Content Download Research Articles

Defining authorship in user-generated content: Copyright struggles in The Game of Thrones

The notion of authorship is a core element in antipiracy campaigns accompanying an emerging copyright regime, worldwide. These campaigns are built on discourses that aim to ‘problematize’ the issues of ‘legality’ of content downloading practices, ‘protection’ for content creators and the alleged damage caused to creators’ livelihood by piracy. Under these tensions, fandom both subverts such discourses, through sharing and production practices, and legitimizes industry’s mythology of an ‘original’ author. However, how is the notion of authorship constructed in the cooperative spaces of fandom? The article explores the most popular fandom sites of A Song of Ice and Fire, the book series that inspires the TV-show Game of Thrones and argues that the notion of authorship is not one-dimensional, but rather consists of attributes that develop across three processes: community building, the creative and the industrial/production process. Here, fandom constructs a figure of the ‘author’ which, although more complex than the one presented by the industry in its copyright/anti-piracy campaigns, maintains the status quo of regulatory frameworks based on the idea of a ‘primary’ creator.

Cache‐at‐relay: energy‐efficient content placement for next‐generation wireless relays

SummaryUploading and downloading content have recently become one of the major reasons for the growth of Internet traffic volume. With the increasing popularity of social networking tools and their video upload/download applications, as well as the connectivity enhancements in wireless networks, it has become a second nature for mobile users to access on‐demand content on‐the‐go. Urban hot spots, usually implemented via wireless relays, answer the bandwidth need of those users. On the other hand, the same popular contents are usually acquired by a large number of users at different times, and fetching those from the initial content source each and every time makes inefficient use of network resources. In‐network caching provides a solution to this problem by bringing contents closer to the users. Although in‐network caching has been previously studied from latency and transport energy minimization perspectives, energy‐efficient schemes to prolong user equipment lifetime have not been considered. To address this problem, we propose the cache‐at‐relay (CAR) scheme, which utilizes wireless relays for in‐network caching of popular contents with content access and caching energy minimization objectives. CAR consists of three integer linear programming models, namely, select relay, place content, and place relay, which respectively solve content access energy minimization, joint minimization of content access and caching energy, and joint minimization of content access energy and relay deployment cost problems. We have shown that place relay significantly minimizes the content access energy consumption of user equipments, while place content provides a compromise between the content access and the caching energy budgets of the network. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Exploiting Device-to-Device Communications to Enhance Spatial Reuse for Popular Content Downloading in Directional mmWave Small Cells

With the explosive growth of mobile demand, small cells in millimeter wave (mmWave) bands underlying the macrocell networks have attracted intense interest from both academia and industry. MmWave communications in the 60 GHz band are able to utilize the huge unlicensed bandwidth to provide multiple Gbps transmission rates. In this case, device-to-device (D2D) communications in mmWave bands should be fully exploited due to no interference with the macrocell networks and higher achievable transmission rates. In addition, due to less interference by directional transmission, multiple links including D2D links can be scheduled for concurrent transmissions (spatial reuse). With the popularity of content-based mobile applications, popular content downloading in the small cells needs to be optimized to improve network performance and enhance user experience. In this paper, we develop an efficient scheduling scheme for popular content downloading in mmWave small cells, termed PCDS (popular content downloading scheduling), where both D2D communications in close proximity and concurrent transmissions are exploited to improve transmission efficiency. In PCDS, a transmission path selection algorithm is designed to establish multi-hop transmission paths for users, aiming at better utilization of D2D communications and concurrent transmissions. After transmission path selection, a concurrent transmission scheduling algorithm is designed to maximize the spatial reuse gain. Through extensive simulations under various traffic patterns, we demonstrate PCDS achieves near-optimal performance in terms of delay and throughput, and also superior performance compared with other existing protocols, especially under heavy load.

방송 및 개인 콘텐츠 편집을 위한 온라인 콘텐츠 편집 시스템

! # $%&'() *+,. *+%- $./%012%& 12!3#4567 89$:;  ?,. @A $,)(BCD |*}~fP,. AbstractIn this paper, we propose a new online content editing system to edit the broadcasting and personal contents. The proposed editing system consists of the content management server and the content editor, in which the content management server is used for storing the contents, while the content editor is used for editing the contents via the user interface. Unlike the existing content editing methods which edit the downloaded contents, the proposed editing system edits the contents stored in the content management server while the content editor plays them by using the streaming technology. However, it is not effective to edit the whole segments of contents while playing them by using the streaming technology. To resolve the problem, the proposed editing system performs the scene detection of the contents, and the detected scene information is used for playing and editing of contents. After completing the content editing, the edited information is uploaded to the content management server as a metadata format. In the proposed editing system, both scene and edited information are represented only as the metadata format, and the physical content segmentation according to the scene and edited information is not performed. The implementation results show that the proposed editing system provides similar performances with the existing content editing methods which use the content download and editing methods.Keyword : Online, Content Editing, Editing System, Broadcasting Contents, Personal Contents€ (Regular Paper)} ‚ w*20ƒ*4„, 2015 7†(JBE Vol. 20, No. 4, July 2015)http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/JBE.2015.20.4.619ISSN 2287-9137 (Online) ISSN 1226-7953 (Print)

Cooperative Content Downloading Framework over Cellular Network

The development in wireless communication technology and mobile computing has made it possible to use smart phones, laptops, and tabs massively for downloading purpose. There are a number of applications which provide a single user downloading scheme but there is no provision for cooperative downloading i.e. multiple user can download the same file provided each group member will download a separate segment of file. The software likes Torrent, YouTube facilitates only a single end user to download a file. However because of limited bandwidth access the data download volume by an individual is quite less and take much more time to download a high resolution video. Nowadays, there are unlimited 2G/3G plans provided by internet service provider the most of data plans are waste due to bandwidth limitations. The cooperative content downloading framework will allow the requested members in the group to download some portion of the file separately. This will provide the ability to download the file cooperatively in less time and cost. The proposed system will also show the actual process how the bandwidth can be shared among the friends and group member. The system will provide the efficient use of bandwidth in different environment.

콘텐츠 중심 네트워크에서 정보제공자의 이동성 지원을 위한 인기도 기반 푸싱 기법

Content-Centric Networking(CCN) is a new networking paradigm to search for the routing information needed to find a data from the content name, unlike conventional IP networks. In CCN, the mobility management, one of the CCN challenges, is consists of consumer mobility and content provider mobility. Among both, in the case of the content provider mobility, it requires too much overhead and time to update routing information on the corresponding routers. In this paper, we propose Popularity-based Pushing CCN(PoPCoN) which considers the content popularity to support effective mobility of content provider in CCN. Our proposed algorithm shortens content download time for the consumer and reduces the network overhead during mobility as compared to the existing approaches.

Prolonging the Magic: The political economy of the 7th generation console game

This paper draws on critical political economic theory to discuss the implications of the dominant mode of production and circulation of “Triple-A” or blockbuster console games. It is argued that the seventh generation Triple-A game is a highly standardized cultural commodity giving way to two distinctive "formatting strategies", which taken together, draw attention to the console game’s hybrid nature; being a physical, disc-based artefact that is digitally extended via DLC (downloadable content). This hybridity invites questions as to the commodity form's techno-economic particularities vis-à-vis publishing strategies of non-software based cultural commodities, such as movies and TV series. The popular Call of Duty series of first person shooters serves as case study to demonstrate how game publisher Activision Blizzard not only formalized and institutionalized the annualization of the serialization strategy, the publisher also upped the ante in terms of post-launch content, theorized as "branched serialization". The Call of Duty series demonstrates that the rules of play for Triple-A games are as much governed by a game's internal ludic properties as they are structured and alternated by a distinctive and very explicit market logic. In this sense, the Triple-A game never seems truly finished; it is marketed by game publishers and positioned by critics as an unfinished commodity.

Mobile App Development Ecosystem - Lessons from Four African Countries

This paper presents an assessment of existing mobile application (app) business models that are targeted at people living at the base of the pyramid (BoP) or that are suitable for people living at the BoP. The purpose of the paper is to address specific pain points for app developers and to provide practical, actionable advice. The recommendations of this paper are specific to each of four countries: Ghana, Mozambique, Nigeria and Zambia. In assessing the app markets in each of the four countries, it quickly becomes clear that there is a wide range of business models. Part of the business model is unique to the sector and to the business problem that the app is attempting to solve. In order to provide maximum value for app developers, this research focuses on three areas that are common to all business models: *Revenue sources - How to generate revenue is at the heart of any business model. App developers have to choose how to make money from their products and services. The options include in-app advertisement, pay per download of content or app, in-app purchases, upgrade of a free app to a more feature-rich one in exchange for a fee (freemium) and subscriptions. *Distribution channels - The availability of a mobile application is dependent upon its distribution network. Distribution can take place either via an app store, a mobile operator (through USSD services, for example) or through a local distribution network. *Payment facilities - The main payment options for app developers include premium SMS, airtime transfer, mobile money and bank-based payments such as electronic transfers and payment by cheque, or with debit and credit cards. In addition to an analysis of the three common business model areas, there is a brief assessment of the significant role of incubators in in supporting app developers. However, the impact of incubators is only partially realised and the paper has several recommendations. The key findings in each of the three business model areas as well as for app incubators are: *Revenue sources - Multi-sided platforms are an under-exploited business model. Providing a service to consumers that is paid for by businesses - the other side of the platform - means that apps are more likely to make a profit and be sustainable. Of course, the multi-sided model is dependent on addressing a problem or need experienced by both sides of the equation: consumers and businesses. *Payment facility - Premium SMS is the ideal payment facility because it reaches all mobile subscribers regardless of phone type. However, premium SMS is challenging because the MNO revenue share can be very high. Nevertheless, the finding of this report is that rates are negotiable and MNOs are beginning to realise that their high revenue share is slowing market growth. At the same time increasing Smartphone penetration and mobile money adoption rapidly creates alternative payment facilities, outside MNO control. *Distribution platform - MNO stores are ideal distribution channels because of their access to local subscribers, but this is unrealised. As a result, independent distribution is the most common option. For feature phones, the Ovi Store is a viable alternative but this is only an option in Nigeria where the Ovi Store has a local presence. As smartphone adoption increases, Google Play will become dominant, and there is a commercial opportunity for Google in terms of registering developers as merchants. Currently, this is not possible in any African country. *Incubators & hubs - Every hub or incubator visited by the team was staffed by inspiring and motivated personnel. It is clear that the more structured the environment, the more beneficial the process will be for developers in terms of providing specific programs at regular and planned intervals. The target is to better mix the commercial realities of launching a business with the technical skills already available in each of the hubs. This paper identifies business models for mobile applications that target the BOP, i.e., those that live on less than US$2.5 a day and that are revenue generating in in Ghana, Nigeria, Zambia and Mozambique. The key theme informing the analysis was as follows: can an environment be created that would support an explosion of mobile applications such as in Europe and North America? There is clearly an opportunity - in 2012, the mobile application economy was worth US$53 billion and is expected to expand at a 28% compound annual growth rate up to 2016, reaching US$143 billion. In comparison, the app economy in Africa is minuscule, and the likelihood of the number of mobile applications growing explosively is low. GitHub, an online resource for developers to store code, shows that only 0.12% of its users are from Africa out of a developer base of nearly 4 million.

The Role of Parked Cars in Content Downloading for Vehicular Networks

When it comes to content access using intervehicle communications (IVC), data will mostly flow through roadside units (RSUs) that deployed in our cities. Unfortunately, the RSU coverage is expected to be rather scattered. Instead of relying on RSUs only, this paper investigates the possibility of exploiting parked vehicles to extend the RSU service coverage. Our approach leverages optimization models aiming at maximizing the freshness of content that downloaders retrieve, the efficiency in the utilization of radio resources, and the fairness in exploiting the energy resources of parked vehicles. The latter is constrained to not excessively drain parked vehicle batteries. Our approach provides an estimate of the system performance, even in those cases where users may only be willing to lease a limited amount of their battery capacity to extend RSU coverage. Our optimization-based results are validated by comparing them against ns-3 simulations. Performance evaluation highlights that the use of parked vehicles enhances the efficiency of the content downloading process by 25%-35% and can offload more than half the data traffic from RSUs with respect to the case where only moving cars are used as relays. Such gains in performance come at a small cost in terms of battery utilization for the parked vehicles, and they are magnified when a backbone of parked vehicles can be formed.

Piracy on the OA High Seas

Protecting intellectual property in all its variations is a serious international issue and challenge. While the theft of journal articles may not always be visible, there increasingly is evidence that it is occurring for both commercial publishers and open access publishers. The implications of massive downloading of journal content for unauthorized purposes will differentially impact the sustainability of the business model employed by the publisher. The resulting extremely serious implications, risks, and impacts are identified and considered in a high-hearted manner that contrasts with similar aspects previously encountered in managing unwanted journal donations.

The short- and long-term effectiveness of anti-piracy laws and enforcement actions

Film studios have spent the past two decades lobbying extensively to establish new legislation restricting access to copyrighted materials online. While there is growing evidence of the effect film piracy has on studio profits, the evidence on the impact of anti-piracy legislation is limited. If anti-piracy legislation is having the film industry’s desired impact, we would expect film revenues to be consistently higher following the passage of major laws that restrict access to pirated content, or major enforcement actions, such as the shutdown of Web sites that provide illegal content for download. This paper applies an intervention analysis approach to weekly data on movie box-office revenues in the USA to determine whether the passage of new anti-piracy policy has generated significant changes in box-office revenues during the period from 1997 to the present. These effects are evaluated in both the short and long term, which allows an assessment of the duration of effectiveness of government actions. The results show that four of the six included policies are ineffective in the long term and those policies that do impact revenues in the short term often harm film studios, rather than help them.

Optimal Mobile Content Downloading in Device-to-Device Communication Underlaying Cellular Networks

With the emerging demands for local area services of popular content downloading, device-to-device (D2D) communication is conceived as a vital technological component for next-generation cellular communication networking to increase the spectral efficiency and to enhance the system capacity. Targeting the application of mobile content downloading, we investigate the fundamental problems of how D2D communication improves the system performance of cellular networks and what is the potential effect of D2D communication, with the aid of the optimal solutions for the system resource allocation and mode selection obtained under the realistic user and mobility conditions. Specifically, by formulating a max-flow optimization problem that maximizes the content downloading flows from all the cellular base stations to the content downloaders through any possible ways of transmission, we obtain the theoretical upper bound to system content-downloading performance. Using realistic mobility model and trace driven simulations, we evaluate the effects of the different system settings on the performance of the mobile content-downloading system, and reveal the fundamental influence of D2D communication.

Efficient Content Distribution in P2P and Cloud Service

Increasing the performance of cloud downloading service in a peer-peer network by efficient mode selection method. Using P2P to download video content often faces challenges like high bandwidth requirement, dealing with a huge number of peer requests, resulting in inefficient system performance. The latest premium service to have been developed is the cloud downloading. In this service, cloud storage is used to store the video content. The server is used to cache the user interested video content and also update the cache based on the peer request. Efficient Video content downloading using the P2P approach is accessible, but does not always give good concert. The cloud storage and server caches user-attracted content and updates the cache based on user downloading requirements. If a requested video is not in the cache, the request is detained in a waiting state until the cache is efficient. In this study, an alternative mode is proposed. The model contains the two modes named as server mode and helper mode. These two modes are integrated in cloud downloading service. Server mode is used for enhancing video content distribution in cloud storage. Helper mode is used to provide the user with the requested video content as soon as the peer request arrives. The two modes automatically switch between each other, based on the peer request. If the requested content is a popular video, helper mode provides the content. Whereas, the content is provided by the server mode if the requested content is unpopular. These two modes achieve good performance.

An Adaptive Mechanism for Optimal Content Download in Wireless Networks

This paper presents an adaptive mechanism for improving the content download in wireless environments. The solution is based on the use of the file delivery over unidirectional transport (FLUTE) protocol in multicast networks, which reduce considerably the bandwidth when there are many users interested in the same contents. Specifically, the system proposed reduces the average download time of clients within the coverage area, thus improving the Quality of Experience. To that extent, clients send periodically feedback messages to the server reporting the losses they are experiencing. With this information, the server decides which is the optimum application layer-forward error correction (AL-FEC) code rate that minimizes the average download time, taking into account the channel bandwidth, and starts sending data with that code rate. The system proposed is evaluated in various scenarios, considering different distributions of losses in the coverage area. Results show that the adaptive solution proposed is very suitable in wireless networks with limited bandwidth.

FLUJO DE MATERIAL PORNOGRÁFICO INFANTIL ONLINE. ESTUDIO EXPLORATORIO EN 10 PAÍSES DE AMÉRICA LATINA CON FOCO EN URUGUAY

Se exploró el estado del flujo de material pornográfico infantil online en 10 países latinoamericanos, con especial atención a Uruguay, en el período anual 2011 y primeros ochos meses 2012. A partir del software especializado “Florencio”, se emprendió el rastreo de la descarga de archivos identificados con contenido pornográfico infantil en la plataforma de intercambio de tipo “punto a punto” (p2p) Ares Galaxy (Ares). A su vez, se discriminaron todas las direcciones de Internet (IP) geo-referenciadas involucradas. En 2011, los resultados para Uruguay sugieren que la mayor descarga se concentra en los meses estivales. Se advierte que la difusión de la problemática en los medios de comunicación podría constituir un factor estimulante en el incremento de las descargas. Además, se observa la tendencia de aumento neto en la actividad, señalado por todas las fuentes de información directas consultadas. Se construyó la tasa “Participación en la Descarga de Material Pornográfico Infantil Online” (PDMPIO); la misma, señala la cantidad de habitantes que han descargado al menos un archivo con contenido pornográfico infantil por cada 20.000, habitantes con acceso a Internet. Uruguay posee la mayor tasa PDMPIO entre los 10 países explorados.

Content Download in Vehicular Networks in Presence of Noisy Mobility Prediction

Bandwidth availability in the cellular backhaul is challenged by ever-increasing demand by mobile users. Vehicular users, in particular, are likely to retrieve large quantities of data, choking the cellular infrastructure along major thoroughfares and in urban areas. It is envisioned that alternative roadside network connectivity can play an important role in offloading the cellular infrastructure. We investigate the effectiveness of vehicular networks in this task, considering that roadside units can exploit mobility prediction to decide which data they should fetch from the Internet and to schedule transmissions to vehicles. Rather than adopting a specific prediction scheme, we propose a fog-of-war model that allows us to express and account for different degrees of prediction accuracy in a simple, yet effective, manner. We show that our fog-of-war model can closely reproduce the prediction accuracy of Markovian techniques. We then provide a probabilistic graph-based representation of the system that includes the prediction information and lets us optimize content prefetching and transmission scheduling. Analytical and simulation results show that our approach to content downloading through vehicular networks can achieve a 70% offload of the cellular network.

On the Delay-Storage Trade-Off in Content Download from Coded Distributed Storage Systems

We study how coding in distributed storage reduces expected download time, in addition to providing reliability against disk failures. The expected download time is reduced because when a content file is encoded with redundancy and distributed across multiple disks, reading only a subset of the disks is sufficient for content reconstruction. For the same total storage used, coding exploits the diversity in storage better than simple replication, and hence gives faster download. We use a novel fork-join queueing framework to model multiple users requesting the content simultaneously, and derive bounds on the expected download time. Our system model and results are a novel generalization of the fork-join system that is studied in queueing theory literature. Our results demonstrate the fundamental trade-off between the expected download time and the amount of storage space. This trade-off can be used for design of the amount of redundancy required to meet the delay constraints on content delivery.

Evaluation of Background Push Content Download Services to Mobile Devices Over DVB Networks

This paper proposes a multicast content download service based on the use of residual network capacity to push multimedia content to available local storage in personal multimedia devices. The service under study is based on the FLUTE protocol. Specifically, FLUTE packets fill the spare capacity in the IP tunnels reserved for the primary streaming service (opportunistic insertion). The paper also evaluates the use of application layer-forward error correction (AL-FEC) parity to overcome transmission errors, object multiplexing to send the most popular multimedia contents more frequently and cache management policies that consider user preferences to keep in storage the most useful items. The service has been evaluated through simulations and measurements performed with an application prototype based on the DVB-H standards. The results show that AL-FEC enables the use of residual capacity for background content download services. In turn, AL-FEC, as well as object multiplexing, improves the relation between the number of content items and the overall access time. Moreover, results show that high percentages of requests can be served from the local cache of the service, provided that it is possible to estimate the popularity of content items and the user preferences.

Global visibility for theory in organizational psychology

At the start of Organizational Psychology Review’s fourth volume, we are proud to announce an expansion of the editorial team. As of January 1, 2014, OPR has three new Associate Editors: Elizabeth George, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Eric Kearney, Leibnitz University Hannover; and David Sluss, Georgia Institute of Technology. This not only adds three great experts in the field to the OPR team; together with ‘‘old hands’’ Mark Griffin, University of Western Australia, and Stephen Humphrey, Pennsylvania State University, and including myself as Editor-in-Chief at Erasmus University Rotterdam, OPR’s editorial team now includes editors from five countries across four continents. Together with our international editorial board that we aim to expand to become even more international OPR thus makes important new steps in fulfilling its ambition to be a truly international journal of theory in organizational psychology. This is further reflected in submissions from five continents, a very nationality diverse group of authors over the last three years, and online downloads of OPR content from many countries on five continents. With a little bit more patience, OPR will also be able to apply for an impact factor to capture the citation activity we can observe for OPR content (and to speak to the desire of authors in many schools to prioritize publication in outlets with an impact factor). The past volumes have already included the different types of papers OPR aims to publish: conceptual papers, meta-analyses, integrative reviews, and essays in our Special Forum on Good Theory. The coming year will most likely also see us complete publication of the full spectrum of contributions we aim to cover with publication of our first Special Issue – on Dynamic Relationships in Groups and Teams, edited by Matthew Cronin. Future volumes will continue to include this range of contributions – and OPR still has an ongoing call for review proposals for authors interested in taking on an integrative review (see the OPR website for details: http://opr.sagepub.com/) – including a Special Issue on Multilevel Relationships in Groups and Teams, edited by John Mathieu and Stephen Humphrey. We hope that this diversity

Optimal Content Downloading in Vehicular Networks

We consider a system where users aboardcommunication-enabled vehicles are interested in downloading different contents from Internet-based servers. This scenario captures many of the infotainment services that vehicular communication is envisioned to enable, including news reporting, navigation maps and software updating, or multimedia file downloading. In this paper, we outline the performance limits of such a vehicular content downloading system by modeling the downloading process as an optimization problem, and maximizing the overall system throughput. Our approach allows us to investigate the impact of different factors, such as the roadside infrastructure deployment, the vehicle-to-vehicle relaying, and the penetration rate of the communication technology, even in presence of large instances of the problem. Results highlight the existence of two operational regimes at different penetration rates and the importance of an efficient, yet 2-hop constrained, vehicle-to-vehicle relaying.