Content In Cabbage Research Articles

Estimation of Thiocyanate Content from Selected Cruciferous Vegetables

ABSTRACT: As per the studies conducted by the Indian Thyroid Society, it is suggested that one out of ten people in India suffer from hypothyroidism and these figures are likely to increase in the near future. According to the survey, women in the post-menopausal age group are more affected in comparison to men. Globally, the prevalence of hypothyroidism is 4-5%. Taking the same into consideration, a comparative study was undertaken to estimate the thiocyanate content in cruciferous vegetables such as Raphanus sativus (radish), Brassica rapa (turnip), Brassica okracea var. botrytis (cauliflower) Brassica oleracea (broccoli), Brassica clearccea var. botrytis (cabbage). Increased levels of thiocyanate often cause imbalance of the thyroid hormones by inhibiting iodine uptake thereby leading to hypothyroidism. Thiocyanate is therefore also employed in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. This study used 10 gram of sample extract in triplicates that were obtained from different markets, treated with ferric chloride leading to the formation of a colored complex and the amounts of thiocyanate was evaluated colorimetrically. It was observed that the thiocyanate content in cabbage was the highest followed by radish, turnip, broccoli and cauliflower. High thiocyanate content coupled with low iodine content go a long way in leading to goiter which is a clinical manifestation of any abnormality associated with thyroid gland. This leads us to very important conclusion that while ascertaining causes of any abnormalities of the thyroid gland that a person’s diet needs to be taken into consideration.

Examining the Optimal Amount of Moringa Leaf Extract to Improve the Morphological and Inner Quality of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)

Moringa leaves contain a proper amount of antioxidants, amino acids, vitamins, hormones, macronutrients, and micronutrients. Therefore, it is applied as a natural, inexpensive, and simple-to-make biostimulant to boost nutritional value and growth parameters in a variety of plants. The main purpose of this study is to determine the optimal concentration of Moringa oleifera L. leaf extract (MLE) as an effective biostimulant to improve nutritional and physical quality in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). To do this, three concentrations of MLE (6, 8, and 10%) were foliar sprayed to the plant leaves at a rate of 25 mL plant−1 for every two weeks from transplantation till harvest, while control plants (Ø) were sprayed with distilled water only. Our results show that MLE greatly increased cabbage growth, nutrient content, pigment content, and nutrient absorption, while a high concentration of 10% MLE could also significantly reduce nitrate content in cabbage leaves. In comparison to the control plants, sprays of 6%, 8%, and 10% MLE reduced nitrate content by 23%, 14%, and 12%, respectively. However, the lowest nitrate content was found for the plants sprayed with 6% MLE. Except for the dry matter, all the growth parameters, mineral content, and pigment content were significantly higher after spraying with 10% MLE, while better vitamin C and lower nitrate were found in the plants treated with 6% MLE. A Pearson correlation reveals that head weight has a positive correlation with head diameter, head height, chlorophyll a, and carotenoids at p levels of 0.01 and a positive correlation with chlorophyll b and vitamin C at p levels of 0.05. Vitamin C and dry matter, on the other hand, had a negative connection with nitrate content.

Accumulation and Transport of Phthalic Acid Esters in the Soil-Plant System of Agricultural Fields with Different Years of Film Mulching

In this study, we investigated the accumulation and transport patterns of phthalate ester (PAEs) compounds in the soil-plant system of maize and cabbage fields under different film mulching years. The total content of five PAEs in the maize fields soil ranged from 156.19 to 566.1 μg kg−1 with film mulching for 0–20 years. The total content of five PAEs in the cabbage field soils ranged from 252.48 to 559.07 μg kg−1 with film mulching for 0–30 years. The PAEs content in cabbage and maize field soils was lower than the environmental quality standards for soil (GB 15618-2008). With the increase in film mulching years, both maize and cabbage soil PAEs contents increased significantly (p < 0.05), while among the five PAEs, the contents of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) increased the most significantly, and the content of DEHP in the soils was the highest. The DEHP content in soils planted with maize ranges from 134.03 to 406.79 μg kg−1 with the film mulching for 20 years; while in soil planted with cabbage, it ranges from 229.35 to 405.2 μg kg−1 with the film mulching for 30 years. The DEHP content in all of the soils has not exceed the limit value established by the USEPA in U.S. Five PAEs were detected in maize seeds and cabbage leaves, among which the DEHP content exceeded the maximum residue limit set by the National Food Safety Standard (GB 9685-2016) for DEHP in food after more than 10 years of mulching. The bioaccumulation and translocation factors in cabbage showed a significant positive correlation with the film mulching years. However, the bioaccumulation factor and translocation factor in maize have weak correlations with the film mulching years, possibly due to the lower PAEs content in the deep soil layers where maize roots are distributed. Our research revealed a significant association between the presence and distribution of PAEs in crops and mulching years. These novel discoveries provide fundamental information for controlling PAEs pollution in agricultural environments.

Cooking Methods for Preserving Isothiocyanates and Reducing Goitrin in Brassica Vegetables.

Glucosinolates in Brassica vegetables can be hydrolyzed into various products, e.g., chemopreventive agents, isothiocyanates (ITCs) and anti-thyroid substance, goitrin. Cooking can reduce goitrin but destroy isothiocyanates. This study aimed to optimize cooking conditions for reducing goitrin while preserving isothiocyanates in Brassica vegetables. Cabbage and Chinese kale samples were divided evenly into raw, blanched, steamed, and water-based stir-fried samples. Cooking temperature and time were varied at 60, 80, or 100 °C for 2, 4, or 6 min. The levels of goitrin, benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), and sulforaphane (SFN) were measured using LC-MS/MS. Response surface model (RSM) was used to identify the optimal cooking conditions to reduce goitrin but preserve ITCs. Results showed that goitrin content in cabbage depended on the cooking methods, temperature, and time, while that of Chinese kale only depended on the methods. In contrast, the concentrations of SFN in cabbage and BITC in kale depended on the cooking temperature and time but not methods. Based on RSM analysis, the suggested household cooking methods for preserving isothiocyanates and reducing goitrin are steaming cabbage at 80-100 °C for 4 min and stir-frying Chinese kale at 60-100 °C for 2 min. Such methods may preserve the bioactive compounds while reducing food hazards.

Quality Study of Potato Chips for Sale in the Uruguayan Market

Objective: To study the quality of potato chips for sale in the Uruguayan market. Theoretical framework: For potato chips, the regulation controls moisture, peroxide value (VP) and acidity (%A). It was also considered important to evaluate the fatty material contained in the potatoes as frying oil, where polar compounds (PC) are controlled. The composition of CPs and total polymers (TP) was also evaluated. This set of measures took into account all the deterioration processes to which these lipids are subjected, so as to have a complete idea of their quality. Method: Six different brands of potato chips for sale in the Uruguayan market and the oil absorbed during their elaboration were evaluated. The lipid content and moisture content of the potatoes were measured. In the oil, VP, %A, CP and its composition, PT, the composition in fatty acids and the content of cabbage were measured. Results and conclusion: All the products analyzed comply with the current regulations, except for sample E, which presented high %A. Nevertheless, it was observed that in some cases the oils have an advanced deterioration. Likewise, the sample obtained through vacuum frying with a significantly lower lipid content than the others was highlighted. Implications of the research: This paper seeks to inform the quality of these foods that are for sale in the market. Originality/Value: The quality of food has a direct influence on the health of the population.

Reducing Chromium Toxicity in Chinese Cabbage through Synergistic Effects of Silicon and Selenium: A Study of Plant Growth, Chromium Content, and Biochemical Parameters

Silicon (Si) and selenium (Se) have been found to reduce chromium (Cr) toxicity in plants, which is important for crop production and human health. However, there is limited understanding of the interaction between Si and Se in mitigating Cr toxicity and its mechanisms. This study investigated the impact of Si and Se on Cr-treated Chinese cabbage growth, Cr content, and biochemical parameters in a hydroponic experiment. The results showed that both Si and Se effectively alleviate Cr toxicity and have a strong synergistic effect. They reduced Cr content in cabbage by 73.99% and increased photosynthetic pigments by 62.50% and 47.51%, respectively. Antioxidant enzyme activity increased by 28.20 and 21.37%, while non-enzyme antioxidants such as proline and GSH decreased by 27.44 and 28.51%. It was observed that the addition of Si and Se to Chinese cabbage under Cr stress resulted in a 29.58 and 134.37% increase in soluble protein and soluble sugar, respectively, as well as improved nutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg). This suggests that Si and Se can improve the physiological ecology of Chinese cabbage, reducing the effects of Cr stress and contributing to the global control of heavy metal pollution in food crops.

Impact of Fortified Nano Zinc and Iron Composite Capsules on Growth, Yields and Nutrients Accumulation in Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) and Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.)

Synthesized composites were characterized through UV-spectrophotometer, XRD, SEM, EDX and FTIR analysis. SEM and EDX images confirmed surface morphology of ordinary mesoporous nano silica (mNs) and Fe & Zn embedded mNs. In XRD pattern of mNs peaks absence indicate that nano silica synthesized by sol-gel method was amorphous whereas reduced graphene oxide (rGO) synthesized in crystalline form. FTIR spectra of Zn and Fe loaded mNs and rGO showed that encapsulation of zinc and iron by mNS and rGO was successful. Results of experiment indicate, twice foliar application of 60 ppm Zn+ 30 ppm Fe through mNs (T6) and 40 ppm Zn+20 ppm Fe through rGO (T8) exhibited significantly higher economic and biological yields of both crops over conventional and Control. With increasing doses of nano zinc and iron through mNs composite capsules, significant increase in nutrients content and uptake by cabbage and cauliflower was observed in comparison to control. Whereas, increasing doses of nano zinc and iron application through rGO lead to a considerable reduction in nutrient content and thus hamper their uptake. Thus, T6 and T8 treatments were best pronounced in terms of yields, nutrients uptake and enriching biomass by iron and zinc content in cabbage and cauliflower, respectively. Compared to control, quality of cabbage head and cauliflower curd biomass in terms of Fe and Zn content, protein and phenol content were significantly more with 40 ppm Zn+20 ppm Fe (T8) and 60 ppm Zn+30 ppm Fe (T6) through rGO and mNs , respectively. Available zinc and iron in soil was unaffected by application of zinc and Fe through mNs and rGO in crops.

Integrated nutrient management studies in cabbage (Brassica oleracea) under subtropical plains of Jammu

A two year field investigation was conducted to study the effect of integrated nutrient management in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) under subtropical plains of Jammu during rabi 2014–2015 and 2015–16 at Vegetable Experimental Farm of SKUAST, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir. The experiment was laid in RBD and comprised 14 treatments with three levels of nitrogen (50, 75 and 100 %) in combination with two levels of organic manures (FYM @20t/ha and Vermicompost@2t/ha) and seedling dip with two biofertilizers [Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria (PSB)]. The results revealed that for all the morphological (50% head initiation and maturation) and yield parameters (head size, net and gross head weight and marketable yield), the treatment combination comprising 75% inorganic nitrogen + Vermicompost + Azotobacter + Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria recorded significantly high values as compared to other treatment combinations and control. Quality parameters like TSS recorded non significant influence by the application of different organic manures (FYM and Vermicompost) in combination with biofertilizers and reduced quantities of N (50 and 75%),however ascorbic acid content in cabbage recorded statistically higher values (51.16 mg/100g) in the treatment having 50% of inorganic nitrogen + Vermicompost + Azotobacter + Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB). Economically, the study pointed out that application of vermicompost in the treatment combinations resulted in higher values in cost of cultivation, thereby, lowering down B:C ratios as compared to FYM treatments. Maximum B:C ratio (1:2.55) was recorded in treatment having 75% inorganic nitrogen + Vermicompost + Azotobacter + Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria as compared to 1.96 in control (100% NPK + FYM).

Light Intensity and Photoperiod Affect Growth and Nutritional Quality of Brassica Microgreens.

We explored the effects of different light intensities and photoperiods on the growth, nutritional quality and antioxidant properties of two Brassicaceae microgreens (cabbage Brassica oleracea L. and Chinese kale Brassica alboglabra Bailey). There were two experiments: (1) four photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) of 30, 50, 70 or 90 μmoL·m−2·s−1 with red:blue:green = 1:1:1 light-emitting diodes (LEDs); (2) five photoperiods of 12, 14, 16, 18 or 20 h·d−1. With the increase of light intensity, the hypocotyl length of cabbage and Chinese kale microgreens shortened. PPFD of 90 μmol·m−2·s−1 was beneficial to improve the nutritional quality of cabbage microgreens, which had higher contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble sugar, soluble protein and vitamin C, as well as increased antioxidant capacity. The optimal PPFD for Chinese kale microgreens was 70 μmol·m−2·s−1. Increasing light intensity could increase the antioxidant capacity of cabbage and Chinese kale microgreens, while not significantly affecting glucosinolate (GS) content. The dry and fresh weight of cabbage and Chinese kale microgreens were maximized with a 14-h·d−1 photoperiod. The chlorophyll, carotenoid and soluble protein content in cabbage and Chinese kale microgreens were highest for a 16-h·d−1 photoperiod. The lowest total GS content was found in cabbage microgreens under a 12-h·d−1 photoperiod and in Chinese kale microgreens under 16-h·d−1 photoperiod. In conclusion, the photoperiod of 14~16 h·d−1, and 90 μmol·m−2·s−1 and 70 μmol·m−2·s−1 PPFD for cabbage and Chinese kale microgreens, respectively, were optimal for cultivation.

English

Leafy vegetables are used in making soups, local salads and diverse forms of foods for human consumption is common in Africa. These vegetables include Brassica oleracea (cabbage), Phaseolus vulgaris (green beans) and Solanum lycopersicum (tomatoes). The area of study is famous for agriculture and mining activities; Farmers cultivate them on degraded farmlands polluted with metals; these vegetables absorb these metals thereby making them enter the food chain. During dry season, water from mining ponds is used for irrigation. Industrial waste water is also used. Levels of cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb), were assessed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optically Emitting Spectrophotometer (ICP-OES) equipment. Five samples of each vegetable were collected randomly from different irrigation farms situated at Bassa, Bisichi and Zaramaganda. Graph pad prism-7 multiple comparison tests in a one-way ANOVA was used to compare variations in metal concentrations at 95% confidence limit. Pb, As and Cd were not detected in water samples from Bisichi but mean level of Cd and Pb in water from Bassa and Zaramaganda were 0.932 mg/L (P=0.05) and 1.242 mg/L (P=0.05); 0.84 mg/L (P=0.05) and 16.338 mg/L (P=0.05), respectively relative the FAO/WHO safe limits. Water samples from Bassa contained Cu whose level was above (P=0.05) safe limits; only one was below the standard (P>0.05). Samples from Zaramaganda contained highest levels of the metals. cabbage and green beans from Zaramaganda and Bisichi contained Pb, Cu above (P=0.05) the FAO/WHO limit. Mean Pb content in cabbage and green beans from Bisichi was 2.099 and 0.189 mg/kg respectively. From Bassa, Pb content in tomatoes and green beans were 0.086 and 491.31 mg/kg respectively. From Zaramaganda, Pb content in green beans and tomatoes were 12.31 and 14.522 mg/kg; level of Cd in green beans 0.481 mg/kg. Considering Cu, tomato from Bassa contained highest level, 64.310 mg/kg (P=0.05), green beans from Zarmaganda was 48.251 mg/kg (P=0.05), tomato from Bisichi contained 38.541(P=0.05) relative safe limits. In conclusion, the significant concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cu in the vegetables in the area of study, which are routinely used in making soups, portage and local salads, predispose consumers to, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, inhibition of the heme biosynthesis pathway, hemolysis and febrile reactions due to their respective toxicities. Key words: Cabbage, tomatoes, green beans, cadmium, arsenic, copper, and lead.

Seasonal variation in agronomic characteristics and sugar content of cabbage genotypes

Cabbage is one of the most popular vegetables that is rich in sugars contributing to flavor and consumer acceptance; however, little information is available on the effect of genotypes and growing conditions on sugar accumulation. We assessed the seasonal variation in agronomic characteristics and free sugar content in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) grown under open field conditions. Seventy-five cabbage genotypes were grown in the spring and autumn 2019, and their morphological characteristics and sugar concentrations were evaluated. Six cabbage types produced predominantly round-shaped heads (64 genotypes). Bright green and green were the dominant colors depending on the outer and inner leaves of the cabbage head. The most variable quantitative trait was head weight in both spring (36.9%) and autumn (49.2%). Glucose was the predominant sugar in most genotypes in both seasons. Mean glucose content in spring and autumn was 209.3 and 214.9 mg g-1 with 14.8% and 14.6% variation, respectively. Most genotypes produced higher fructose concentrations in fall than in spring. Sucrose levels showed the highest variation in both spring (36.0%) and autumn (60.5%), followed by fructose and glucose levels. Most agronomic parameters exhibited nonsignificant or negative correlations with sugar content, except the correlation of head height and width with glucose content. Fructose and glucose were positively correlated with total sugar content, while there was nonsignificant correlation with sucrose. Genotypes 160330 and 183701 produced comparably high and stable total sugar content in both seasons and can therefore be used as commercial breeding materials. We revealed a significant effect of genotype and season on cabbage agronomic characteristics and sugar content.

Determining genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for mineral concentration in cabbage heads (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)

Information on genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance helps in devising appropriate breeding strategy for improvement of various quantitative and qualitative traits. In the present study nine genotypes of cabbage were used to determine genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance. Highly significant differences among the genotypes indicated the existence of adequate amount of variability. Mineral concentration differed 1.79 fold for sodium, 3.01 fold for potassium, 1.84 fold for calcium, 1.47 fold for manganese, 1.72 fold for copper, 2.52 fold for zinc, 2.26 fold for iron and 2.21 fold for cobalt. High ratio of Vg/Vp for Iron, zinc, potassium and sodium specify that major portion of variations among different minerals is due to heritable factors. Modest differences in GCV and PCV specify lesser influence of environment for accumulation of mineral content in cabbage head. Genetic advance as percentage of mean varied from 31.40% for manganese to 96.75% for sodium content. The information on variability, heritability and genetic advance indicates that improvement for mineral content in cabbage can be achieved using plant breeding approaches.

Determination of Selected Heavy Metals Content and Health Risk Assessment of Cabbage Cultivated in Elalla Farmland, Mekelle, Ethiopia

Like other countries in Ethiopia vegetables are vital edible plants which are a crucial part of the human food. One from these vegetables cabbage is a leafy green biennial plant grown as an annual vegetable for its dense leaved heads. The heavy metal content of cabbage may vary on the composition of the water and nature of soil. The study was aimed to determine concentration of selected heavy metals like Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Cupper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) were measured in edible portion of cabbage and soils around four sites of cabbage production area in Elalla farmland Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia , and the potential health risk of heavy metal contamination to the local population via vegetable consumption, Transfer factor and daily intake of metal was also evaluated. The level of heavy metals in soil and Cabbage vegetable were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS) that uses acetylene as fuel with air. The concentration of Cd (17.15 ± 1.26 to 17.52 ± 0.24) mg/Kg and Zn (325.10 ± 6.00 to 512.86 ± 3.13) mg/Kg in the soil sample exceeds from the limit the guideline of agricultural soil and the mean concentrations of Fe, Cu, Pb and Cr is below the guideline of agricultural soil. The mean concentration of Pb(3.060 ± 0.18 to 5.982 ± 0.11), Zn(144.662 ± 3.16 to 173.660 ± 2.18), Cr(11.825 ± 0.18 to 13.482 ± 0.37) and Cd(0.309 ± 0.01 - 0.712 ± 0.06) in all study sites of cabbage samples were exceeded the permissible limits set by FAO but Pb and Fe are below the permissible limit. The TF calculated were also investigated lower for all metals and for the value of HRI is below 1, according to the present study the result indicates that exposed population is assumed to be safe. As the results show that HRI of contamination in cabbage has less health risk to the consumers. Keywords: - Cabbage, Heavy metals, Health Risk, Health Risk Assessment, Daily Intake Metal DOI : 10.7176/CMR/11-6-03 Publication date : August 31st 2019

Effect of different Nitrogen fertilization on cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and development of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella)

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) contains highly nutritional values compared to other leafy vegetables in tropical areas. This vegetable requires an adequate amount of plant nutrients for growth and development. Nitrogen (N) fertilization can improve plant qualities, but at the same time, it may also lead to higher levels of pest damage to crops. Diamondback moth (DBM) is one of the major insect pests attacking cabbage thus reducing the profitable cabbage production. This study is to demonstrate the effect of N on the plant growth and response of the insect pest towards higher N fertilization. Cabbage were applied with different N level; control; 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 150 mg/L, 200 mg/L and 300 mg/L at 2nd and 4th week after transplanting. At 6th week, treatment with higher N enhances the growth and development of cabbage and fastens the development of DBM. Glucosinolate content in cabbage was higher at 6th week compared to 9th and 12th weeks. It was further concluded that N fertilizer can increase cabbage productivity and understanding to learn chemical ecology and insect behaviour are crucial to develop pest control approaches.

The Ascorbic Acid Content of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)

The antioxidant potential of many plant species have been elucidated. Cabbage is a vegetable that's widely eaten. It's unsure whether the raw or cooked state of cabbage is required to meet the recommended daily allowance needed by patient with vitamin C deficiency. This paper discusses the ascorbic acid content of cabbage.

Effects of nitrogen application rate and topdressing times on yield and quality of Chinese cabbage and soil nitrogen dynamics

ABSTRACTA good understanding of the relationship between vegetable quality and soil N balance is very important for proper nitrogen (N) management for crop productions. In this study, a field experiment was carried out to investigate the N application rate and times on Chinese cabbage yield and quality, N use efficiency, soil nitrate-N concentration, and soil pH. The experiment was implemented in a two-way factorial design and the two factors comprises of number of N applications (once, twice and three times, denoted as T1, T2 and T3) and N rates (15%, 30% and 45% less than conventional rates (CF), denoted as F1, F2 and F3, respectively). The treatments were also compared with a no-fertilizer blank and a control (CF) with a conventional N management practice. The results showed that the highest yield of cabbage (164.65 t hm−2), Vitamine C content (14.80 g 100 g−1 fresh mass), soluble sugar content (2.33 mg kg−1), plant N uptake (119.2 kg hm−2) were obtained under T3F1 treatment. Compared with CF treatment, T3F1 treatment significantly increased vegetable yield, vitamin C and soluble sugar content in fruit, and nitrogen use efficiency by 10.97%, 13.76% and 17.68%, and 18.76%, respectively. Nitrate-N content in cabbage was reduced by 7.55% in T3F1 treatment. With the reduced N application rate, soil pH gradually changed from 6.25 to 7.26. T3F1 treatment is a most suitable N management practice for vegetable production, in terms of higher vegetable yield and quality, soil N content, depressed soil acidification and nutrient uptake by Chinese cabbage.

Optimizing growth conditions for glucosinolate production in Chinese cabbage

Glucosinolates are well known functional food components that were discovered in Cruciferae and have been the object of study from diverse disciplinary perspectives, including metabolism, quantitative analysis, and breeding. However, the effects of the growth environment and post-harvest processes on glucosinolate production in Chinese cabbage are not well studied. Hence, this study aimed to identify the major factors that affect glucosinolate accumulation in Chinese cabbage during growth, and to optimize growth conditions in order to maximize glucosinolate content. Therefore, we measured glucosinolate content in cabbage grown in five environmental conditions that altered electrical conductivity, pH, cultivation time, temperature, and relative humidity. We used principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the variables primarily affecting growth, followed by response surface methodology (RSM) to determine optimal growth conditions that maximize glucosinolate content in Chinese cabbage. Results from PCA indicated that cultivation time, temperature, and relative humidity were the principal components that explained 85.8% of the total variance, suggesting these are the most significant environmental factors that affect glucosinolate accumulation. Moreover, RSM indicated that the total model for evaluating glucosinolate content was significant (R2 = 0.934) and showed that the optimal temperature and relative humidity for maximizing glucosinolate content are 28 °C, and 66%, respectively. This study provided practical information of optimal condition for producing functional Chinese cabbage intensifying glucosinolate.

Food influence on lead relative bioavailability in contaminated soils: Mechanisms and health implications

To determine the effects of dietary constituents on soil Pb oral bioavailability, Pb relative bioavailability (RBA) in 3 soils contaminated by zinc smelting (ZS), wire-rope production (WR), and metal mining (MM) was measured under fasted and fed states with 9 foods. Under fasted state, Pb-RBA was 84.4 ± 10.3, 82.6 ± 4.70, and 32.3 ± 1.10% for ZS, WR, and MM soils; however, it decreased by 1.3–3.5 fold to 23.9–58.8, 25.6–49.9, and 14.8–24.2% under fed states with foods excluding Pb-RBA with egg in WR soil (97.3 ± 4.46%), and with cabbage and egg in MM soil (40.0 ± 8.62 and 44.4 ± 0.96%). In the presence of foods, egg and pork with significantly higher protein and fat contents leaded to the highest soil Pb-RBA (44.4–97.3%), while Pb-RBA determined with mineral-rich mouse feed was 1.6–7.9 fold lower (9.41–13.5%), suggesting high fat and protein foods tended to increase soil Pb-RBA, while high mineral diets decreased soil Pb-RBA. The increased Pb-RBA of MM soil with cabbage compared to fasted state was due to high organic content in cabbage, which could increase soil Pb solubility by inhibiting Fe and Pb co-precipitation in the intestine. For accurate assessment of health risks of contaminated soils, dietary influence on soil Pb-RBA should be considered.

Ефективність комплексних добрив в технології вирощування капусти головчастої

An effective system power optimization nutrition plants includes providing the necessary macro- and micronutrients during the growing season. Often the limiting factor of productivity serves shortage one or more elements of a nutrition during critical periods of growth and development of plants. Modern high-yield varieties have more intense metabolism that requires high level of nutrition. Differentiated introduction of complex fertilizers with trace elements and macro provides plants with essential nutrients throughout the growing season. Conducting foliar fertilizing fertilizer complex Nutrivant in various dosage provides an increase in yield of marketable products cabbage on 7,7-10,9 t/ha or 13,8-19,5%, while the yield of marketable products in the using compatible option 56,0 t/ha. The combined use Mikrokats (Ca + V and Zn + Mn) and “Ammoniate” with “Nutrivant oil plus synergies, causing the yield marketable products receiving at 69.2 t / ha. The significant increase of the total sugar in the cabbage is marked by the use of Mikrokatu Ca + B and Mikrokatu Zn + Mn» in the phase of forming heads (as in the compatible use of mineral fertilizers and with Nutrivant oil). This figure is 5,11-5,23%, while a variant of fertilizers - 4,92%. The use of Nutrivant has a positive effect on the increase of ascorbic acid in the cabbage. The introduction this fertilizers, as well as Ammoniate and Mikrokativ ascorbic acid increased significantly to a 32,6-35,1 mg /100 g, a value of this index for making fertilizers only 29.4 mg /100 g. Foliar fertilizing of complex fertilizers marked increase in nitrate content in cabbage heads (411-487 mg / kg), but their content is thus below the maximum allowable concentration cabbage (MPC - 500 mg / kg). The reduction of nitrate in the production of cabbage contributes the use of Ammoniate and Mikrokativ as the compatible use just fertilizer and with Nutrivantom Oil Plus (347-386 mg / kg wet weight). By using different doses of (2-4 kg/ha) in three periods marked only sustainable growth yield marketable products relative to the compatible use of mineral fertilizers N 120 P 120 K 90 and locally N 60 P 60 K 45 . The positive influence of foliar fertilizing «Kristalon brown» on qualitative indicators cabbage doesn’t found. Checked sustainable growth of total sugar feeding Kristalon brown in various doses in the compatible fertilizers N 120 P 120 K 90 (4,70-4,84%). Nitrate in cabbage experiment variants were in the range of 196 mg/kg, 309 mg/kg do not exceeding MPC. In studies conducted in 2011-2013, the use of complex fertilizers Raykat Florone and Razormin contributes significantly increasing productivity 5,4-8,6 t/ha or 10,8-17, 3%, the yield on the control of 49.8 t/ha cabbage. The best results are obtained when feeding in terms of fertilizers 3 Razormin + Florone Raykat + Florone in the compatible use local N 60 P 60 K 45 : marketable yield increases were 8.6 and 8.1 t/ha. Dry matter content in cabbage for fertilizing complex fertilizers increased significantly to 9.43% only by introducing common Razormin and Florone. In other embodiments, the positive trend was recorded only increase dry matter to 8,15-8,53%. Foliar application Razormin in the compatible fertilizing tend to increase the content of ascorbic acid to 19.49 mg/100g. Nitrate ranges from 317-328 mg/kg wet weight not exceeding settings MРC. In Ukraine production Red cabbage occupies small areadue to lack of of domestic varieties imperfection of the growing technology, low productivity. A review of scientific literature suggests that the issue of increasing its production in Ukraine is insufficiently studied. Wider implementation of this crop will increase the production of vegetables, to expand its range, enrich the human diet. The important is to establish the effective use of complex fertilizers with macro- and micronutrients system nutrition optimization Red cabbage in terms of left-bank forest-steppe ofUkraine. Carrying out foliar fertilizing Red cabbage varieties Paletta complex fertilizers Nutrivant and the fertilizer group Raykat against the compatible use fertilizers (N 45 P 45 K 30 ) provides a significant increase in yield of marketable products compared to absolute control (without fertilizer) and at traditional fertilizers (N 90 P 90 K 60 ) and locally (N 45 P 45 K 30 ). The positive effect using complex fertilizer Nutrivant on the content of some vitamins Red cabbage, due to the formation of optimal nutrition conditions for the formation of biologically active substances. It was noted a significant increase carotene content of 0.230 mg/kg in the compatible using locally N45R45K30 to the level of 0.299 mg / kg; Folic acid - from 3.58 mg / kg to 5.60 mg / kg product. Also noted a positive trend in the reduction of nitrate Red cabbage for fertilizing use complex fertilizers (315-332 mg / kg wet weight).

Enrichment of mineral nutrient content of cabbage through selection of cultivars and soil fertility regimes

ABSTRACTTo improve nutrition intake of humans, it is recommended that fruits and vegetables constitute a major portion of diets. An improvement in the mineral nutrient contents of fruits and vegetables is needed to offset apparent declines in the elements in these foods. This research addressed the enrichment of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) through the selection of nutrient-rich cultivars and soil fertility practices. Conventional fertilizers, organic fertilizers, and compost were evaluated with modern F1 hybrids in field experiments. Crop production was greater with the chemical or organic fertilizers than with the compost. Mineral nutrient composition varied among cultivars but not with fertility practices, suggesting that cultivar selection could lead to production of nutrient-rich cabbage. Neither the mass of heads or days to maturation of crops affected nutrient composition.