Content-Centric Networking Research Articles

Detection and mitigation of collusive interest flooding attack on content centric networking

Detection and mitigation of collusive interest flooding attack on content centric networking

Optimizing Content Placement and Delivery in Wireless Distributed Cache Systems Through Belief Propagation

Wireless distributed cache system (WDCS) is a promising technique to offload traffic and improve energy efficiency in content-centric networks. In this paper, the content sharing problem is considered by minimizing the average energy consumption for content caching and delivering in device-to-device (D2D) enabled cellular networks. The problem is formulated as a joint optimization problem of multiple interactive variables, which is NP-hard. In order to solve this problem, we first decompose the original problem into three subproblems, which are content helper (CH) selection, content caching, and content delivering. Specifically, in CH selection, we propose a PageRank based distributed algorithm to estimate the centrality of mobile users (MUs) by jointly analyzing their social relationships and channel conditions. Based on the selected CHs, the content caching and content delivering are formulated into two weighted matching problems. Two belief propagation (BP) based distributed algorithms are then proposed by considering content popularity and channel states to solve the aforementioned problems. Furthermore, based on the correlation of the three subproblems, a heuristic-based alternating iterative optimization method (HAIOM) is proposed to improve the average energy consumption performance of the content delivering of the WDCS. Simulation results show that by jointly optimizing the CH selection, content caching, and content delivering, the proposed scheme is capable of reducing the average energy consumption and the average content delivery delay, as well as of increasing the caching hit ratio.

Nonsmooth Optimization Algorithms for Multicast Beamforming in Content-Centric Fog Radio Access Networks

This paper considers a content-centric fog radio access network (F-RAN). Its multi-antenna remote radio heads (RRHs) are capable of caching and executing signal processing for content delivery to its users. The fronthaul traffic is thus saved since its baseband processing unit (BBU) needs to transfer only the cache-missed content items to the RRHs via limited-capacity fronthaul links. The problem of beamforming design maximizing the energy efficiency in content delivery subject to the quality-of-content-service constraints in terms of content throughput and fronthaul limited-capacity is addressed. Unlike the user's throughput in user-centric networks, the content throughput in content-centric networks is no longer a differentiable function of the beamforming vectors. The problem is inherently high-dimensional due to the involvement of many beamforming vectors even in simple cases of three RRHs serving three users. Path-following algorithms, which invoke a simple convex quadratic optimization problem to generate a better feasible point, are proposed for computation of this nonsmooth and high-dimensional optimization problem. We also employ generalized zero-forcing beamforming, which forces the multi-content interference to zero or nearly to zero to reduce the problem dimensionality for computational efficiency. Numerical results are provided to demonstrate their computational effectiveness. They also reveal that when the fronthaul traffic becomes more flexible, hard-transfer fronthauling is more energy efficient than soft-transfer fronthauling.

Popularity prediction caching based on logistic regression in vehicular content centric networks

Popularity prediction caching based on logistic regression in vehicular content centric networks

Popularity prediction caching based on logistic regression in vehicular content centric networks

To improve the network performance caused by mobility and sporadic connectivity in the vehicular network, vehicular content centric network (VCCN) is proposed by applying CCN into the vehicular network. The open in-network caching of CCN makes nodes cache contents cooperatively to facilitate information access. To improve the network performance such as access delay and hit ratio, road side units (RSUs) should try to cache more popular contents and provide better service for mobile users. This paper aims to propose a novel cache replacement policy - popularity prediction content caching (PPCC) for VCCN. In PPCC, we incorporate the future popularity of contents into our decision making. By learning the popularity of contents, we propose a cache replacement method based on logistic regression for RSUs in order to store those frequently access contents. The input data are related to the inherent characters of the received interests and the output is the predicted content popularity which guarantees that only popular contents are cached in the network infrastructures (i.e., RSUs). Simulation evaluations demonstrate that our scheme is very effective with higher cache hit, lower access latency and higher caching efficiency compared to other state-of-the-art schemes.

Content-Centric Mobile Edge Caching

With the explosion of data volume, it becomes challenging to deliver high quality service to mobile users. Therefore, edge caching has received significant attentions since it can bring contents near mobile users, to boost spectral efficiency, and reduce backhaul load of mobile networks. Due to limited storage resources within mobile networks, it is important to improve efficiency of content management in edge caching. In this article, we propose an integrated content-centric mobile network framework for edge caching in 5G networks, which can leverage content-centric networking (CCN), achieve content-oriented information management, and increase content delivery efficiency. We elaborately design the cache-enabled mobile network architecture, CCN based function entities, CCN embedded protocol stack, and content retrieval process, and develop several effective approaches for tackling practical implementation constraints of CCN based edge caching. We demonstrate that our content caching strategies can significantly enhance edge caching performance. To further improve the performance of content-centric mobile edge caching, we identify promising open research directions.

A density-aware probabilistic interest forwarding method for content-centric vehicular networks

Vehicular networks, compared to other wireless networks, face particular challenges due to the rapidly changing topology and intermittent connections. By eliminating the need to establish and maintain an end-to-end connection, Content-Centric Network (CCN) model has recently become an appropriate solution to meet the challenging demands of vehicular network communications. In this kind of network, the basic method of forwarding interest packets is flooding. This approach will result in excessive redundancy, serious contention, and collision to which it is referred as the broadcast storm problem. In this article, a probabilistic strategy is proposed to alleviate the impact of the broadcast storm on interest forwarding in content-centric vehicular networks. In this density-aware approach, each vehicle dynamically computes the probabilities based on the number of existing neighbors. A local density approximation method is presented, which uses the information provided by the newly modified Pending Interest Table (PIT) entries. Moreover, some time-based techniques are employed to give priority to potential forwarders. The simulation results indicate that the proposed work outperforms the basic CCN. With on average 40% lower network load and 65% fewer interests compared to the basic CCN, it shows only an overall 6% decrease in reachability.

Detection and mitigation of collusive interest flooding attack on content centric networking

According to the development of Information and Communications Technology (ICT), deployments of consumer devices, such as note PC, smartphone, and other information devices, give users easy access to the internet. Users having these devices use services of e-mail, Social Network Service (SNS). The Named Data Networking (NDN) which is the most popular network architecture has been proposed to realise the concept of content centric network (CCN). However, it has been also reported that the NDN is vulnerable to Collusive Interest Flooding Attack (CIFA). In this paper, we propose a novel distributed algorithm for detecting CIFA while keeping availabilities of NDN. The results of computer simulations confirm that our proposal can detect and mitigate the effects of CIFA, effectively.

Intelligent data cache based on content popularity and user location for Content Centric Networks

Content cache as well as data cache is vital to Content Centric Network (CCN). A sophisticated cache scheme is necessary but unsatisfied currently. Existing content cache scheme wastes router’s cache capacity due to redundant replica data in CCN routers. The paper presents an intelligent data cache scheme, viz content popularity and user location (CPUL) scheme. It tackles the cache problem of CCN routers for pursuing better hit rate and storage utilization. The proposed CPUL scheme not only considers the location where user sends request but also classifies data into popular and normal content with correspond to different cache policies. Simulation results showed that the CPUL scheme yields the highest cache hit rate and the lowest total size of cache data with compared to the original cache scheme in CCN and the Most Popular Content (MPC) scheme. The CPUL scheme is superior to both compared schemes in terms of around 8% to 13% higher hit rate and around 4% to 16% lower cache size. In addition, the CPUL scheme achieves more than 20% and 10% higher cache utilization when the released cache size increases and the categories of requested data increases, respectively.

Efficient Caching for Data-Driven IoT Applications and Fast Content Delivery with Low Latency in ICN

Edge computing is a key paradigm for the various data-intensive Internet of Things (IoT) applications where caching plays a significant role at the edge of the network. This paradigm provides data-intensive services, computational activities, and application services to the proximity devices and end-users for fast content retrieval with a very low response time that fulfills the ultra-low latency goal of the 5G networks. Information-centric networking (ICN) is being acknowledged as an important technology for the fast content retrieval of multimedia content and content-based IoT applications. The main goal of ICN is to change the current location-dependent IP network architecture to location-independent and content-centric network architecture. ICN can fulfill the needs for caching to the vicinity of the edge devices without further storage deployment. In this paper, we propose an architecture for efficient caching at the edge devices for data-intensive IoT applications and a fast content access mechanism based on new clustering and caching procedures in ICN. The proposed cluster-based efficient caching mechanism provides the solution to the problem of the existing hash and on-path caching mechanisms, and the proposed content popularity mechanism increases the content availability at the proximity devices for reducing the content transfer time and packet loss ratio. We also provide the simulation results and mathematical analysis to prove that the proposed mechanism is better than other state-of-the-art caching mechanisms and the overall network efficiencies are increased.

Mobility management in content-centric networking

The content-centric networking depends on a forwarding information base (FIB) to forward Interest towards providers and utilizes reverse paths in a pending Interest table (PIT) to send Data back to consumers. If consumers change their locations, reverse paths may disrupt and consequently content-centric communications fail. If providers change their locations, each relevant content router (CR) has to update FIB. This may lead to content-centric communication disruption and FIB pollution. Taking these issues into account, we propose a provider and consumer mobility support scheme and aim to improve the Interest and Data delivery rates. The proposed provider handover algorithm supports the provider mobility by updating FIB in a unicast way. Since only the previous CR and serving CR are involved in updating FIB, the handover is achieved without FIB pollution. As a result, the provider handover cost and latency are reduced and the Interest delivery rate is improved. The proposed consumer handover algorithm supports the consumer mobility by updating PIT in a unicast way. Based on the updated PIT, Data can be sent back to consumers even if they change their locations. Since consumers retrieve Data via one communication process, the Data delivery rate is improved and the retransmission of Interest is avoided. Compared with the existing solution, this scheme reduces the handover cost and latency by nearly 72% and 51% respectively, and increases the delivery rate by nearly 11.5%.

Named Data Networking (NDN), Internet Architecture Design and Security Attacks

In Internet over established communication medium a packet in a network transmit data where users and data server with specific IP addresses interacted each other. Recent years, this peer to peer data communication also called as client – server data communication. Modern applications like YouTube, Social Networks and Bit Torrent have revolutionized the idea of user generated contents. The end users care only for precise data items irrespective of their sources. So, the importance is based on precise data called as named data rather than using IP addresses to recognize servers hosting a meticulous content. Likewise, necessity of IP addresses is a demanding issue persistent the Internet community. Due to content-centric networking platform, in which data has less importance, and proposed new terminology called Named Data Networking. NDN allows end users to float a new data request without any awareness about the end user host. Compare to Internet services NDN can handle security issues and user mobility, more efficiently. In this paper, we surveyed different network issues and security attacks in Named Data Networks and its counter measures and also we identified a set of current challenges in NDN for budding researchers in due course.

In Content We Trust: Network-Layer Trust in Content-Centric Networking

Content-Centric Networking (CCN), an instance of information-centric networking, is a candidate next-generation Internet architecture that emphasizes on content distribution by making it directly addressable and routable. By opportunistically caching content within the network, CCN appears to be well-suited for a large-scale content distribution and for meeting the needs of increasingly mobile and bandwidth-hungry applications that dominate today’s Internet. To provide content authentication, CCN dictates that each content object must be digitally signed by its respective producer. All entities (consumers and routers) must, in principle, verify the content signature before processing it. However, in practice, this poses two challenges for routers: (1) overhead due to signature verification, key retrieval, and potential certificate chain traversal; and (2) lack of trust context, i.e., determining which public keys are trusted to verify the content signature. This renders signature verification impractical in routers, opening the door for the so-called content poisoning attacks. We study the root causes of the content poisoning attacks and reach the conclusion that meaningful mitigation of content poisoning is contingent upon a network-layer trust management architecture. We propose two approaches: deterministic and probabilistic, that allow routers to detect fake (aka “poisoned”) content objects. The usages of each approach depend on the location and role of routers in the network, as well as their computational capabilities.

Content Propagation for Content-Centric Networking Systems From Location-Based Social Networks

Pervasive sensing devices make an unprecedented increase in data sensing, collection, and processing in edge network and they form the edge content server system. The edge content server system combines the content-centric network (CCN) to form a huge content propagation system which makes it challenging to achieve efficient content propagation. Different from IP-based, host-oriented Internet architecture, the CCN systems focus on the information that is contained in network and directly accessible, providing more secure and flexible Internet services. This emerging network architecture supports a number of novel applications, such as common interests sharing, mobile data offloading, and information dissemination without Internet access. In this paper, an analytical framework is proposed to address the problem of content propagation among users with the same interests in leveraging location-based social networks, where the check-in patterns of users are recorded. Particularly, we propose a content propagation effectiveness quantitative model that considers the distance between users, users’ interests, and contact rates to formulate the propagation effect and latency. We also apply our framework to two real-world datasets for the evaluation of its effectiveness. Compared with previous studies, our simulated annealing-based algorithm can greatly improve the effects by as much as 25.4%–65.6%, and the contents can be disseminated faster by about 24.6%–57.8%.

In-Network Caching: An Efficient Content Distribution Strategy for Mobile Networks

The sharp increase in wireless devices yields a huge amount of mobile data traffic, which has made either the radio access network or the core network of current mobile communication systems seriously overloaded. In-network caching arises as a promising solution to this burning issue. By introducing content centric networking infrastructure, popular content files can be intelligently stored in the radio access network so that redundant transmissions through the core network can be significantly reduced, which can substantially alleviate the load of both the core network and the backhauls between the radio access network and the core network. In this article, we discuss what to cache, how to cache and how to evaluate the performance of a cache-enabled mobile network. We first discuss the instructive caching policies, then propose reasonable performance evaluation metrics for these caching policies. We present detailed numerical results demonstrating remarkable gains by the in-network caching technique. Finally, we discuss relate

Flooding Message Mitigation of Wireless Content Centric Networking for Last-Mile Smart-Grid

In view of Smart-Grid architecture, wireless Last-Mile Network (LMN) devices as smart meters and intelligent home control machines are normally installed in harsh and lossy communication environment. In order to improve communication reliability of LMN, we proposed Wireless Topology Aware Content Centric Networking (TOP-CCN) protocol. TOP-CCN reduces channel access overhead of traditional Content Centric Networking and supports efficient multicast message transmission by using Multiple Point Relay (MPR), and Publisher MPR (PMPR). In addition, TOP-CCN LMN provides simple multi-hop forwarding scheme that can reduce the traditional routing control message overhead in multi-hop wireless LMN environment. The simulation result shows TOP-CCN can improve the service provisioning time and reliability compared to traditional IP based network model in LMN.

A survey of applications research on content-centric networking

As a named data-based clean-slate future Internet architecture, Content-Centric Networking (CCN) uses entirely different protocols and communication patterns from the host-to-host IP network. In CCN, communication is wholly driven by the data consumer. Consumers must send Interest packets with the content name and not by the host's network address. Its nature of in-network caching, Interest packets aggregation and hop-by-hop communication poses unique challenges to provision of Internet applications, where traditional IP network no long works well. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art application research activities related to CCN architecture. Our main aims in this survey are (a) to identify the advantages and drawbacks of CCN architectures for application provisioning; (b) to discuss the challenges and opportunities regarding service provisioning in CCN architectures; and (c) to further encourage deeper thinking about design principles for future Internet architectures from the perspective of upper-layer applications.

Cooperative Base Station Caching and X2 Link Traffic Offloading System for Video Streaming Over SDN-Enabled 5G Networks

This paper presents a cooperative base station caching and X2 link traffic offloading system for video streaming services over software-defined networking (SDN)-enabled 5G networks. The goal of the proposed system is to provide seamless video streaming services to users while alleviating the backhaul traffic in the cellular network by effectively caching contents at the base stations and appropriately offloading parts of the backhaul traffic to X2 links. In the proposed system, the main functionalities of content-centric networking (CCN) are deployed at the base stations to take advantage of the attributes offered by CCN such as in-network caching and name-based forwarding. Furthermore, SDN technology is adopted not only to solve the practical issues of CCN, but also to control network resources efficiently. The proposed system is designed to determine near optimal caching positions and routes for all content in two phases to reduce the computational complexity for the real-time processing. The proposed system is fully implemented using well-known open sources, e.g., CCNx and ONOS, and ${\mathrm{C/ C}}+ +$C/C++. Finally, the system is examined in real wireless network environments. During the experiment, the proposed system can reduce cellular traffic by more than 13 percent over existing traffic offloading algorithms.

A Fast Packet Loss Detection Mechanism for Content-Centric Networking

A Fast Packet Loss Detection Mechanism for Content-Centric Networking

Cefore: Software Platform Enabling Content-Centric Networking and Beyond

Cefore: Software Platform Enabling Content-Centric Networking and Beyond