Content Analysis Approach Research Articles

The four Cs of physician leadership: A key to academic physician success.

Leadership is increasingly recognized as important in medicine. Physician leadership impacts healthcare delivery and quality. Little work has been done to determine how physician leadership in practice aligns with established models in leadership theory. We conducted 40 semi-structured, 50-minute interviews of physicians who had achieved the rank of professor in our school of medicine and were serving, or had served, in leadership positions. We used an inductive content analysis approach to identify content categories, with leadership emerging as one such category. Subsequently, for the present study, we performed a secondary analysis of the data. To do this, we reviewed all transcripts, seeking to identify if and how participants discussed leadership in relation to success in academic medicine. Following identification of sub-categories related to leadership, we performed qualitative content analysis. We then used a deductive content analysis approach to determine how participants' discussions of leadership aligned with major leadership theories. Then, the principal investigator conducted a secondary inductive content analysis revealing leadership themes that were synthesized into a new model of physician leadership. Twenty-nine participants spontaneously discussed leadership and leadership-related topics as important to their own academic success and comprised the present study cohort. Participants identified contributors to leadership success that aligned with multiple major leadership theories, including leadership traits, skills, behaviors styles, and situational leadership. None of the leadership theories aligned completely with our physician leaders' discussions, suggesting an alternate leadership framework was operating. Further analysis revealed a new model of leadership comprised of the "Four Cs of Physician Leadership": character, competence, caring, and communication. Our participant group of academic physicians identified leadership capabilities as being important in their academic success. While they discussed leadership in ways that fit to varying degrees with the major leadership theories, their discussions revealed a novel, more holistic leadership framework. Further work will be beneficial to determine if this model of leadership is specific to physicians or is more generalizable.

Lived experiences of diabetes self-management among persons with disabilities in rural Tamil Nadu – a case study approach

BackgroundPeople with disabilities have numerous challenges in diabetes self-management. Poor self-management leads to the worsening of disability and secondary complications of diabetes. This study was conducted to explore the challenges in diabetes self-management and the factors influencing diabetes self-management among people with disabilities.MethodsWe conducted 16 case studies among people with physical, neurological, visual, hearing, and multiple disabilities who were affected by diabetes. We adopted a thematic content analysis approach to analyse the data.ResultsPeople with disabilities have challenges in adopting healthy diets as they are unable to purchase and consume fruits and vegetables which are costly, unavailable, and inaccessible. They have difficulty in doing physical activity due to lack of inclusive public spaces which are inaccessible, lack of motivation, and dependence on others for their mobility. Irregular drug supply in the public health system and unaffordable cost of drugs hamper adherence to medications. Laboratories are inaccessible to people with disabilities thus preventing monitoring of blood sugars. They have poor quality of life, life with pain and mental health issues, which prevent adoption of self-management behaviors. The intersectionality of age and gender with disability worsens self-management behaviors. Inaccessible health system, poor quality of health care and insensitive health care providers further complicate self-management.ConclusionThis study documents the challenges faced by persons with disabilities in practicing diabetes self management. There is a need for public health policy and planning that is inclusive of persons with disabilities to make access to diabetes care universal.

Stakeholders’ Support on School-Based Academic Camps for Improved Students Academic Performance in Public Secondary Schools

The study assessed the stakeholders support on school based academic camps to improve students’ academic performance in public secondary schools in Ulunga district, Tanzania. The study comprised five specific objectives. This study adopted the stakeholder theory as it was propounded by Edward Freeman (1980). The study used a convergent research design supported by a mixed methods research approach. The study used simple random and purposive sampling techniques to select the sample size. The participants in this study were: 1 DEO, 10 WEOs, 10 HoSs, 20 parents, 90 students, 10 teachers, 2 chairpersons, and 1 Member of Parliament (MP). Data collection instruments were questionnaires, semi-structured interview guides, and documentary reviews. Quantitative data were analyzed us Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25, while qualitative data were analyzed using structural-functional and content analysis approach. The study also found that major stakeholders who support academic camps were parents (M = 4.4 and SD = 1.2), school chairpersons (M = 4.1 and SD = 1.4), and students (M = 4.2 and SD = 1.2). The major approach used to solicit stakeholders is school meetings (M = 3.9 and SD = 1.3). Types of support from stakeholders are teaching and learning material (M = 3.70 and SD = 1.1) and light (electricity) mean score (M = 3.5 and SD = 1.2). . Teachers and students perceive uncertainty about stakeholders support; counseling and guidance (M = 3.4 and SD = 1.2), security (M = 3.2 and SD = 1.0), clean and safe water (M = 3.2 and SD = 1.3), and food (M = 2.9 and SD = 1.2). Respondents agree that stakeholders support enhances students’ performance by completing topics (M = 3.5 and SD = 1.1) and interacting in group works (M = 3.5 and SD = 1.3). Based on the findings, appropriate recommendations are proposed.

Patient Preferences and Expectations in Analgesia for First Trimester Surgical Abortion

<i>A central component of a patient’s abortion experience is pain perception and optimization of pain management choices. Yet, data on patients’ experience of pain and their preferences regarding pain strategies are limited and tend to utilize solely quantitative data. This study utilized a qualitative thematic analysis to identify patient priorities, preferences, and expectations for pain management during first-trimester surgical abortion with nitrous oxide or oral sedation. Thirty-one patients seeking a first-trimester surgical abortion, self-selecting inhaled nitrous oxide (NO) (16 patients), or oral sedation (PO) with oxycodone and Ativan (15 patients) enrolled in this prospective cohort study. Participants provided demographic data, rated procedure pain on a 10 cm visual analog scale (VAS), and participated in semi-structured interviews. We analyzed qualitative data using a content analysis approach. Pre-procedure participants wanted a positive experience. Participants endorsed an ideal analgesic as having a quick onset of action, minimal side effects, no addiction potential, and being effective at reducing pain. After the procedure, there we start differences between priorities in NO and PO participants. NO participants valued the resumption of everyday activities, while PO participants desired ongoing anxiolysis. Anticipatory counseling often mitigated higher procedure pain and more medication side effects than anticipated. Participants emphasized that positive interactions with providers/staff significantly improved their abortion experience. Preemptive comprehensive counseling about procedure and analgesic effectiveness, along with providing options for analgesia, will facilitate an affirmative and patient-centered abortion experience.</i>

Educational Research Methodology Trends of Southeast Asia English Major Undergraduate Theses: A Content Analysis

The present study thoroughly examines the predominant research methodology trends and topics applied in a specific time frame from 2019 to 2023 in educational research of the online searchable undergraduate theses in English major programs across Southeast Asia, utilizing a comprehensive content analysis approach. By employing keyword extraction, topic-specific modelling, and thematic evaluation, our objective is to ascertain the prevailing methodologies in English language teaching and the research interest themes from 347 undergraduate downloadable theses that have been investigated. The analysis explores the possible ramifications of these patterns on the caliber of undergraduate research, English language instruction, and the broader education domain within the given area. This study revealed a strong preference (54.5%) for quantitative approaches, highlighting the importance of empirical methodologies. Additionally common were qualitative approaches (24.8%), suggesting an increasing recognition of the importance of examining human factors. While action research (8.4%), particularly Classroom Action Research (CAR), was less prevalent than mixed-method approaches (12.8%), this suggests that action research needs to be recognized. The different ratios of research methods demonstrated a dedication to investigating various questions and advancing knowledge in language, literature, and education. The interesting research themes identified the complex and diverse nature of English language raising focus in Southeast Asia such as technological integration, teacher development, cultural studies, assessment, and language teaching methodologies. The study provides useful information for enhancing research mentorship and education, and it improves knowledge of research trends in this setting. Furthermore, the findings obtained from this study have the potential to contribute to the enhancement of curriculum design, instructional approaches, and distribution of resources in the English language education research area.

Enhancing accountability through web based disclosure practices of foundations in Malaysia

The accountability of non-profit organizations (NPOs) in managing public funding is at risk due to numerous cases reported on the misappropriation of funds and falsifying the reporting information of NPOs. Often, NPOs have been criticized as less efficient and transparent in managing public funds for targeted beneficiaries. As the public trust is deteriorating, alternative reporting could be pertinent to enhance transparency and accountability of NPOs towards stakeholders and the public at large. Therefore, this paper aims to analyse the extent of disclosure among 122 foundations in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur through web-based reporting. This paper used a content analysis approach to gather information in relation to web-based reporting adapted from the Web-based Accountability Index from Gandini et. al (2012) and Nair et. al (2022). The findings indicated the foundations in Malaysia show an average of accountability discharged through websites’ reporting. The foundations were also unlikely to publish financial information and social reporting as compared to other general information. The findings also suggested NPO communities the significant use of web-based technologies as a mechanism to gain and sustain stakeholders’ trust and confidence towards public funds’ accountability.

A Study of the Effectiveness of Camp Baker, an Adapted Summer Treatment Program for Children with ADHD

ABSTRACT Background Although the Summer Treatment Program (STP) is a well-established treatment for ADHD, STPs are only offered at a few sites in the United States, suggesting opportunities for improved implementation. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and caregiver satisfaction of Camp Baker, an adapted STP for children with ADHD designed to address implementation barriers. Methods Adaptations included condensing the length of treatment and augmenting the STP to cover additional skills (e.g. educational opportunities, therapeutic skills training, enhanced parent training). Children (N = 159; 84.3% male; 65.4% White; 5–12 years old) with ADHD participated in Camp Baker throughout 2019, 2021, and 2022. Families who participated in Camp Baker in 2019 were asked to complete an anonymous survey that contained choice-select (e.g. “My child is better at handling daily life”) and open-ended questions (e.g. “From your perspective, how did Camp Baker most help your child?”) to assess their perceptions of and satisfaction with Camp Baker. Qualitative survey responses (n = 30) were double-coded using an inductive content analysis approach. Results Commonly endorsed themes included positive feelings about the program (e.g. “fun camp experience at Camp Baker”), positive feelings about parent training (e.g. “the training is amazing”), and positive child outcomes (e.g. “gave him newfound confidence”). Caregivers reported significant improvement in child behavioral, attentional, and emotional problems from pre- to post-camp. Conclusion With intentional adaptations made, Camp Baker was easily implementable while demonstrating promise for the retainment of effectiveness and satisfaction.

Dignity: the cornerstone of psychological health among victims of child labor, a qualitative study

BackgroundRespecting the dignity of child labor is one of their most urgent needs. In many cases, the dignity of child labor is not maintained in countries with unfavorable economic conditions. The aim of the present study was understand adolescents’ perceptions of their dignity in child labor.MethodsThis study is a qualitative research with conventional content analysis approach. Twenty teenagers who having work experience as child labor were selected from one welfare center and three charity centers in using purposeful sampling method in 2022–2023. Data was generated through individual, deep, and semi-structured interviews. In order to analyze the data was used Granheim and Lundman’s method.ResultsThree main themes were presented in this study including, “preservation of privacy and security”, “honoring individual identity to develop dignity” and “comprehensive support”, and 9 categories.Conclusionunderstand adolescents’ perceptions as child labor of their dignity, privacy and security of child labor victims and respect for their identity and all-round support are defined. And in this supportive environment, the dignity of working children is preserved and appropriate behavioral consequences are created. Therefore, it is suggested that a cultural and institutional background be provided in which all components of the child labor’s dignity are emphasized.

Exploring sexual life enrichment: a journey into strengthening well-being for women post- menopause through qualitative study

Backgroundwomen post-menopause, are faced with various physical, emotional, and relational challenges. One such aspect that tends to be overlooked is the impact of menopause on sexual well-being. This study aimed to elucidate the concept of enriching the sexual life of women post-menopause.MethodsA qualitative research strategy was adopted using a conventional content analysis approach. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews with 24 participants (17 women post-menopause and 7 experts), using purposive sampling.ResultsThe data analysis resulted in the extraction of 341 codes, 24 subcategories, and 8 categories. Ultimately, the following three themes emerged: “maintaining and enhancing the position of sexual relationships,” “deepening sexual relationships and expanding intimacy,” and “improving communication skills with the spouse “.ConclusionEnriching the sexual life of women post-menopause, as suggested by the themes, involves nurturing their relationships, keeping these connections strong and valued, deepening intimacy, and promoting effective communication to ensure a fulfilling and enjoyable experience during this phase of life. This leads to a sense of security, health, and tranquility, ultimately manifesting positive repercussions on the couple’s and family’s health.

Perspectives of Chinese nephrology nurses on discussing sexual dysfunction with patients receiving haemodialysis: A qualitative study.

The study underscores the crucial yet often neglected issue of sexual dysfunction in haemodialysis patients. Despite nephrology nurses'close relationships with patients, there is a significant communication gap on this topic. In China, limited research highlights the need for further study. To describe the perspectives of Chinese nephrology nurses on discussing sexual dysfunction with patients receiving haemodialysis. A qualitative descriptive study. Ten Chinese nephrology nurses from a tertiary public hospital in Guizhou province, China. Semistructured interviews were conducted using an interview guide. Qualitative content analysis approach was utilised in analysis. There were five themes described: (1) lack of training in sexual education, as nephrology nurses described never being trained to manage patients' sexual health issues; (2) discomfort when discussing sexual topics, Chinese nephrology nurses found the topic of sexual dysfunction embarrassing and avoided discussing it; (3) sexual dysfunction viewed as a nonurgent topic, nephrology nurses prioritise physical health to aid patient survival; (4) belief in physicians as ultimate care advisors, nephrology nurses believed that doctors should handle discussions on sexually related topics; and (5) lack of a suitable environment for discussing sexual dysfunction, nephrology nurses viewed sex as a private matter, inappropriate for discussion in a public unit. The study identifies barriers to discussing sexual dysfunction in healthcare, including provider knowledge deficits, discomfort and lack of supportive environments. It recommends specialised training and conducive settings to improve communication in renal care. Future research should evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions.

Motivation for patient engagement in patient safety: a multi-perspective, explorative survey

Background and ObjectivesDespite increasing calls for more patient engagement in patient safety, limited knowledge remains on what actually motivates key stakeholders in healthcare to promote patient engagement. We therefore set out to survey key stakeholders of patient engagement in patient safety (i.e., patients, healthcare professionals, and managers). We aimed to identify and explore stakeholder’s distinct and shared motives for patient engagement.MethodsA stepwise Delphi method was applied, utilizing semi-structured online interviews for determination of stakeholder motives for patient engagement in patient safety. In a subsequent online survey, statements were evaluated and identified. 34 subject-matter experts from all relevant stakeholder groups completed the online interviews and 33 the online survey. We used content analysis approaches for qualitative and descriptive analyses for quantitative measures. Further, we evaluated the consensus on distinct and shared motives across stakeholder groups.ResultsSeven key motives for patient engagement in patient safety were identified. Major motives attributed to patients were: (1) To improve experiences and care outcomes for oneself, as well as (2) for future patients, (3) to express gratitude and appreciation, (4) to cope successfully with treatment-related emotions. A motive shared by patients and professionals was (5) to contribute actively to improved delivery of healthcare. To optimize patient safety, costs, and care processes (6) was shared by professionals and managers. Lastly, (7) to improve patient-provider relationships was jointly shared by all stakeholder groups. For four motives (1, 2, 6, 7) consensus was established.ConclusionsIn order to unlock the full potential of future interventions in patient engagement, a deeper understanding of stakeholder motives is essential. We identified a set of distinct and shared motives for patient engagement across relevant stakeholder groups. Our findings may inform future interventions in patient engagement that take account of the motivational foundations and aspirations of all stakeholders who are key for the success for collaborative patient safety and care improvements.Trial registrationID DRKS00031837 (Date May 8, 2023).

Study on the implementation and future scope of Green Financing in Indian Banking System

The goal of our research is to identify significant characteristics of green finance and research gaps based on a thorough review of the literature. The content analysis approach is used in this study, which evaluates and summarises key past studies in the topic of green finance. This study evaluates existing research on green finance in the banking industry, with an emphasis on green financing and sustainable development. The period of study the is from August 2022 - January 2023. The sample for study includes 125 respondents. The outcomes of this study shed light on critical aspects of green finance. Green securities, green investments, climate financing, green insurance, green credit, green bonds, and green infrastructure are the key green finance products.

Life After Neonatal Seizures: Characterizing the Longitudinal Parent Experience

BackgroundParents of neonates with seizures report persistent symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress. We aimed to characterize the parent experience of caring for children impacted by neonatal seizures, including longitudinal assessment across childhood. MethodsThis prospective, observational, multicenter study was conducted at Neonatal Seizure Registry (NSR) sites in partnership with the NSR Parent Advisory Panel. Parents completed surveys at discharge; 12, 18, and 24 months; and 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8 years. Surveys included demographic information and open-ended questions targeting parent experience. A conventional content analysis approach was used. ResultsA total of 320 caregivers completed at least one open-ended question, with the majority of respondents at discharge (n = 142), 12 months (n = 169), 18 months (n = 208), and 24 months (n = 245). We identified the following three primary themes. (1) Personal Burden of Care: Parents experienced emotional distress, financial strain, physical demands, and fears for their child's unknown outcome; (2) Managing Day-to-Day Life: Parents described difficulties navigating their parenting role, including managing their child's challenging behaviors and understanding their child's needs amid neurodevelopmental impairment; (3) My Joys as a Parent: Parents valued bonding with their child, being a caregiver, and watching their child's personality grow. ConclusionsParents of children impacted by neonatal seizures face persistent challenges, which are interwoven with the joys of being a parent. Our findings suggest that future interventions should promote resiliency, address caregivers’ psychosocial needs longitudinally, and provide enhanced support for parents caring for children with medical complexity.

Money Laundering: A Review of Literature and Future Research

Money laundering is one of the financial crimes that has become a major concern in most countries worldwide. The rising number of reported instances of money laundering could be driven by several reasons. With this growth, there is a growing academic interest in money laundering research; therefore, opportunities should be created for interested academics to evaluate the evolution of research in this field. This study was intended to evaluate published studies in this field from the origin of the idea of money laundering to the present to identify major trends or issues in money laundering research and to propose a research agenda for the future. A qualitative research design was adopted using a content analysis approach. It was found that most of the research focuses more on the relationship of money laundering with other offenses and the detection methods but lacking in the understanding of money laundering and the rules and regulations related to money laundering. This study is intended to be useful to current and future scholars in the field of financial crimes who are interested in the evolution of the literature and in identifying areas for future research

Business continuity as self-efficacy: Augmenting existing business continuity practice

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the shortcomings of traditional business continuity principles. As much of the novel response to COVID-19 involved a curtailment or cessation of in-person commercial activity, businesses and communities were at unprecedented financial risk. Traditional methods of ensuring business continuity were likely insufficient; thus, an improved understanding of business continuity through disaster is needed for both business and community well-being. Canonically, academic studies examining business survival post-disaster have emphasized vulnerability characteristics and focused on factors outside the businesses’ locus of control. Recently, studies have found that business survival is related to features of self-efficacy that are not easily developed through succinct templates: creativity, flexibility, and improvisation. By critically examining ninety-three publicly available business continuity guides in a content analysis approach, we point to the need for further research on business preparedness as the building of self-efficacy and the effectiveness of converting these scientific findings into useful formats for business operators.

Breaking the taboo of using the nursing process: lived experiences of nursing students and faculty members

BackgroundDespite the numerous advantages of the nursing process, nursing students often struggle with utilizing this model. Therefore, studies suggest innovative teaching methods to address this issue. Teaching based on real clinical cases is considered a collaborative learning method that enhances students’ active learning for the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills. In this method, students can acquire sufficient knowledge about patient care by accessing authentic information.ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to investigate the experiences of nursing students and faculty members regarding the implementation of nursing process educational workshops, based on real case studies.DesignA qualitative descriptive study.Participants9 Nursing students and 7 faculty members from the Isfahan School of Nursing and Midwifery who attended the workshops.MethodsThis qualitative descriptive study was conducted from 2021 to 2023. Data was collected through semi-structured individual and focus group interviews using a qualitative content analysis approach for data analysis.ResultsAfter analyzing the data, a theme titled “Breaking Taboos in the Nursing Process” was identified. This theme consists of four categories: “Strengthening the Cognitive Infrastructure for Accepting the Nursing Process,” “Enhancing the Applicability of the Nursing Process,” “Assisting in Positive Professional Identity,” and “Facilitating a Self-Directed Learning Platform.” Additionally, thirteen subcategories were obtained.ConclusionThe data obtained from the present study showed that conducting nursing process educational workshops, where real clinical cases are discussed, analyzed, and criticized, increases critical thinking, learning motivation, and understanding of the necessity and importance of implementing the nursing process. Therefore, it is recommended that instructors utilize this innovative and effective teaching method for instructing the nursing process.

Exploring the challenges of emergency medical service providers in the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative content analysis

BackgroundAs the COVID-19 pandemic continues to unfold, there has been a substantial increase in the demand for prehospital services. Emergency medical service (EMS) providers have encountered a myriad of challenges that have had a discernible impact on their professional performance. This study was designed to explore the challenges faced by EMS providers during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThis qualitative research was conducted using a content analysis approach at emergency medical centers affiliated with Hamadan University of Medical Sciences in Iran between April and August 2021. This study included the participation of 21 EMS personnel, which was conducted using purposive sampling and semistructured interviews, and continued until data saturation was reached. The conventional content analysis method, as outlined by Graneheim and Lundman, was applied for data analysis.ResultsThe analysis of the interview data resulted in the identification of 219 primary codes, which were then organized into ten distinct categories. These categories were further consolidated into three overarching themes: personal safety challenges, professional-organizational challenges, and threatened mental health.ConclusionsEMS personnel play a critical role in healthcare during disasters and pandemics, facing challenges that can have negative effects. Managing these challenges can impact mental health and professional well-being, but awareness, support, resources, and services can help mitigate adverse consequences.

Fraud threats: How organization improves the anti-fraud team quality?

This study aims to discover how the Indonesian Local Government Rural Bank improves the quality of the anti-fraud team to prevent and detect fraud based on a mechanism of the anti-fraud strategy issued by Bank Indonesia. A qualitative analysis approach was applied 12 semi-structured interviews with the anti-fraud team and related officers. The content analysis approach supported by NVivo software and has discovered several required competencies and competencies already developed by the organization’s anti-fraud team for fraud prevention and detection. This study provides a detailed discussion of how these competencies are used in the anti-fraud mechanism by identifying the gaps between the required competencies and developed competencies to give recommendations for the organization to enhance the quality of the anti-fraud team in conducting fraud prevention and detection.

Innovative Assessment Practices Aligned with India’s National Educational Policy-2020

The National Education Policy -2020 [1] is the latest education policy of India, which strives to achieve benchmarks in the development of the educational scenario of India leading the students towards achieving the aspirational goals of 21st century education. NEP 2020 advocates for multidisciplinary education, multiple entry-exit and research-based programmes which mandates for a swift transition from traditional methods of assessment to innovative assessment techniques which would be more flexible, comprehensive and competency-based that would ensure a deeper understanding of subject matter than just memorizing facts. It aims to promote critical and higher order thinking and applying their knowledge to real-world situations. The primary objective of the article is to throw light on some non-traditional and innovative assessment techniques that align with the vision of NEP 2020. The researchers have employed the content analysis approach to explain these innovative techniques such as- experiential learning, holistic education, present opposite’s point of view, plot a family tree, Adaptive Learning Assessment and so on. However, further research may enlighten more such approaches according to the changing scenario in the global context and a comprehensive guide to apply these techniques.

The Spiralling of Corporate Corruption and the Plummeting of Corporate Governance and Ethical Leadership in African Institutions

Generally, several factors around the corporate world influence different nations technologically, socially, economically, and politically. Specifically, this paper focuses on the African continent’s politics concerning corporate corruption, corporate governance, and ethical leadership. This study aims to critically reflect on and evaluate the significance of curbing and combating corruption, promoting governance and ethics in Africa, and furthering and practising those principles. It employed a theoretical, qualitative content analysis approach in which a critical evaluation of relevant in-depth literature review was used and conducted to achieve the study objective. The results of this study revealed that: Incompetent and unethical leaders succumb to corruption, causing Africa's corruption to spiral out of control. Competent and ethical leaders, on the other hand, resist corruption; African leaders and authorities should take steps to fight corruption through ethics and governance; African corporations have become increasingly corrupt; corporate governance and ethical leadership have declined in Africa; African politicians have uncurbed power to advance their private gains, and finally, African leaders need to change their mindsets and cultures to achieve economic growth. This study emphasizes and reiterates the importance of dealing effectively with corporate corruption and advancing governance and ethics to benefit the African population and the continent. It further provides a broad and deeper understanding of corruption, ethics, and governance. The conceptual, strategic model provided by this study may be selected and used by African leaders, authorities, boards of directors, shareholders, and Chief Executive Officers (CEOs), as a tool to address corruption in African organizations and institutions.