Contemporary Nationalism Research Articles

Changing times: trends in risk classification, tumor upstaging, and positive surgical margins after radical prostatectomy - results from a contemporary National Cancer Database study

PurposeRecent advancements in screening, prostate MRI, robotic surgery, and active surveillance have influenced the profile of patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP). We sought to examine their impact on trends in clinicodemographic, risk classification, and adverse pathology in men undergoing surgery.MethodsWe queried the National Cancer Database for clinicodemographic, risk group, and pathology data in men undergoing upfront RP between 2006 and 2020. Patients were categorized by NCCN risk groups, and trends were assessed among 2006–2010, 2011–2015, and 2016–2020 periods. Endpoints included rates of pT3, positive surgical margins (PSM), pathologic upstaging, and Gleason grade group (GG) upgrading.Results610,762 patients were included. There were significant increases in African Americans (9.8–14.1%), comorbidities (2.1–5.2% with Charlson scores > 1), and robot-assisted RP (78–84%). Over the three time periods, high-risk cases increased from 15 to 20 to 27%, and intermediate-risk from 54 to 51 to 60%. Overall rates of pT3 rose from 20 to 38%, and PSM from 20 to 27% (p < 0.001). Pathologic upstaging increased in low (6–15%), intermediate (20–33%), and high-risk groups (42–58%) –p < 0.001. Gleason upgrading rose in low-risk (45–59%, p < 0.001), with slight reductions in the intermediate and high-risk groups.ConclusionsRecent trends in RP indicate a shift towards more advanced disease, evidenced by increasing rates of pT3, PSM, and pathologic upstaging across all NCCN risk groups. These findings emphasize the need for a careful balance in applying fascia and nerve-sparing techniques to avoid compromising oncological safety.

Reframing and Expanding Sonoran Archaeology

Archaeologists acknowledge that contemporary nation state boundaries were irrelevant to precolonial populations. Notwithstanding, the boundary between the United States and México both physically and ideologically impacts language, where archaeologists are trained, how knowledge is disseminated, and what research questions are asked. Sonora's archaeology is generally classified within the Southwest/Northwest culture area; however, English publications are rare when compared to literature from north of the international border. This has created misconceptions that Sonora is an unexplored landscape and undermines decades of diverse binational collaborations and internal research conducted by Centro INAH Sonora. It also stifles our understanding of cultural connectivity across the Southwest/Northwest. The articles within this special issue showcase diverse topics in Sonoran archaeology. They range from identifying Archaic and Early Agricultural occupations to exploring contemporary community-based archaeologies. In all cases, authors reframe Sonora within larger academic discourses and to expand our current knowledge of the region's diverse culture histories.

Old Shrines, New Worshipers: Cultural Practices for Connection with Nature

There are many ancient cultural sites in Bulgaria that not only attract tourists but are also believed to facilitate a person’s connection with deities and natural forces. Today, cultural practices performed at these sacred places from the period of antiquity and the early Middle Ages are often associated with neopaganism and the New Age movement, while also incorporating elements of Bulgarian traditional culture. Through ‘mysterious’ rituals, the participants seek to connect with a higher spirituality, which they feel is missing in their everyday lives. Interest in ancient paganism is also one of the manifestations of contemporary nationalism. The feasts, reenactments and rituals presented serve to ‘re-establish’ man’s relationship with nature, with the aim of achieving health, well-being, and spiritual growth in an uncertain world. These practices often interweave esoteric and environmentalist ideas with strategies for the development of cultural tourism.

Contemporary National Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Limb Ischemia

Acute Limb Ischemia (ALI) is a morbid and deadly diagnosis. However, existing epidemiologic studies describing ALI predate the introduction of the Affordable Care Act in 2010 and direct oral anticoagulants in 2011. Thus, we synergized the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) and United States (U.S.) Census to define contemporary trends in the incidence, treatment, and outcomes of ALI in the US. We included emergent admissions of adults with primary diagnosis of lower extremity ALI in survey-weighted NIS data (2005-2020). Mann-Kendal trend test evaluated ALI incidence (primary outcome), anticoagulation usage, insurance coverage, revascularization type, and in-hospital amputation/death. Multivariable logistic regression quantified covariate associations with in-hospital amputation/death. Of 582,322,862 estimated hospitalizations in the NIS, 227,440 met inclusion criteria (mean age 68.80 years, 49.94% women, 76.66% White). ALI incidence peaked in 2006 (7.16/100,000 person-years) but has declined since 2015 to 4.16/100,000 person-years in 2020 (ptrend=.008). Endovascular revascularization, anticoagulation, and Medicaid coverage increased, while self-pay insurance decreased (ptrend<.05). Amputation rates significantly decreased from 8.04% to 6.54% (ptrend=.01) while death rate remained at 5.59% (ptrend=.16) over the study period. Pre-hospitalization anticoagulation was associated with decreased amputation (aOR=0.74 [95%CI 0.65-0.84]) and death (aOR=0.50 [95%CI 0.43-0.57]). When controlling for covariates, women had a higher risk of death (aOR=1.17 [95%CI 1.07-1.27], p<.0001), while Black patients had a higher risk of amputation (aOR=1.24 [95%CI 1.10-1.41], p<.0001). Our U.S. population based epidemiological study demonstrates that ALI incidence and in-hospital amputation rates are decreasing, while mortality remains unchanged. We further highlight the ongoing need for ALI investigation specifically as it relates to access to care, antithrombotic therapy use, treatment strategy, and strategies to combat gender and racial disparities.

Impact of Safety-Net Hospital Status on Immediate Reconstruction Following Mastectomy: A Contemporary National Analysis.

Immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) following mastectomy has been shown to improve quality of life and partially mitigate the adverse psychological impacts associated with the procedure. The present study examined hospital-based and patient-level disparities in utilization and outcomes of IBR following mastectomy. All female adult hospitalizations with a diagnosis of breast cancer undergoing mastectomy were identified in the 2016 to 2020 National Inpatient Sample. Safety-net hospitals (SNH) were defined as those in the top quartile of all Medicaid or self-pay admissions. Patients who underwent mastectomy at SNH comprised the SNH cohort (others: Non-SNH). Multivariable models were developed to examine the impact of SNH status and patient factors on rates of IBR. Of an estimated 127,740 hospitalizations, 28,330 (22.2%) were treated at SNH. The proportion of patients receiving IBR increased from 46.7% in 2016 to 51.7% in 2020 (nptrend<.001). Compared to others, SNH were younger (57.9 ± 13.5 vs 58.3 ± 13.5years) and less commonly White (45.6 vs 69.9%) (all P < .001). Additionally, SNH were more likely to receive unilateral mastectomy (67.1 vs 55.2%) but less frequently underwent IBR (37.7 vs 51.5%) (all P < .001). After adjustment, Black and Asian race, SNH, and bilateral mastectomy were associated with decreased odds of IBR. Increasing IBR hospital volume did not eliminate the observed racial disparity at non-SNH or SNH. There are disparities in rates of IBR following mastectomy attributable to SNH status. Future work is needed to ensure all patients have access to reconstructive care irrespective of payer status or the hospital at which they receive care.

The aspects of implementation of digital technologies under rendering of services in health care: The publications review

The article presents review summarizing contemporary National and foreign experience of implementing digital technologies under provision of services in health care. The systematic analysis of data from Scopus, eLibrary, PubMed and others electronic databases permitted to select 30 sources in Russian and English for 2016-2023. Modern digitization trends affect collaborations of companies where vectors of modernization become development of unified digital framework based on common state information system of health care; common educational platform for medical knowledge enriching by AI capabilities, through development of organizational activities and workflows based on digital technologies and services utilizing digital transformation. The deficiency of tools evaluating efficiency of reading software products and scalability of health digitization processes become problematic issues. As of today, diagnostic technologies using AI systems, technologies of lung cancer screening, examination methods of patients with post-traumatic deformations of cheekbone-orbital complex, monitoring of readings of devices with digital registration, further office consulting of various levels and application of AI in neurosurgery were described already. The article also considers issues of telemedicine consultations and development of modernized care models. The authors expect that digital ecosystem in development addressing issues of legal concept of management, financing and system of patient legal protection will do everything necessary to mitigate cyber incidents.

Interhospital Transfer for Emergency General Surgery: A Contemporary National Analysis.

Patients undergoing emergency general surgery (EGS) often require complex management and transfer to higher acuity facilities, especially given increasing national efforts aimed at centralizing care. We sought to characterize factors and evaluate outcomes associated with interhospital transfer using a contemporary national cohort. All adult hospitalizations for EGS (appendectomy, cholecystectomy, laparotomy, lysis of adhesions, small/large bowel resection, and perforated ulcer repair) ≤2days of admission were identified in the 2016-2020 National Inpatient Sample. Patients initially admitted to a different institution and transferred to the operating hospital comprised the Transfer cohort (others: Non-Transfer). Multivariable models were developed to consider the association of Transfer with outcomes of interest. Of ∼1653169 patients, 107945 (6.5%) were considered the Transfer cohort. The proportion of patients experiencing interhospital transfer increased from 5.2% to 7.7% (2016-2020, P < .001). On average, Transfer was older, more commonly of White race, and of a higher Elixhauser comorbidity index. After adjustment, increasing age, living in a rural area, receiving care in the Midwest, and decreasing income quartile were associated with greater odds of interhospital transfer. Following risk adjustment, Transfer remained linked with increased odds of in-hospital mortality (AOR 1.64, CI 1.49-1.80), as well as any perioperative complication (AOR 1.33, CI 1.27-1.38; Reference: Non-Transfer). Additionally, Transfer was associated with significantly longer duration of hospitalization (β + 1.04days, CI + .91-1.17) and greater costs (β+$3,490, CI + 2840-4140). While incidence of interhospital transfer for EGS is increasing, transfer patients face greater morbidity and resource utilization. Novel interventions are needed to optimize patient selection and improve post-transfer outcomes.

Incidental Prostate Cancer in Patients Treated for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Analysis from a Contemporary National Dataset.

(1) Background: Prostate Cancer (PCa) may be incidentally diagnosed during the microscopic evaluation of resected tissue from BPH surgeries, characterizing the clinical condition known as incidental PCa (iPCa). This study aims to assess the prevalence of iPCa following BPH surgery to evaluate the associated surgical procedures and to scrutinize preoperative and postoperative management. (2) Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using the PearlDiver™ Mariner database, containing patient records compiled between 2011 and 2021. International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes were employed to identify the population and outcomes. Our primary objective was to assess the prevalence of iPCa, categorized by the type of procedures, and to evaluate the subsequent treatment strategies. The secondary aim was to assess the impact of prostate biopsy (PB) and prostate MRI on iPCa detection. (3) Results: The overall cohort, accounting for 231,626 patients who underwent BPH surgery, exhibited a 2.2% prevalence rate of iPCa. The highest rate was observed for TURP (2.32%), while the lowest was recorded for RASP (1.18%). Preoperative MRI and PB demonstrated opposing trends over the years. Of the 5090 patients identified with iPCa, nearly 68% did not receive active treatment. The most common treatments were RT and ADT; 34.6% underwent RT, 31.75% received ADT, and 21.75% were treated with RT+ADT. RP was administered to approximately 9% of patients undergoing endoscopic procedures. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed age and openSP as additional risk factors for iPCa. Conversely, PB and MRI before surgery were linked to a decreased risk. (4) Conclusions: The contemporary prevalence of iPCa after BPH surgery is <3%. The increase in the use of prostate MRI mirrors a decline in the PB biopsy prior to BPH surgery but without resulting in an increased detection rate of iPCa. In contemporary routine clinical practice, iPCa is mostly managed in a different way when compared to biopsy-detected PCa.

Review of Fariña (2023): Psychological Borders in Europe and the United States: Contemporary Nationalism, Nativism, and Populism

Review of Fariña (2023): Psychological Borders in Europe and the United States: Contemporary Nationalism, Nativism, and Populism

The Role of Defense Forces in Ensuring National Military Potential: A Comparative Analysis of Countries

"In a multipolar geopolitical landscape, the proliferation of threats to nation-states is escalating, necessitating the cultivation of military capabilities commensurate with contemporary exigencies and proficiency in safeguarding national interests. Within the intricate framework of a nation’s military prowess, paramount importance is ascribed to its defense forces, whose primary mandate is the execution of defensive functions. This paper aims to systematically scrutinize the influence exerted by defense forces on the military potential of contemporary nations. The principal method employed in this study is the comparative approach, facilitating the elucidation of the position and contribution of human resources in fortifying the military potential of states through the evaluation of multiple criteria. The primary criteria considered for conducting the comparative analysis encompass population size, the aggregate strength of defense forces along with their constituent elements, and the mobilization resource. Through correlation analysis, discernible interrelations between these indicators have been identified. The investigation ascertained that the concept of “military potential” is intricate, encompassing the entirety of both material and spiritual resources within a state that is indispensable for safeguarding its sovereignty and territorial integrity. However, the multifaceted nature of this definition, coupled with a considerable array of influencing factors governing the formation and evolution of military potential, introduces complexity into the process of state ranking and the development of global indices. The study reveals that economically more advanced states demonstrate a capacity for higher defense expenditure, and the size of defense forces exhibits a discernible correlation with the population, albeit not conclusively determinative. It is established that larger defense forces may exhibit inferior quality owing to their composition, inclusive of a substantial presence of reserves and paramilitary units. Simultaneously, no direct correlation is observed between the means of manning defense forces and the quality thereof."

Neoliberal nationalism and immigration policy

ABSTRACT Contemporary nationalism in the West tends to be understood in ethnic terms and associated with a bottom-up reaction to disliked effects of globalization, in particular migration. But there is also a top-down nationalism that is inherent in states` boundary-policing and – constituting membership policies. This paper draws the contours of a state-level neoliberal nationalism. Its imprint can be found in social policy, citizenship policy, and – the focus of this paper – immigration policy, in particular for the highly-skilled. Neoliberal nationalism combines diversity and meritocracy, and thus a modicum of cultural and economic liberalism. The prefix ‘neo’ flags the refashioning of political community from solidarity-based to contract-based, conditional on individual contribution and strict reciprocity.

The View of Kazakh Proverbs on Contemporary National Identity

Kaynaklarda Türkistan, Turan, Orta Asya, Merkezî Asya gibi farklı adlandırmalarla kaydedilen coğrafyada var olan modern ulus kimliklerin karşılıklı ilişkileri, farklı açılardan incelenmeye değer bir&#x0D; konudur. Resmî tarih yazımı, edebiyat tarihi, şekillenmiş edebî dil sorunlu olmakla birlikte çizilmiş siyasi sınırlara dayalı biçimde kurulmuş olan ulus devletlerin ve dolayısıyla çoğunluğunu Türk&#x0D; boylarının oluşturduğu modern kimliklerin arasında günümüzde keskin çizgiler mevcuttur. Makalede Kazak atasözlerinde Özbek, Sart, Rus, Tatar, Türkmen başta olmak üzere diğer topluluklarla&#x0D; ilgili kayıtlar; tarihî süreç de dikkate alınarak günümüze yansımaları çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir. Günümüzde keskin çizgileri ortaya çıkaracak bir bakış açısının Kazak atasözleri temelinde desteklenip desteklenmediği sorusu çerçevesinde bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Makalenin temel amacı keskin ulus kimliklerin ortaya çıkışına sebep olan bakış açılarının atasözlerine yansıyıp yansımadığı sorusuna cevap aramaktır. Makalenin temel malzemesini yayımlanmış atasözleri oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada alan araştırması çerçevesinde derlenen malzemeler kullanılmamakla birlikte etnografik yönteme dayalı gözlemlerden istifade edilmiştir.

What corpus language planning is in place for public television outlets in the Catalan communicative space?

ABSTRACT This article examines the latest developments in the corpus language planning interventions in the implementation of the codification (Haugen, E. (1983). The implementation of corpus planning: theory and practice. In J. Cobarrubias & J. A. Fishman (Eds.), Progress in language planning. International perspectives (pp. 269–289). Mouton.) of Catalan by Catalan-language media corporations, taking into consideration that Catalan is a pluricentric language (Darder, L. (2015). La variació lingüística en els mitjans audiovisuals com a estratègia conscient. Treballs de sociolingüística catalana, 25, 303–316. https://raco.cat/index.php/TSC/article/view/342907; Costa-Carreras, J. (2021). Compositionality, pluricentricity, and pluri-areality in the Catalan standardisation. In A. Cortijo Ocaña & V. Martines (Eds.), History of Catalonia and its implications for contemporary nationalism and cultural conflict (pp. 182–197). IGI Global; Mas Castells, J. À. (2021). Invitació al pluricentrisme. Notes per a l’estudi d’una llengua pluricèntrica en conflicte. Treballs de sociolingüísticacatalana, 31, 15–30. https://raco.cat/index.php/TSC/article/view/386900) that is standardised both de facto and de jure. It concludes that Muhr, R. (2020). European pluricentric languages in contact and conflict – An overview. In R. Muhr, J. À. Mas Castells, & J. Rueter (Eds.), European pluricentric languages in contact and conflict (pp. 11–64). Peter Lang approach to language variation management does not fit with the Catalan communicative space, and that the proposals, both of the term multi-standard by Auer, P. (2021). Reflections on linguistic pluricentricity. Sociolinguistica, 35(1), 29–47. https://doi.org/10.1515/soci-2021-0003, and of the term location by Dollinger, S. (2019). The pluricentricity debate on Austrian German and other Germanic Standard varieties. Routledge are not needed, as Mas Castells’s (2021) definition of ‘centre’ is fully pertinent for Catalan. A sociolinguistic and standardological perspective has been adopted (Joseph, J. E. (1987). Eloquence and power. The rise of language standards and standard languages. Frances Pinter; Costa-Carreras, J. (forthcoming). On the epistemological status of comparative standardology and standardisation. Caplletra, 79 (fall 2025)) to compare the style guides of three audiovisual media corporations, with an exemplification on a particular issue in relation to both prescription and use. An appropriate description of the linguistic pluricentricity of three Catalan-language media corporations (Darder 2015; Costa-Carreras 2021; Costa-Carreras, J. (2022, June 15–17). What ideological factors are relevant to analyse language variation management for Catalan? Talk presented at the Symposium Rules and incentives in language policy and planning: Economic, legal and sociolinguistic approaches; Mas Castells 2021) is therefore offered: the Catalan Broadcasting Corporation with headquarters in Catalonia, the Valencian Broadcasting Corporation with headquarters the Valencian Country, and the Broadcasting Public Entity of the Balearic Islands with headquarters in the Balearic Islands.

Indian Nationalism: How Contemporary Nationalism is Enrooted in Rich South Asian History?

Indian Nationalism: How Contemporary Nationalism is Enrooted in Rich South Asian History?

«Churchification of Islam» – a by-product of governance of religion in contemporary nation states

The article looks at the governance of Islam in contemporary nation states through the prism of what is called ‘churchification’ of Islam. The notion of church here is taken as a pure sociological category free of any Christian connotations, although, admittedly, the early stage of conceptualization of church sociologically, by Ernst Troeltsch and Max Weber, was to a great extent based on analysis of Christian colletivities. It is argued in the article that the observed phenomenon of ‘churchification of Islam’ is a constitutive feature or even a by-product of governance of Islam in such Muslim-minority contexts as Europe. The article further argues that ‘churchification of Islam’ may be a useful analytical tool in not only explaining the dynamics of institutionalization of Islam in Muslim-minority contexts, like Europe, but could be extended to Muslim-majority contexts.

Regional Nuclear Disarmament and Non-Proliferation: A Case of CANWFZ Treaty

Nuclear weapons are highly potent and devastating instruments found in the military stockpiles of contemporary nations. The immense magnitude and pace of devastation that nuclear weapons may cause, coupled with the relative ease with which governments can acquire these offensive capabilities and the inability to effectively defend against a nuclear assault, render nuclear weapons highly valuable. Against this true but bitter reality of the present world order, the author posits that creating nuclear-weapon-free zones (NWFZ) on a regional scale can serve as a beacon of hope and a significant catalyst in the global effort to achieve a nuclear-weapon-free world. To further analyse this idea, the author explores NWFZ and their relevance to regional denuclearization by focusing on the Central Asian nuclear-weapon-free zone (CANWFZ) treaty. The article is divided into four sections. The first section includes a review of contemporary literature about disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation. The second section examines the development of the CANWFZ and its commitment to the objectives of disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation. The third section involves assessing the barriers to this regional cooperation that impede its full implementation. Section four explores the potential reformative strategies that can improve the effectiveness of CANWFZ and elevate it to a model for other regional groupings in achieving a nuclear-free world.

‘Property of the Nation’ - Resource Nationalism to Become a Political Doctrine in Contemporary Mongolia?

The proposed paper is a study of resource nationalism. Resource nationalism appeared in Mongolia in the post-Socialist period. In this paper, we understand resource nationalism as a wide spectrum of strategies domestic elites employ in order to increase their control of natural resources - definition by Paul Domjan and Matt Stone. After an analysis of legal materials, mass media articles and political rhetoric, the author of this paper concludes that the sources of resource nationalism should be searched in the texts that date back to the Socialist era. Also, the sources of resource nationalism can be found in the ideas about justice of those times. The idea that natural resources belong to the people has been fixed in mass opinion, while contemporary nationalists justify this idea from the standpoint of “blood and soil”. That creates serious problems for Mongolia, a country with resource economy. The matter is that economic growth driven with foreign investments has caused a deep social stratification. In its turn, social stratification gave birth to a social demand for fair profit distribution from natural resource extraction. In the political sphere, this social demand quickly received a reaction - in the form of resource nationalism rhetoric. In the paper, we notice that resource nationalism in Mongolia has not been formed as a vivid legal or political doctrine. Today, it is a set of populist rhetoric of current interest which are used both for lobbying future political decisions in mining and for legitimizing the decisions already made.

Posttraumatic Amputations Epidemiology and Outcomes Within the National Trauma Data Bank: Improved Survival Over Time Results in Increased Population in Need of Rehabilitation Support.

Acute trauma care has significantly reduced mortality over the last two decades. The last study to examine the epidemiology of traumatic amputees predates these gains. The majority of those who sustain traumatic amputation are male; therefore, limited data exist on female amputees. This study aimed to (1) provide a current epidemiological analysis of traumatic amputees and (2) compare male and female amputees. All patients sustaining a major limb amputation in the National Trauma Data Bank from 2013 to 2017 were identified. First, descriptive analyses of patient demographics and injury characteristics were performed and compared with a previous 2000-2004 National Trauma Data Bank study. Second, female and male traumatic amputees were compared in this study. From 2013 to 2017, we identified 7016 patients who underwent major limb amputation. Compared with previous years, the current amputees were older and more severely injured. Mortality was 6.3% in the current years compared with 13.4% in the previous years (odds ratio, 0.44, 95% CI = 0.37-0.51, P < 0.001). After multivariable analysis, mortality remained significantly decreased, with no difference in hospital length of stay. Contemporary National Trauma Data Bank analysis demonstrated that patients with traumatic amputations, regardless of sex, often survive until hospital discharge, despite more severe injuries.

Abstract 18890: Outcomes for Patients With STEMI vs NTEMI in COVID-19: A Contemporary National Insight

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic posed significant challenges to cardiovascular care. Previous studies have shown that patients with NSTEMI type II have worse outcomes than those with NSTEMI type I or STEMI. In 2020, STEMI incidence was disproportionately high compared to NSTEMI. Since there are no ICD 10 codes to differentiate NSTEMI types I and II, we sought to compare patients with COVID-19 admitted for STEMI vs NSTEMI using the NIS database. Hypothesis: Given the initial pandemic response, we expect outcomes for STEMI to be worse than NSTEMI in COVID-19 patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis was completed utilizing the National Inpatient Sample (2020). Patients were identified based on ICD-10 codes corresponding to those with COVID-19 and STEMI vs. patients with COVID-19 and NSTEMI. Primary outcomes were mortality, length of stay (LOS) and total hospital charge (TOTHC). Secondary outcomes were analyzed using multivariate analysis. Results: 1,685,745 patients had COVID-19, of which 39,246 had a STEMI, and 5,818 had a NSTEMI. Average age was 62.. When comparing COVID-19, patients with STEMI vs. NSTEMI, the mortality odds ratio (OR) was 2.5 (95% CI 2.28-3.75, p &lt; 0.001) and LOS was -1.27 days. Primary and secondary outcomes are described in Table 1. Conclusions: STEMI was significantly associated with increased mortality in the setting of COVID-19. This may explain the lower LOS and lack of difference in TOTHC between the two groups. This may be related to the initial pandemic response of strict isolation protocols with closing of catheterization and surgical suites. Patients with STEMI and COVID-19 most likely were medically managed or diagnosed late leading to increased mortality. Intubation, cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest were all significantly associated with increased mortality, LOS and TOTHC. Future studies may show reversal of these outcomes given a return to standard operations with respect to cardiac catheterization and surgical intervention.

A Disputed Inheritance

Abstract During the nineteenth century the medieval history of the city of Arras became increasingly important for cultivation of the literary and musical history of the French nation. Modern scholars typically cast the remarkable culture of medieval Arras within the context of France, largely erasing the city's complex geopolitical position during the medieval period. This article argues that the historiography is more complicated, revealing scholars who attempted to claim medieval Arrageois culture for Belgium, as well as scholars whose regionalist approach to cultural history defied contemporary nationalist currents on either side of the Franco-Belgian border. In showing the variety of nineteenth-century approaches to writing the cultural history of this important medieval center, the article argues that Arras and its history provide a useful context for understanding how the nascent Belgian nation curated and understood its past.