content in different parts varied significantly in the following order: fibrous root > flower > branch root > main root > leaf > stem. Interestingly, the total content in the fibrous root was approximately 2.24 times higher than that in the main root. Further research indicated that the ginsenoside content in American ginseng with abnormal characteristics (physical deformity caused by disease and discolouration) is similar to that in the normal plant. Interestingly, a positive correlation was observed between the main root diameter and total ginsenoside content, whereas a negative correlation was observed between the main root length and total ginsenoside content. Our comprehensive study revealed that all parts of American ginseng, including the main root with abnormal characteristics, possess medicinal or economic value. Therefore, our results provide feasible evidence to further explore the potential application of American ginseng.

An experimental study on effects of fluoridated water on Abelmoschus esculentus var. Soh-198 (Lady Finger)

An experimental study of fluoride (F) accumulation in Abelmoschus esculentus var. Soh-198 and its effect on the growth and crop yield was conducted in a pot experiment. Eight different concentrations of F in the water were used for irrigation ranging from 2 to 14 ppm with distilled water as the control. Potentiometric determinations of the F content in different parts of the plant were made 45, 60, and 120 days after sowing the seeds (first, second, and third harvest, respectively). At the third harvest the highest mean plant part concentrations of F were recorded with 14 ppm F in the irrigation water: 9.0638 mg/kg in the roots, 5.6896 mg/kg in shoot, 4.5348 mg/kg in leaf and 3.563 mg/kg in fruit.

Comparison of cadmium accumulation in upright and leaning poplar trees

Poplar 69 (Populus deltoides Bartr. cv. ‘Lux’ (I-69/55)) was chosen for a pot experiment to study the growth and the extraction of Cd from soil to various parts of the one-year-old trees growing in upright and artificial leaning (45°) patterns under different Cd stress. The results indicated considerable tolerance of both upright poplar (UP) and leaning poplar (LP) to Cd stress in the soil, though with significant inhibition from Cd application. LP demonstrated significantly lower height and basal diameter growth than UP. Cd concentrations in different parts of both UP and LP increased with the increase of Cd in the soil and it followed a general order as Bark > Leaf > Root > Stem. Different parts of poplar had average bio-concentration factor (BCF) ranges between 0.08 to 2.36, and average translocation factor (TF) between 0.67 to 7.92, indicating a big difference of phytoextraction ability among the parts, among the treatments, and between LP and UP. Average Cd concentration, BCF, and TF for each part of LP were higher than that of UP, but the difference was not significant. Significantly higher Cd concentration was found in the tension zone of stem wood than that in the opposite zone for LP.

First determination of some phenolic compounds and antimicrobial activities of Geranium ibericum subsp. jubatum: A plant endemic to Turkey.

This paper includes the results of the first study about the phenolic characteristics and antimicrobial analyses of Geranium ibericum subsp. jubatum species found in Turkey . In the present work, the phenolic contents of different parts of the G. ibericum (flower, root, leaf) were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)–DAD (diode-array detector) and liquid chromatography (LC)–MS/MS (mass spectrometry). The following phenolic compounds were investigated: catechin, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, chlorogenic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p -coumaric acid, rutin, naringenin, kaempferol . Based on the results obtained, the roots and flowers of the plant are found to be very rich in ellagic acid (3473.57 µg g-1 dry plant) and catechin (2228.76 µg g-1 dry plant). The amount of chlorogenic acid (54.570 µg g-1 dry plant) is also high in the roots. The amounts of protocatechuic acid (122.5 µg g-1 dry plant) and gallic acid (725.34 µg g-1 dry plant) are high in the leaves. In addition, the total extract of G. ibericum obtained from leaf, flower, and root was tested against 6 gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans . The G. ibericum extract was nearly as effective as commercial antibiotics at some concentrations (500-750 µg µL-1) for Acinetobacter baumannii , Klebsiella pneumonia , Proteus mirabilis , and Bacillus cereus .

Comparative analysis of chemical components in different parts of Epimedium Herb

Epimedium herb is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that is used for treating kidney-yang deficiency, impotence and rheumatism, and flavonoids are the main active ingredients. The leaves and rhizomes of Epimedium herb are two separate kinds of medicinal materials with different functional indications and clinical applications. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the chemical components of different parts of the herb from three Epimedium species (Epimedium sagittatum, E. pubescens and E. myrianthum) by using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photo-diode array and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-PDA-Q-TOF/MS) and multivariate statistical analysis to clarify the differences. Firstly, the workflow of UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS combined with UNIFI informatics was developed for characterizing the chemical compounds in different parts of Epimedium herb. Based on the exact mass information, the fragmentation characteristics and the retention times of compounds, all chromatographic peaks (74 chemical components) were identified. Secondly, 21 potential chemical markers for differentiating different parts of Epimedium herb were selected through PCA and PLS-DA analysis. The characteristic components in the leaves included flavonoids with Anhydroicaritin (type A, C-4′ linked methoxy) as the backbone, and the characteristic components in the stems and rhizomes were Magnoline and flavonoids with Demethylanhydroicaritin (type B, C-4′ linked hydroxyl) as the backbone. Thirdly, the UHPLC-PDA combined with heatmap visualization was employed to clarify the distribution of chemical components with high content in different parts of Epimedium herb. The results showed clear differences in the contents of chemical components in leaves, stems and rhizomes. The levels of flavonoids with Anhydroicaritin backbone were high in the leaves, and levels of flavonoids with Demethylanhydroicaritin backbone were high in the rhizomes. The levels of Magnoline in stems and rhizomes were higher than that in leaves. The contents of most of the compounds in stems remained low. The leaves and the other two parts (stems and rhizomes) can be distinguished by qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of Magnoline and Epimedoside A (type B backbone). These results indicated that the different plant parts of Epimedium herb can be quickly and accurately distinguished by this method, establishing a foundation for the application of Epimedium herb.

Phytochemical analysis and simultaneous quantification of solasodine and diosgenin content in different parts of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. by a validated high-performance thin-layer chromatography method

Phytochemical analysis and simultaneous quantification of solasodine and diosgenin content in different parts of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. by a validated high-performance thin-layer chromatography method

Use of a Handheld X-ray Fluorescence Analyser to Quantify Chloride Ions In Situ: A Case Study of Structural Repair

To ensure that a structure will last throughout its service life, repairing reinforced concrete entails, among others, correctly marking off the area affected by aggressive agents that may deteriorate both the concrete and the steel. Chloride, the most damaging source of reinforcement corrosion, may diffuse to a greater or lesser distance from the surface depending on the ease of penetration. In this study, we calibrated a handheld X-ray fluorescence analyser (hXRF) and used it to quantify the chloride concentration in cement-based materials. The findings were verified against a series of samples of known concentration to establish a suitable correction factor. Chloride ions were quantified precisely and accurately with the hXRF instrument, and we calculated a correction factor of 1.16. The instrument and the information recorded were used to quantify the chloride ion content in different parts of an existing structure. The analyser identified apparently healthy areas that could, nonetheless, pose oxidation problems in the near future due to significant chloride concentration. Chloride quantification data at different depths can be used to draw diffusion or penetration profiles and to determine whether ion concentration around the reinforcement is within the recommended limits. The method developed can be applied in situ to quickly locate the most critical areas.

Common carp (Cyprinus carpioL.) scales as a bioindicator reflecting its exposure to heavy metals throughout life

The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the usefulness of fish scales as a bioindicator reflecting the concentrations of heavy metals in the environment as compared to typical recognized bioindicators such as the liver or kidney. Heavy metal (Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, Fe, Ni, Pb) concentration analysis (with the atomic absorption technique) was performed in different annuli on the fish scale to characterize the metals’ accumulation in the consecutive years of the fish's life corresponding to individual scale increments. The results confirmed the usefulness of fish scales as a bioindicative tissue reflecting the condition of the environment in subsequent growing seasons. The results of the present study demonstrated that fish scales are more sensitive to the accumulation of Mn, Ni, and Pb, whose concentrations in different parts of the scales were even 10 times higher than in soft tissues, and significantly correlated with their levels in liver or kidney. In light of this finding, further studies involving controlled exposure of fish to different metals could be performed. Their results could allow for obtaining an excellent tool for monitoring the environment inhabited by fish in the present and past without the need to kill the animals.

Effect of postharvest irradiation with red light on epidermal color and carotenoid concentration in different parts of tomatoes

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of red light irradiation during postharvest ripening with focus on the outer (epicarp and mesocarp) and inner (endocarp and seed) parts of tomatoes by evaluating concomitant alterations in bioactive compounds, such as lycopene, β-carotene, total phenolic and total flavonoid concentrations, external fruit color and spectral reflectance pattern, and the Simple Chlorophyll Fluorescence ratio. As promising measure, deriving from previous studies, green stage-1 tomatoes were harvested and treated daily with red light for 12 h per day, for 15 days (followed by storage in darkness for additional 6 days) or continuously radiated with red light for 21 days. Control untreated tomatoes were kept in the dark for the same period. Application of continous red light strongly accelerated changes in the outer layer of fruit, for example visible in color parameters. Significant differences between treatments were analyzed for major secondary metabolite compounds such as lycopene, β-carotene, total phenolic and total flavonoid in both outer and inner fruit layers. Continuous red light treatment led to the highest concentration of secondary metabolite compounds in all parameters. Therefore, it can be concluded that continuous red light radiation is the most effective treatment to accelerate the color development and ripening of the outer layer of the epicarp. Furthermore, it plays a role in stimulating the inner layer of the endocarp to provide beneficial secondary metabolite compounds.

МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ПЕРЕХОДА СВИНЦА ИЗ ЖЕЛУДОЧНО-КИШЕЧНОГО ТРАКТА В ПЕРИФЕРИЧЕСКУЮ КРОВЬ ОВЕЦ ПРИ ХРОНИЧЕСКОМ ПОСТУПЛЕНИИ С РАЦИОНОМ

Mathematical model of the transfer of lead from the gastrointestinal tract into the peripheral blood of sheep under chronic intake with the ration is presented. The model is parameterized on the basis of its own experimental data and satisfactorily describes the changes in the lead content in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract and peripheral blood of sheep. It is shown that the constants of the rate of transfer of lead depend on the level of metal in the ration and the duration of intake.

Impact of both early-age acclimation and linseed dietary inclusion on fat deposition and fatty acids' meat traits in heat-stressed broiler chickens.

Objective:The purpose of this work was to investigate the combination of early-age acclimation and linseed dietary inclusion in enriching polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in broilers’ meat as a strategy to mitigate heat stress.Materials and Methods:A total of 400 broiler chicks were assigned to four experimental groups with four duplicates (25 animals each): C: control (basal diet), AC: early-age acclimated (basal diet), Cl: fed 5% ground linseed, and Acl: early-age acclimated and fed 5% ground linseed. The lipid and fatty acid contents of different parts (breast, thigh, liver, subcutaneous, and abdominal fat) of broilers were determined.Results:Low levels of lipids and unsaturated fatty acids have been found in the meat of acclimated broilers. Higher levels of linolenic acids were noted in Cl thigh meat compared to C (6% vs. 2.68%, respectively). The results showed that oleic and linoleic acids constitute a large part of the PUFAs of different meats. The most elevated levels of monounsaturated fatty acids were recorded in the breast meat of AcL animals. The highest content of omega-3 was recorded in the liver of AcL animals compared to that of C (14.98% vs. 7.8%, respectively). Conclusion:We suggest that the combination of treatments during hot conditions has led to the reversion of the environment-affected variables to accepted values, and yields better thermoresistance, PUFA-enriched meat, and safeguard animal health which conferred to birds’ better solutions to reduce fatigue and hypoxic activities, which induces a considerable consumption of oxygen.

Influence of long term INM practices on the distribution of aluminium fractions in Acidic Inceptisol of North Eastern Himalaya Range and their relationship with NPK content in rice (Oryza sativa)

A long-term field experiment was commenced in 2006 with rice as a test crop under long-term integrated nutrient management (INM) practices at Instructional-cum-Research (ICR) farm of the Assam Agricultural University, Assam to study the distribution of aluminium (Al) fractions and their relationship with NPK content in different parts of rice plant under acidic Inceptisol. Results indicated that exchangeable Al and strongly organically bound and interlayer Al fractions effectively decreased whileweakly organically bound Al, amorphous Al and free Al fractions increased under integrated use of enriched compost @ 2 t/ha with 25% recommended doses of NP + 100% K over rest of the treatments. In rice, the integrated use of enriched compost @ 2 t/ha with 25% recommended doses of NP + 100% K showed significant increment in N and P content in grain, husk and straw over rest of the treatments. The K content in grain (0.36%), husk (0.37%) and straw (2.03%) was also found to be highest under application of 25% recommended doses of NP + enriched compost @ 2 t/ha + 100% K as compared to other treatments. There was a highly significant negative correlation was found between exchangeable Al and strongly organically bound and interlayer Al with N, P and K content of rice. Thus, integrated use of enriched compost with reduced dose of recommended nitrogen and phosphorus of rice reduced the toxic Al fractions in an acid soil which led to enhanced N, P and K content in rice grain, husk and straw.

Effects of exogenous sulfur on maize (Zea mays L.) growth and Cd accumulation in Cd-contaminated plastic shed soil.

Cadmium (Cd) pollution in plastic shed soils has become increasingly severe, posing a great threat to human health and social stability. Phytoremediation of cadmium pollution is an environmentally friendly and inexpensive remediation method. In this study, maize (Zea mays L.) was selected as the phytoremediation crop by a potted method, and the bioavailability of cadmium was investigated by adding exogenous elemental sulfur. The relationships among the sulfur content, maize growth, cadmium accumulation, and soil parameters were systematically studied. The results showed that, with the supplement of sulfur, the soil pH and activities of soil enzymes (urease, catalase, and sucrase) decreased gradually, and the available heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Zn, and Cu) in soil showed an upward trend. The optimal cadmium enrichment was achieved under T2 by increasing both the biomass of the maize plant and the cadmium concentration in roots and stems. However, T3 and T4 significantly inhibited the growth of maize roots and shoots, leading to a much lower plant biomass compared with that of CK (sulfur-free treatment) and T2. In addition, the cumulative cadmium was not increased because of the low accumulation of cadmium in some parts of the plant. Correlation analyses showed that the sulfur content was negatively correlated with soil pH and maize biomass (P < 0.01), and the cadmium content of whole maize was positively correlated with the dry weight of maize (P < 0.05) and the cadmium content in roots and stems (P < 0.01). In summary, to optimize cadmium phytoremediation of the plastic shed soil, an appropriate concentration of sulfur should be selected in practical applications to ensure that the biomass of the maize is maximized, and the cadmium concentration in different parts of the maize is increased or stabilized.

Evaluation of forage yield and nutritional quality of triticale grown in sewage sludge–amended soil

Application of sewage sludge provides not only a means for its disposal, but also refers to as an agricultural practice to improve soil fertility and to increase crop yields. This research was initiated to examine the impact of sewage sludge on the growth, yield, and nutritional quality of triticale “X Triticosecale Wittmack” crop used as a diet of the milking Sicilo-Sarde ewes. Treatments were a zero-N-control (C), 6 t DM ha−1 of sewage sludge (SS) equivalent to 92 kg N ha−1, and 100 kg N ha−1 of mineral fertilizer (MF). The results showed an increase in forage dry matter production, by an average value of 62% at heading stage, when compared with control. Heavy metal contents in different parts of triticale did not vary in the presence of SS, remaining approximately similar to those recorded in C and MF treatments. Sewage sludge had no harmful effect on sheep performance, especially its milk production and quality.

MdCAX affects the development of the ‘Honeycrisp’ bitter pit by influencing abnormal Ca distribution

Abstract Bitter pit (BP) is a physiological disorder of calcium deficiency in apple fruit and has not been fully characterized. The Ca2+/H+ exchanger (CAX) is a kind of Ca2+ transport protein. In this study, we analysed mineral contents in different parts of fruit, the expression levels of genes related to Ca transport and the functional roles of MdCAXs. The results showed lower water-soluble Ca content and significantly higher ratios of water-soluble P/Ca and (K + Mg)/Ca in the calyx-end flesh of BP and normal fruit than the peduncle-end flesh of them. The expression level of MdCAX11 increased as the severity of BP increased, and the expression profile was negatively correlated with the water-soluble Ca content. Yeast growth assays showed that both MdCAX11 and MdCAX5 have the function of transporting Ca to vacuoles. Subcellular localization analysis showed that MdCAX11-GFP and MdCAX5-GFP were colocalized on the vacuole membrane with a tonoplast marker. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that high expression levels of MdCAX11 and MdCAX5 may cause an influx of Ca from the cytosol into vacuoles, which may be related to the occurrence of BP.

Industrial applications of selected JFS articles

Industrial applications of selected <i>JFS</i> articles

Iron–Lysine Mediated Alleviation of Chromium Toxicity in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Plants in Relation to Morpho-Physiological Traits and Iron Uptake When Irrigated with Tannery Wastewater

Chromium (Cr) is among the most widespread toxic trace elements found in agricultural soils due to various anthropogenic activities. However, the role of micronutrient-amino chelates on reducing Cr toxicity in crop plants was recently introduced. In the current experiment, the exogenous application of micronutrients [iron (Fe)] chelated with amino acid [lysine (lys)] was examined, using an in vivo approach that involved plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments and gaseous exchange parameters, oxidative stress indicators and antioxidant response. The uptake and accumulation of Fe and Cr were determined under different levels of tannery wastewater (33, 66, 100%) used along with the exogenous supplementation of Fe-lys (5 mM) to Spinacia oleracea plants. Results revealed that tannery wastewater in the soil decreased plant growth and growth-related attributes, photosynthetic apparatus and Fe contents in different parts of the plants. In contrast, the addition of different levels of tannery wastewater to the soil significantly increased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and electrolyte leakage (EL), which induced oxidative damage in the roots and leaves of S. oleracea plants. However, S. oleracea plants increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), which scavenge the over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cr toxicity can be overcome by the supplementation of Fe-lys, which significantly increased plant growth and biomass, improved photosynthetic machinery and increased the activities of different antioxidative enzymes, even in the plants grown under different levels of tannery wastewater in the soil. Furthermore, the supplementation of Fe-lys increased the contents of essential nutrients (Fe) and decreased the contents of Cr in all plant parts compared to the plants cultivated in tannery wastewater without application of Fe-lys. In conclusion, the application of Fe-lys is an innovative approach to mitigate Cr stress in spinach plants, which not only increased plant growth and biomass but also decreased the Cr contents in different plant organs.